Yeatman v. Day

CHIEF JUSTICE COFEE delivered the opinion oe the court. Counsel for the appellee insists that the bill of exceptions, copied into the transcript is not a part of the record, and as. the errors assigned cannot be inquired into without a bill of exceptions, the first inquiry is whether the position of counsel is well taken. The law and facts were submitted to the court without-the intervention of a jury. Judgment for the defendant was. rendered September 22, 1877. The plaintiff then excepted; but his exceptions were not then reduced to writing, nor was time given in which to do so. No further order w7as. made in the case until September 27, when time until the-first day of the next January term was given to prepare and present a bill of exceptions. On that day a bill of exceptions was presented, signed,, and ordered to be made part of the record. At the time of the trial of this case the Code (sec. 337, subsec. 2) provided that— ‘ ‘ Exceptions taken during the trial need hot be reduced, to writing, unless by order of court, until after the trial. At the close of the trial, the party excepting shall, unless, further time be given him, prepare his bill of exceptions,” &c. In Scott v. Burrows (13 Bush, 450) we decided, in December, 1877, that the foregoing provision required exceptions, to be reduced to writing on the day on which the trial terminated or the judgment became final, unless further time-was then given by the court, and that a motion for a new trial having been overruled January 26, and no order made188 .•giving further time, a bill of exceptions filed February 2 mame too late, and could not be considered by this court. At its next session the General Assembly passed an act •■amending the above subsection by striking out the words '“at the close of the trial,” and inserting in lieu thereof the words “during the term at which the judgment becomes final ” (Acts 1878, p. 24), and declaring that it should apply to all appeals then pending, or which might thereafter be •prosecuted. The language of that act embraces this case; so that, ■ although the bill of exceptions was not a part of the record when filed, it is made a part of it by the act, unless, as contended, the act is unconstitutional as to cases in which the ■'trial was had before the act was passed. The simple fact that the act was intended to operate ■retrospectively is no objection to its validity. This is well .•settled. But it is an attempt by the legislature to remedy ■defects in judicial proceedings whereby an order of court, void when made, is declared valid, and a bill of exceptions, not - effectual for any purpose, is declared to be legal and valid without giving to the party to be affected by it any ■opportunity to be heard. The time within which the court was authorized to sign, ■seal, and enroll a bill of exceptions, or to extend the time within which to do so, was permitted to elapse. The parties were out of court so far as that matter was concerned. 'The successful party, knowing that the time for filing a bill •■of exceptions had expired, was no longer bound, by himself ■or counsel, to be present in court to see that a proper bill -of exceptions was made up. He had no notice that such a bill was to be presented. He was not in any way bound or effected by it when filed. Under the then existing law the [189] bill was a nullity, and his judgment could not be reversed, on account of any thing it might contain — no matter what, it might be. If the bill of exceptions has any validity, it is derived, from the legislative act, and not from the act of the court. That making and enrolling a bill of exceptions in a case-tried in court is a judicial, and not .a legislative act, is too-clear for argument. No 'one will contend that the legislature can, by its own-direct action, grant a new trial, or peremptorily order a court: to do so. But if it can require this court to consider a bill of exceptions which was void without and before the legislative act, it may accomplish by indirection that which it cannot accomplish by direct action. If we can be required to consider as a part of the record that which was not a part of it when the parties were dismissed from the court, and which is only to be considered, because the legislature has so directed, it is obvious that this power of the legislature has no limit except the wisdom- and discretion of the legislators, and that if that body so-wills, it may require us to receive as part of the record the ex parte statement of counsel, or the report of a trial as-, published in a newspaper. If the judge had no power to certify a bill of exceptions at the time when he undertook, to do so, his act was a simple nullity, and, legally considered, such a bill of exceptions is no more a part of the record than the report of the same trial published in a newspaper. Many statutes have been passed to cure mere irregularities in judicial proceedings. These have generally, though not. always, been held to be valid. But we have not seen any case in which it has been held that a void judgment or order, or judicial proceeding, can [190] )be rendered valid by a subsequent act of the legislature, «unless Tilton v. Swift, 40 Iowa, 78, be an exception. There are many cases which hold otherwise: McDaniel v. Correll, 19 Ills., 226; Richard v. Rote, 68 Penn. St., 248; Pryor v. Downey, 50 Cal., 388; Denny v. Mattoon, 2 Allen, 361; Taylor v. Place, 4 R. I., 324; Lewis v. Webb, 3 Me., 326. We are therefore of the opinion that so much of the act .supra as applies its provisions to appeals then pending, or thereafter prosecuted from judgments rendered and exceptions filed before the act was passed, is unconstitutional, as -an attempt on the part of the legislature to exercise judicial power, and as depriving the party to be affected by it of his property, without due process of law. Wherefore, the judgment is affirmed.