Kentucky Central R. R. v. Gastineau's Adm'r

JUDGE HOLT delivered the opinion op the court. Robert M. Gfastineau, a boy between fourteen and. fifteen years of age, was run over and killed by a-car of the appellee, wliicli lie was endeavoring to-uncouple from a train, while switching in the company’s yard. In this action by his administrator for damages, the jury found a general verdict for five thousand dollars; and also, by a special verdict, found that the deceased, when killed, was voluntarily assisting the employes of the road, with their' knowledge and consent, in switching the cars; that they discovered his peril, but too late to prevent his. death; and that he contributed to it by his presence- and effort to uncouple the car. — 122 — The lower court refused to render a judgment for The appellant upon the special verdict, and sustained the general one; and upon this appeal the special findings must be treated as true. If the deceased- could be regarded as the servant or employe of the company at the time of his death, then, being engaged in a common service with its ■other employes, the company would not be liable lor the neglect of the latter unless it were willful, ;and in the course or purpose of the employment. Rut he did not, in a legal sense, occupy that relation, and was to it a stranger; and in this light the rights of the parties must be viewed. A railroad company has the right to the exclusive use and occupation of its yard or track, except at crossings or such places as the public ’ are, by law, authorized to use; otherwise, it could not properly perform its duties to the public. It is not required to anticipate the intrusion of others; and one who ■enters upon them without right, does so at his peril; and, in case of injury, can not recover, unless it was wantonly inflicted after the danger was discovered. Its duty to such a person or a trespasser is merely negative — it must not, when it knows of the peril, act maliciously or with a disregard of obvious consequences. It is not required to use care to anticipate and discover the peril to such a person, but •only to do so after the discovery of the clanger. Until then no legal duty is imposed upon it, be•cause no one, by a wrongful act;, can impose a duty tupon another.- It is urged, however, that this case, by reason of — 123 — the age of the deceased, and his presence upon and .about the train with the knowledge of the company’s employes, is not governed by the above rule; that it was the duty of the company to prevent his being there; that his age, and the numerous dangers incident to railroading, placed him in constant peril when upon or about the train, even if not engaged in coupling or uncoupling the cars; and that the company, therefore, discovered his danger in time to have saved him, although the immediate- peril .arising from his effort to uncouple the cars was not known in time to do'so. Our sympathies must not be permitted to decide this question. If so, we might do injustice to others, and override fixed rules and principles essential to equal justice. Without having in view, for the present, the age •of the deceased, we remark that the fact that a mere employe knows of the presence of the inter-meddler does not legalize it, and so place him as to the company, and within its protection, that it is .bound to anticipate and ascertain if he has placed himself in danger, instead of merely being bound to use reasonable care to avert it after its discovery. It has been held that even a request to one, by an employe of the company, to do some act connected with the management of a train, does not impose'such a duty upon or render the person less ■an intermeddler as to the company; and certainly, .this is so, if the employe has no authority from the 'company to make the request, or does not occupy ¡such a position toward it and the act to be done, that the authority can be fairly implied. (Everhart — 124 — v. Railroad Co., 78 Ind., 292; Railroad Co. v. Harrison, 48 Miss., 112; Flower v. Railroad Co., 69 Pa., 210; Degg v. Midland R. Co., 1 H. & N., 773; Mason v. R. Co., 27 Kansas, 84.)s Mr. Pierce says: “A person who undertakes to assist a servant, without the master’s request, can not recover against the master for an injury caused by the servant’s negligence.”, (Pierce on Railroads,, page 370.) In the case now before us the special findings do' not show specifically what employes of the road, who were present when the accident occurred, knew of, and consented to, the decedent assisting in the switching of the train; but it appears that none of them had any express authority from the company to authorize it, nor is it, in our opinion, shown that any of them occupied such a position toward the company, and the work then in hand, as to imply it. Neither can it be said, that because the deceased was merely upon and about the train, that' he was, thereby, in such danger that the company, although he was there without right, were bound to anticipate his injury, and guard against it. The question then recurs, did his age alter this rule t Undoubtedly children of tender years should not be treated strictly as trespassers, when guided by childish instincts they stray upon the track or into' the yard of a railroad. Thus the rule that a traveler, about to cross a railroad track, must be vigilant and look both ways, does not apply to an infant of tender years. He knows nothing of care, diligence or danger. The rule as to negligence upon. — 125 — Ms part, and by an adult, is, properly, quite differ- ■ ent. The latter must give that care to his own protection which is ordinarily exercised by one of ordinary discretion; while less is required of an infant, the degree depending upon his age, maturity and knowledge. We are aware that it has been held in some cases, as, for instance, in Flower v. Railroad Co., supra, that if the deceased is a trespasser, his being of tender years makes no difference, because the company is under no duty to him which requires his protection; but, in our opinion, age should be considered upon a question of contributory neglect; and one should exercise reasonable care to anticipate and prevent an injury to a child of such tender years as to have little or no discretion, although he may be technically a trespasser. His condition excuses his concurrent negligence. Humane considerations require such a rule. Thus one may incur liability for an injury to a ■ child of tender years, by leaving dangerous machinery where it is accessible to him, although there would be no liability to an adult or a child of years of discretion under the like circumstances. 'So a railroad company should be held liable if its employes, in charge of its moving train, see that a child, say two years old, is walking around it, and fail ' to look to its protection, although it may technically be a trespasser, and not, at the moment, in immediate danger. Their neglect to do so would be willful. A child without - discretion, although a trespasser, occupies a legal attitude to the company .similar to that of an adnlt, who is not a trespasser, — 126 — save a greater degree of caution should be exercised, as to the former, by reason of his helplessness. If, however, the child, although young, is capable of the discretion required of an adult, the rule-applicable to adults must be applied to him. If he-has sufficient age and intelligence to know the danger he is incurring, then his negligence will defeat-a recovery; and, as in case of an adult, the company is not bound to anticipate and provide reasonably against danger to him; and is only liable, if, after the peril is discovered, it can save him and fails to do so. The instructions in the case now under consideration substantially told' the jury that the company,, in its own yard and as to a trespasser, were bound to anticipate his danger and provide against it, without regard to his discretion and age; and no interrogatory was submitted to them for a special finding-as to whether, from his age and experience, the-deceased had discretion sufficient to recognize his-danger and guard against it. The jury should have-been so instructed as to enable them to find, or the-court, by a finding, informed whether, from the age of the deceased, he had discretion .enough to know his danger and guard against it or not; and, if he had, that then, owing to his being a trespasser, the company was not bound to anticipate and provide against peril to him, but only to avoid injuring-him, if possible, after his peril was discovered;- but that, if, by reason of his age, he lacked such discretion and knowledge of the danger, that then, if the company, by the exercise of ordinary care by — 127 — its employes, might have become aware of and prevented it, that then it was bound to exercise it and. guard against the injury. Of course we do not mean by this to say that a railroad company is an insurer against accidents to children, and that it is-liable for injuries to them which can not well be-foreseen; but if they are of such tender years as-to be devoid of discretion, then justice and the dictates of humanity require the exercise of reasonable care to prevent their being placed in danger* even though they may be, technically, trespassers * and this would be lacking if the employes of a, company were to switch their trains, knowing that-a child of such tender years as to have no discretion was in the immediate vicinity of them. (Smith v. O’Connor, 48 Penn., 218; Railroad Co. v. Stout, 17 Wall., 657.) The instructions given to the jury were also objectionable, in telling them that if the company was-guilty of willful neglect, that then they “ ought” to find punitive or exemplary damages. The language of the statute is: “Shall have the right to sue * * * * and recover punitive-damages.” Prior to its enactment no right of action existed when death resulted immediately from an injury; and its object undoubtedly was to extend and give the same rights, in case death resulted, as; were, by the common law, given to the injured jparty, if death did not ensue; and, in the latter ' case, the allowance of punitive damages was entirely within the discretion of the jury, although the expression, “is entitled to punitive damages,”' — 128 — is to be found in the common law text-books, when speaking of injuries from willful neglect. The fact that the court subsequently instructed the jury that, if they found the company guiity of willful neglect, they could find any sum as punitive damages, not exceeding the amount claimed in the petition, did not, in our opinion, cure the error or prevent the jury from being misled. The definition of willful neglect, as found in the instructions, was also calculated to mislead the jury. It has been repeatedly defined by this court to be an intentional failure to perform a manifest duty in which the public has an interest, or which is important to the person injured, in either preventing or avoiding the injury. The jury were' also told, that “compensatory dam■ages are such as will, in the opinion of the jury, compensate plaintiff as administrator for his intestate’s life; and, in fixing the amount of compensatory damages, the jury can inquire as to the value of the decedent’s power to earn money, had he not been killed.” It should have been limited to such power, and the jury not permitted, as they may well have supposed from this instruction they could, to fix some •speculative value to “compensate plaintiff as administrator for his intestate’s life.” Judgment reversed, and cause remanded for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion.