Bryan v. Board of Education

OHIEE JUSTICE LEWIS delivered the opinion of the court. This action was brought by G. H. Bryan and seven associates for themselves and other share-holders in the Board of Education of the Kentucky Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, and in the Millersburg Male and Female Collegiate Institute, against said board for an injunction, that was-granted temporarily, restraining defendant from selling or disposing of a certain lot of land and buildings-, of the Kentucky Wesleyan College, or removing its-capital or- property from Millersburg to Winchester, or using any of such capital or fund for any other purpose or at any other place than proper conduct, and management of the College at Millersburg. It appears that in January, 1858, a meeting of citizens of Millersburg was held to devise means to purchase land and such buildings for an institution of learning and boarding-house, to cost about fifteen thousand dollars, and to be under supervision of’ — 330 — some denomination. At that meeting a resolution was adopted, pledging the members for the amounts respectively subscribed in order to secure a male and female collegiate institute at that place on the following conditions: “ (1) That it be an institute for the Covington District, Kentucky Conference, and under control of the Methodist Episcopal Church South; (2) that the trustees and building committee be appointed by the Quarterly Conference of the Millers-burg station, the former to be subject to approval of the conference; (3) that it be upon the joint stock principle, the shares twenty-five dollars each, subject to sale and transfer; (4) that in case said church fail to sustain the institute, and it, from any cause, be discontinued, the property to revert to the stockholders pro rata.'n To carry out the enterprise thus started, “An act to incorporate the Millersburg Male and Female Collegiate Institute” was passed February 16, 1858, the preamble thereof being as follows: “Whereas, divers citizens in and near the town of Millersburg, in the county of Bourbon, have subscribed a considerable sum of money for the purpose of erecting in or near said town a seminary of learning, to be under control and supervision of the Kentucky Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church Sorith.” By provision of the act William Nunn and others were constituted a body-corporate, byname of “Trustees of the Millersburg Male and Female Collegiate Institute,” with power to receive additional subscriptions and donations in aid of the institute, and to •establish rules for its government; but the Quarterly — 331 — Conference of the Millersbnrg station was empowered to appoint trastees, subject to approval of the Annual Conference. Section 4 is as follows: ‘“All persons who shall subscribe twenty-five dollars or more in aid of said institute shall be stockholders therein, said sum to constitute a share. And if said Methodist Church shall ever relinquish or surrender, or cease to exercise a control over said institute, then and in that case its control and management shall revert to and vest in said stockholders, who may, at a meeting for that purpose called, proceed to elect a board of trustees. And if said corporation shall cease to exist or be dissolved, or its charter surrendered or repealed, all its property of every kind or description shall vest in said stockholders in proportion to their respective shares.” By section 5 the right to amend or repeal the act was reserved to the Legislature. September, 1858, the trustees presented to the Annual Conference, in session at Millersburg, a written memorial, stating the charter had been secured, subscriptions of stock amounting to seven thousand five hundred dollars obtained, a suitable lot of land purchased, and steps taken to erect necessary buildings, and requesting conference to accept the subscriptions, land, &c., upon the terms set forth in the charter, which was done. And conference at the same time resolved to raise an additional sum of ten thousand dollars, to be subscribed as its stock in the institute, and to constitute its educational fund. But it was subsequently, though during the same session of conference,' agreed between it and the original stockholders for the charter to be so amended as to make it a male — 332 — instead oí a mixed school, and that each party would raise an additional subscription of ten thousand dollars. However, September 30th, 1858, the Board of Education ajipointed by conference, though not then made by statute a corporation, at a meeting of its members, devised a different and enlarged plan, which involved founding a first-class college, having an endowment fund of twenty thousand dollars, one-half of which it was designed to raise by issue and sale of scholarships. But, according to that scheme, no-part of the capital raised for the educational fund was to be appropriated to pay salaries of professors, nor any other expenses, only ten thousand dollars, thereof, as already pledged by conference, to be used for erecting college buildings. And at the same time, as part of the plan, the following proposition was made: “That if the original stockholders of the Millersburg Male and Female Collegiate Institute will raise in Bourbon county and that portion of Nicholas lying in the vicinity of Millersburg ten thousand, dollars, in addition to ten thousand dollars already pledged by them, the entire amount of twenty thousand dollars thus raised to be invested in the erection of the buildings, we will issue scholarships for said twenty thousand dollars on the same terms as to-others, provided their amount of stock in that case be surrendered, in lieu of said issue of scholarships, to the Kentucky Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church South to be held by said conference as part of the educational fund.” The plan of the Board of Education having, October 1, 1858, been submitted to the original stockholders — 333 — assembled in Millersburg, was, without dissent, accepted by those present; and we think it sufficiently established that, either at that time or soon after, it was agreed to and scholarships received in lieu of their stock by all of them. September, 1859, the plan proposed by the Board of Education, and acceptance by the original stockholders, were reported to and approved by the Annual Conference held in Georgetown ; and by direction of that body an act was applied for, and January 12, 1860, passed by the Legislature, entitled “An act to incorporate the Board of Education of the Kentucky Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church South,” the preamble thereof being as follows: “Whereas, the Kentucky Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church South has resolved to form an educational fund and •establish a college for the promotion of literature, ■science, morality and religion within the limits of said Conference, and having, in fact, secured the sum of fifty-seven thousand dollars in cash and reliable notes, and located an institution at Millersburg, Bourbon county, which is now ready for occupancy, in order to give full legal effect thereto.” By provisions of the act certain persons were constituted a corporate body, by name of “The Board of Education of the Kentucky Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church South,” and invested with authority to carry out the purposes set out in the preamble, subject, however, to control of the Annual Conference. Section 11 is as follows: “That an act to incorporate the Millersburg Male and Female Collegiate Institute, — 334 — approved February 16, 1858, be, and the same is hereby, repealed.” And by section 12 the Legislature reserved the right to amend or repeal the act. September 17, 1861, the Board of Education procured the passage of an act amending the one of January 12, 1860, section 1 thereof being as follows: “That it shall be lawful for the trustees of the Millersburg Male and Female Collegiate Institute who were in office -January 12, 1860, when the act incorporating said institute was repealed, or their successors, to convey by deed to-the Board of Education of the Kentucky Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, the property held by said trustees in or near the town of Millersburg, for the purpose of carrying into effect any contract made by said trustees as stockholders of said institute with said board, and their conveyance recorded in the proper office shall be effectual to pass title of said property to said board and their successors.” By section 2 it is provided that “nothing contained in the act incorporating said board, approved January 12, 1860, shall be construed so as to prevent or hinder said board or their successors from removing the seat of their college from Millersburg to any other place in the bounds of the Kentucky Annual Conference.” The action of the Board of Education was duly reported to the Annual Conference, held in Paris September 25, 1861, and the act mentioned was by it accepted; and in November, 1861, the trustees of Millersburg Male and Female Collegiate Institute, by deed recorded in the Bourbon County Court Clerk’s office, conveyed the lot in question to the Board of Education. — 335 — In September, 1886, the Annual Conference, held in Winchester, adopted a resolution for appointment of a committee of twenty, including members of the Board of Education, to receive and pass upon “any proposal looking to continuance in Millersburg, or removal of Kentucky Wesleyan College,” their action to be binding and final; and September, 1887, that committee reported to the Annual Conference, held in Covington, acceptance by it of a proposition made by citizens of Winchester to give five acres of land on which to erect buildings, and thirty-five thousand dollars, upon condition the college be removed from Millersburg to that place. And thereupon conference approved the.committee’s action, and directed the removal made, but it has been so far prevented by the injunction mentioned. It seems to us the original stockholders of the Millersburg Male and Female Collegiate Institute are not in a position to question either the efficacy or validity, except as to section 11, of the act of January, 1860; for it is not only in strict pursuance of and entirely consistent with, but was indispensable to carry out the plan of the Board of Education, which they accepted without, so far as this record shows, any dissent, and have had the benefit and enjoyment of ever since. Section 11 is in conflict with section 37, article 2 of the State Constitution, and, therefore, void, because repeal of the charter of February 16, 1858, which was sought to be accomplished by it, does not relate to nor is embraced by the subject expressed in the title of the act of January, 1860. But repeal of that charter was336 not actually necessary, because the corporation created by it practically ceased to exist after the contract made between the original stockholders and Board of Education, whereby the latter acquired for use of the Kentucky Wesleyan College possession of and equitable title to all property of the Millersburg Male and Peínale Collegiate Institute, and the trustees thereof were deprived of their function, and divested of every right ■except the naked legal title; and as section 1 of the ■act of September 17, 1861, merely empowered those trustees to convey that property to the Board of Education which they might have, without, been coerced to do by a court of equity, no injury was done by it. It thus results that the decisive question in this case is, whether section 2 of the last named act is valid. Counsel for appellant contends it is unconstitutional because, being declaratory of the meaning of the act •of 1860, already passed, and not an enactment of what should thereafter 'be law in that regard, it is in its nature judicial and not legislative. “But in any case the substance -of the legislative action should be regarded rather than the form; and if it appear to be the intention to ■establish by declaratory statute a rule of conduct for the future, the courts should accept and act upon it without too nicely inquiring whether the mode by which the new rule is established is or is not the best.” '(Cooley’s Con. Lim., 115.) And as, therefore, the power of removal had not been expressly granted by the act of I860, incorporating the Board •of Education, and could not have been exercised without, section 2 of the act of 1861 may fairly and should be regarded as intended to then give it. — 337 — Counsel for appellee contends that, in virtue of the reservation contained in section 12 of the act of 1860, the Legislature had the unqualified right to enact section 2 of the act of 1861 as an amendment. But it seems to us, in view of the purpose of the act of 3 860, which was to effectuate the contract previously made between the original stockholders and Board of Education, the power to amend reserved by the Legislature could not have been exercised to the prejudice of vested rights, if such existed. And at last the inquiry arises whether the section in question is, in meaning -of the United States Constitution, a law impairing the obligation of a contract. The Male and Female Collegiate Institute projected in January, 1858, was evidently intended to be local in character, established and sustained principally, if not wholly, by citizens of Millersburg and vicinity. And although, by the act of February, 1858, the Quarterly Conference of Millersburg station was empowered to appoint trustees,' and the control and supervision of the institute was given to the Annual Conference, still, at the time the memorial heretofore mentioned was presented to that body no stock had been subscribed except by citizens of Millersburg and vicinity, nor did they, in virtue of contract or otherwise, have a right to a reasonable expectation of assistance from others. It was, therefore, then necessary in order to protect their rights, and in the power of the original stockholders to provide, as was done in section 4 of that act, that in case the corporation thereby created ceased to exist or was dissolved, or its charter was surrendered or repealed, all its prop338 erty should vest in the stockholders in proportion to their respective shares. But by the plan subsequently adopted, what was at first intended to be, and in the preamblé to the act of February, 1858, called a seminary, was changed to a first-class college, for the endowment and support of which aid of the Annual Conference was pledged; the stock subscribed originally with the single object of buying a lot and erecting buildings suitable for a seminary was voluntarily commuted by the owners for scholarships in the college ; an endowment fund of two hundred thousand dollars was contemplated, of which nearly one hundred thousand dollars was agreed to be paid for scholarships sold to persons residing in different parts of the conference bounds; and the title and possession of all the property passed to the Board of Education, to constitute part of the endowment fund, where it remained without dispute or protest from 186G to the institution of this action. Neither the contract between the original stockholders and Board of Education, nor act of 1860, contains an express condition that the title of the property, which became ‘part of the endowment fund, was to be held upon condition the college be forever conducted and maintained at Millersburg, and nowhere else within the territorial limits of the Annual Conference; and such condition exists, if at all, by implication only. But the law does not presume a party entitled to a right or benefit of reservation claimed under contract' in the absence of an express stipulation, except such as reason and justice dictates. Not only those residing- elsewhere, but as well resi — 339 — dents of Millersbnrg and vicinity, must be presumed to have regarded the establishment and successful maintenance of a first-class college under the patronage and control of the Annual Conference, as the first and main consideration for the outlay of money made, and the particular locality as of secondary importance. And, therefore, all that can be fairly and reasonably implied in behalf of the citizens of Millersburg is that they expected and believed successful operation of the institution would prove compatible with continuance of it at that place. To now imply any thing else or more would not only involve the absurdity of hazarding or sacrificing an institution of learning, the successful and useful operation of which, within the bounds of , Conference, was clearly the main inducement for the great outlay already made, but be in disregard of the rights and interests of those residing elsewhere than at Millersburg, who have contributed, either by purchasing scholarships or donations, very much more than has been raised at that place. There is mention made in the act of 1860, and also in the certificates of scholarship, of the college being-established at Millersburg, but the language used does not import an agreement it shall permanently remain there; on the contrary, we think it should, as can fairly, be interpreted merely descriptive of the institution. In our opinion, therefore, there exists no contract or undertaking, express or implied, for continuance óf the institution at Millersburg any longer than its useful and successful operation requires. And as the power of removal was conferred by the act of 1861, which all — 340 — parties interested must manifestly have been aware of, accepted and acquiesced in for more than a quarter of a century, it is now too late to call it in question. And in the absence of fraud the Board of Education, controlled by the Annual Conference, must be presumed to have acted in. good faith and under belief success of the college required the removal from Millersburg to Winchester. Consequently we need not inquire whether they are or not pursuing the wisest policy, especially as the evidence shows the college has so far been a failure at its present location. Judgment affirmed.