Marion National Bank v. Thompson

JUDGE PAYNTER delivered tii'e opinion of the court. On September 29, 1885, G. T. Thompson with O. R. Thompson surety presented a promissory note to the Marion National Bank for discount, payable four months after daté for $4,304 40. The bank reserved the interest at 7 per cent. It paid Thompson $4,199 83, reserving $104 57, which was the interest for the time stated. The note was renewed every four months, the three days of grace added until the 27th of November, 1893, when the note in question for — 279 — $4,000 was executed. The interest was paid at the time of the various renewals, except June 7th, 1887, June 22d, 1889, July 6th, 1891, March 8th, 1893, July 24th, 1893, and at these renewals the interest for the ensuing four months was add. ed to the amount of the note, which had been previously given, and the new note given for the amount of the previous note, and the interest thus added. From the answers which the cashier of the bank made to the interrogatories propounded, and from his deposition, it appears that the interest thus added in the note was paid at dates subsequent to the time the interest was added in the note. At one time §620 was paid, at another a note for $316 25 was given for the interest which had been embraced in the note. In all -these renewals, interest was calculated at 7 per cent. The court below adjudged that all payments of interest at the several renewals from June 7th, 1887, be applied as payments on the original sum borrowed. The court fixes the principal of the debt at $4,199 83, and the credits as we have in dicated, $2,132 93, being the aggregate payments of interest-sin re June 7th, 1887. The court also adjudged the note for $316 35 should be cancelled, because it was executed for installments of interest which embraced usury. In other words, the court has applied as credits on the note, the amount actually paid at renewals, and also interest which had been embraced in the note and subsequently paid. The legal rate of interest in this State is 6 per cent per annum. The Revised Statutes of the United States contains provisions as follows: Section 5197. “Any association may take, receive, reserve and charge on any loan or discount made, or upon any — 280 — note, bill of exchange, or other evidences of debt, interest at the rate allowed by the laws of the State, Territory, or district where the bank is located, and no more, except that where by the laws of any State, a different rate is limited for banks of issue organized under State laws. The rate so limited shall be allowed for associations organized or existing in any such State under this title. When no rate is fixed by the laws of the State or Territory or district, the i oank may take, receive, reserve, or charge a rate not exceeding seven per centum, and such interest may be taken in advance, reckoning the days for which the note, bill or other evidence of debt is to run” * * * * ' * * * * * * Section 5198. “The taking, receiving, reserving or charging a rate of interest greater than is allowed by the preceding section, when knowingly done, shall be deemed a forfeiture of the entire interest which the note, bill or other evidence of debt carries with it, or which has been agreed to be paid thereon-. In case a greater rate of interest has been paid-the person by whom it has been paid or his legal representatives, may recover back, in an action in the nature of an action of debt, twice the amount of the interestthuspaid from the association, taking or receiving the same, provided such action is commenced within two years from the time the usurious transaction occurred * * * * * * * * A national bank is authorized to take, receive, reserve or charge on loans, interest at the rate of 6 per cent. If a greater sum than that is taken, received, reserved or charged on any loan or discount made it has violated the law. By section 5198, when this is knowingly done, there is a forfeiture of the entire interest which the note, bill or other evidence of debt, carries with it, and which has been agreed — 281 — to be paid thereon. As a penalty, if the bank has been paid the interest, the person by whom it has been paid, or.his legal representatives may recover back in an action in the nature of an action of debt, twice the amount of interest thus paid, providing such action has commenced within two years from the time the usurious transaction occurred. If a note is given for a sum, and also an amount which is interest at the usurious rate, the note carries the interest with it, whether that be shown by the writing or not. If the note purports to draw interest at a usurious rate when there is an agreement to pay interest on the note, when the note is renewed for a given time at a usurious rate of interest and that interest be embraced in the renewal note for the time it is to run, then the note carries with it the interest; so whatever usurious interest is embraced in the note, or whatever interest at a usurious rate, it purports to draw, in an action on a note for such interest it thus carries with it must be adjudged to be forfeited. When the interest has •been actually paid, then the person by whom it has been paid, or his legal representative may recover back in a separate action in the nature of an action of debt, twice the amount of the interest thus paid. This latter provision is in the nature of a penalty. In discussing this .question in Barnet against National Bank, 98 U. S., 558., the court said, “Two categories are thus defined and the consequences denounced. 1. Where illegal interest has been knowingly stipulated for but not paid, then only the sum lent without interest can be recovered. 2. Where such illegal interest has been paid then twice the amount so paid can be recovered in a penal action of debt — 282 — or suit in the nature of such action against offending bank, brought by the persons paying the same or their legal representatives.” The court in that case sharply and clearly recognizes and draws a distinction between interest “stipulated for and not paid” and a case where the illegal interest has been paid. In Farmers’ & Mechanics’ National Bank against Dearing, 91 U. S. 82, the same distinction is recognized and ' stated. In that case (36) the court, in stating the difference between the National Banking act of 1863 and the present one said: “In the act of 1864, the forfeiture of the debt is omitted, and there is substituted for it a forfeiture of the interest stipulated for, if it had only been reserved, and the recovery of twice the amount where the interest has been actually paid.” The court in the same case said that the plaintiff below was entitled to recover the principal of the note sued upon, less the amount of the interest unlawfully reserved. The court in the case of Farmers’ & Mechanics’ Bank of Mercer against Hoagland 7 Federal Rept., 161, said: “By the terms of the act of Congress the charging of such rates of interest worked a forfeiture of the entire interest which the several notes carry with them. Now such forfeiture was not waived by the giving of the subsequent notes, although as respects them the agreed rate of interest was a legal rate. They • were mere renewals and given without any new considera-, tion. Nor did the new notes operate as payment of the debts for which they were given. In so far, then, as the notes in suit embrace the forfeited interest, they are without consideration.” Many cases could be cited to the same effect. As we have said the court applied the amount actually paid — 283 — at the several renewals of the note to the principal of the note. This was error. The defendant was not entitled to .apply as an off-set on the note the sums of interest which he actually paid. The statute requires that where the interest has been paid, the party paying it or his legal representatives may recover in an action in the nature of an action of debt. As we have said the recovery provided for is in the nature of a penalty, and can only be recovered in the manner provided by the statute. The statute denounced a penalty, and prescribed a remedy. When a statute creates a new offense and denounces a penalty, or gives a new right and declares a remedy, the punishment or remedy can be only that which the statute prescribes. Strafford v. Ingersol, 3 Hill, 38; First National Bank of Whitehall v. Lamb, 57 Barbour, 429. This,court has frequently enunciated the same doctrine. In Barret against National Bank, supra 559, the court said: “While the plaintiff in such cases, upon making out the facts, has a clear right to recover, the defendant has a right to insist that the prosecution shall be by a suit brought specially and exclusively for that purpose, where the sole issue is the guilt or innocence of the accused, without the presence of any extraneous facts which might confuse the case, and mislead the jury to the prejudice of either party. The court held in that case that payments of usurious interest such as were made in this case could not be applied by way of off set or payments to the obligation in suit.” This doctrine the court adhered to in Stephens against Monongahela Bank, 111 U. S. 197. That case was an action of a national bank against a surety upon a note to recover the — 284 — amount of a note. It was held that he had no right to have usurious interest paid by the principal in discount or renewals of the note applied to the payment of the principal of the debt. The same doctrine was re-affirmed in Driesbach against National Bank, 104 U. S. An action to recover double the amount of usurious interest paid must be brought within two years after the transaction occurred in which the usury is paid. To illustrate, suppose there has been several renewals' of the note, the interest paid at each renewal, the cause of action accrues the instant the usury is paid; unless it is brought two years from the time of the usurious transaction the statute bars the recovery. In effect the court in this case adjudged the defendants pay an amount, equal to one-half of the penalties, they would have been entitled to recover in an action brought within the time prescribed by the statute. It allowed! them credit for sums which were in the nature of a penalty, and the right to recover had been barred. If we take the view,- that when the usurious interest is stipulated for and embraced in the note, the cause of action accrues, to recover double the amount of the interest so agreed to be paid, then an action to recover a penalty could be maintained before any part of the interest had been paid. Possibly the note containing it might never be paid, yet the debtor may have recovered and collected his judgment. No confusion can arise as to the meaning of the statute, if we keep before us its language, which provides in one state of case the forfeiture of the entire interest which a note, bill or other evidence of debt carries with it, or which has been — 285 — agreed to be paid thereon. Whilst in a different state of ease to-wit; when the interest has been paid, then the penalty is recoverable; in the one case it is for a- reservation of the stipulation for the interest; whilst in the other case the payment of 'interest must actually have been made. In considering this case we have fully considered the cases of Alvis, Trustee, &c v. Henderson National Bank, 89 Ky., 126; Alvis, &c. v. Henderson National Bank, 91 Ky., 142; Brown, &c., v. Marion National Bank, 92 Ky., 609; Sydner v. Mt. Sterling Bank, 94 Ky., 231. It results that the court properly canceled the note for $316.25, but erred in not finding judgment for the face of the note for $4,000, with interest from the date of the judgment.