Sloan v. Thornton

JUDGE BURNAM delivered the opinion op the court. Harriet Woods died unmarried and without issue, having previously made and published her last will and testament, and the question upon this appeal is the construction to be given to the word “children” in the fourth clause of the will, which clause reads as follows: “Fourth — To the children of my late uncle, John Woods, eceased, their names, number, or place of residence being unknown to me, I bequeath the sum of $3,000, to be divided equally between them, share and share alike; but if none of said children should be living at the time of my death, then this legacy shall fall into and become a part of my residuary estate, and pass accordingly.” It appears from the testimony in the case that decedent had few relations and led a singularly isolated life. The de-visees under the second and third clauses of her will were related to her on her mother’s side; on her father’s side she had no relatives except the descendants of her late uncle, John Woods, who, previous to her death, had resided in the State of Louisiana and whose living descendants at the date of the execution of the will consisted of one son, William Woods, and the children of a dead son, John Woods, Jr., and the children of a dead daughter, Mrs. Fisher. Subsequently, to the probation of the will William Woods died, leaving a will, in which he devised all of his interest in the estate of his cousin, Harriet Woods, to his widow, Matilda Ann Woods, and his widow, as devisee, contends that the word “children,” as used by Harriet Woods, should be construed to mean living children, and that the entire legacy belongs to her. [446] Appellants, who are the children of the dead son and ■daughter of John Woods, deceased, contend that the word “children,” as used by the testatrix, was intended to, and ■did embrace the descendants of dead children along with •the liying children, and that they are entitled to share in the .legacy, per stirpes, with the appellee, Matilda Ann Woods. The meaning of the word “children,” and -words of like import occurring in wills under the common-law rule of construction, is admirably stated in' the case of Phillips’ Devisees v. Beall, 9 Dana, 1, in which it was held that “the term 'children/ in a devise will not embrace grandchildren unless there is something indicating that the testator intended to include them.” And this rule of construction was uniformly followed by this court until it was changed by statutory regulation. But even at common law, where the whole context of the will showed that the testator intended to éxtend the meaning of the word so as to include issue, or descendants, courts so construed the word as to effectuate the purpose and intention of the testator. In this case the first sentence of the clause in question is: “To the children of my late uncle, John Woods, deceased,” .as a class; not to particular children, or living children, but ;simply “to the children.”,And in the same sentence she '.adds: “Their names, number or place of residence being unknown tó me,” and from these words it is ápparent that she had no acquaintance with the children of her uncle to whom •she made these bequests, and no attachment for them individually; and her intention was to made provisions for the descendants of her uncle on account of their consanguinity .and because they were the natural objects of her bounty; [447] there was no reason why she should have selected one to the «exclusion of the others. In the next paragraph of this clause she bequeaths this sum “to bé divided equally between them, share and share .alike,” plainly manifesting by these words a purpose that all of the children, or -heirs, o-f her deceased uncle should share equally in the provision made for them, the word “children” being used by her as synonymous with the word '“heirs.” ■ The last paragraph of the clause provides that “if none of aaid children should be living at the time of my death, then this legacy shall fall into and become a part of my residuary -estate and pass accordingly.” As the condition upon which thic paragraph of the clause was to take effect did not exist at the time of the death of the testatrix these words have no vitality, and should not be allowed in any way to affect the construction of the first part of the clause, which makes a complete bequest of the fund named- therein. . It is insisted by counsel for appellee that the words “living at the time of my death” were intended by the testatrix to, and do, qualify the word “children,” as used in the first part of the clause; that if John Woods had left no children living at the time of the death of the testatrix; the whole legacy would have lapsed and become a part of the fund disposed of in the residuary clause of the will, and that the devise was, in effect, to the children of John Woods living at the death of testatrix. But the construction contended for does violence to the usual and ordinary signification which attaches to the words in question, and, in view of the whole context of the clause, would tend to defeat the purpose of [448] testatrix to make provision for the descendants of her uncle. It is, however, unnecessary for us to speculate as to the meaning and effect of the word “children,” as used in the clause in question under the common-law rule of construction, as we think the rule of construction provided by section 4841 of the Kentucky Statutes seems to be conclusive thereof. That section reads as follows: “If a devisee or legatee die before the testator, or is dead at the making of the will, leaving issue, who survive the testator, such issue shall take the estate devised or bequeathed as the devisee or legatee would have done if he had survived the testator, unless a different disposition is made or required by the will.” The effect of this statute and the change made by it in the common-law rule of construction of the word “children” have been so ably and exhaustively discussed in the cases of Renaker v. Lemon, 1 Duvall, 212; Dunlap v. Shreve’s Adm’r, 2 Duvall, 334, and Chenault’s Guardian v. Chenault’s Ex’or, 88 Ky., 84, as to dispense with any discussion of them at this time. These cases completely reverse the common-law rule of construction as laid down in Phillip’s Devisees v. Beall, supra, and hold that the term “children,” used in a devise, embraces grandchildren, “unless a different disposition is. required by the will.” In the case of Dunlap v. Shreve’s Adm’r, supra, in construing the words of the statute, “a devise to children embraces grandchildren when there are no children,” the court says: “This is declaratory, affirmative and peremptory. It declares the common-law doctrine- and peremptorily affirms when there are no children a devise to children as a class must necessarily embrace grandchildren; but it does not say that when there are both living children [449] and issue also of dead children a simple devise to unnamed! children as a class should never embrace the issue of dead, children, and any such construction would conflict with the animate spirit and practical purpose of the statutory law oh the subject of lapse and survivorship, and also with the spirit of a will indicating that the testator meant all the descendants of dead children.” And this has been the rule of construction ever since. .In the case of Chenault’s Guardian v. Chenault’s Ex’or, the language of the will was: “The remainder of my estate I desire to be equally divided between the children of my brothers and sisters,” and the court, after a careful review of all the decisions of this court both under the common law and the statutory rule of construction, held that “the descendants of those children of the testator’s brothers and' sisters who were dead at the death of the testator, whether they died before or after the will was executed, were entitled to the respective shares of the estate which their several ancestors would have taken if alive,” expressly overruling the case of Sheets v. Grubbs, 4 Met., 339, which conflicted with the statutory rule as interpreted in Dunlap v. Shreve’s Adm’r; and we are of the opinion that the proper construction of the fourth clause of the will of the testatrix in this case requires that the fund devised to the children of her uncle, John Woods, should be divided equally between the appellants and appellee per stirpes. . ' Wherefore, the judgment is reversed and cause remanded for proceedings consistent herewith.