Johnson v. Ginn & Co.

JUDGE BURNAM delivered the opinion of the court. The plaintiffs are publishers of school-books, and in this action ask for a writ of mandamus to compel d*efendant, as county superintendent of common schools for Laurel county, to record in his office the adoption of “Tarbell’s Lessons in Language and Grammar, Books one and two,” “Frye’s Geographies, Primary and Complete (Kentucky Edition),” and “Blaisdell’s Our- Bodies and' How We Live,” as text-books in the common schools of that county for the five years next ensuing after January 1, 1897, and to enforce their use. They allege that these books were adopted by the county board of examiners for Laurel county at meetings of the board, on September 14, 1896, and October 26, 1896. Defendant resists the mandamus — First, because he says that these books were not adopted by the board of examiners at the meeting of September 14, 1896; second, he alleges that plaintiffs had not filed copies of Frye’s Geographies and Blaisdell’s Our Bodies in the office of the superintendent of — 658 — public instruction, and executed bond, in accordance with section 4422, Kentucky Statutes, prior to the meeting of September 14, 1896; and, third, because Miss McHargue and Mr. Lovelace (who, with himself, constituted the board of examiners for Laurel county on September 14, 1896), were removed from office on October 18, 1896, and others appointed in their places, and that they were therefore ineligible to act at the meeting of October 26, 1896. The facts, as' disclosed by the testimony in the record, are: Appellant was elected superintendent of common schools for Laurel county in 1894, to serve until the first day of January, 1898. On November 1, 1895, he appointed S. A. Lovelace and Miss McHargue members of the board of examiners for that county, to serve, as set out in the order of appointment, for one year, unless they should resign or be removed for cause. In June, 1896, this board met to consider the adoption of text-books, to take effect from and after January 1, 1897. At this meeting, iMcGuffy’s Spellers and McGuffy’s Readers, Ray’s Arithmetic, Harvey’s Grammar and Eclectic Geographies were agreed upon, and the board adjourned to further consider textbooks upon history, physiology, and language lessons. They met again for this purpose on July 22, 1896, on which occasion they heard statements and arguments from the agents of appellees and the American Book Company as to the relative merits: of their publications on these subjects, and adjourned to .meet upon the call of the superintendent. On September 14, 1896, they again met, and appellees claim that, by the votes of Lovelace and Mc-Hargue, Tarbell’s Lessons in Language and Grammar, Books one and two, Frye’s Geographies, Primary and Complete (Kentucky Edition), and Blaisdell’s Our Bodies, etc., were adopted. It was agreed at this meeting that each — 659 — member of the board should take a paper called “Adoption Sheets,” on which were printed the names of various books, and mark the books favored by them. This was done, and these adoption sheets were then folded up without examination and delivered to appellant, as county superintendent, to be opened and examined at his convenience. It is claimed by appellant that, upon examination of these sheets, he found that no adoption had b'een made, because no two votes were for the same publications. The original sheets have been brought before us, and we think it is very clear that Tarbell’s Language Lessons were adopted by the vote of Lovelace and McHargue, and that their intention to vote for the other publications of appellees is fairly inferable from the interlineations made by them on the adoption sheets. On the 18th day of September, 1896, the county superintendent removed Lovelace and McHargue from the board of examiners, without notice to them, by an order entered upon the record books for that purpose kept in his office, and appointed other persons to act in their places. The reasons assigned by him for these removals are that he had a right to remove at pleasure, without notice, charge, or trial, and because Miss McHargue was absent from the county, and had notified him that she would not return to be present at any meeting to be held for the selection of text-books, and that the other examiner had manifested prejudice against the publications of the American Book Company, growing out of some personal feeling on his part. The new board was appointed on September 19, 1896, and a majority of this new board met on October 2, 1896, and adopted the text-books, in use at that time in the — 660 — public schools, and which did not include any of the publications of appellees. •The bond of appellees executed September, 1893, pursuant to section 4423, Kentucky Statutes, did not include the publications known as “Frye’s Geographies” and “Blaisdell’s Our Bodies and How We Live;” but subsequently these books were sent to the Superintendant of Public Instruction, with the request that they be inserted in the list covered by the bond; and on September 25,1896, one J. U. Cornelius, surety upon the bond of appellees, notified the Superintendent of Public Instruction that appellees had, without his knowledge, filed an additional list of school-books in the office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction after the date of the execution of the bond, and asked to be released from liability thereon. On October 20, 1896, appellees executed a bond, in accordance with section 4424, Kentucky Statutes, which was approved by the Superintendant of Public Instruction and which included the publications known as “Frye’s Geographies” and “Blaisdell’s Our Bodies and How We Live.” After the last bond was executed, on the 26th day of October, 1896, Miss McHargue and Mr. Lovelace appeared in appellant’s office, in company with the agent and attorney of appellees, to' hold another meeting for the purpose of adopting a list of text-books, and invited appellant to participate therein, which he refused to do. Thereupon Miss McHargue and Lovelace held a meeting, and adopted the text-books which appellees in this proceeding sought to have recorded as the text-books for the use of the county for the ensuing five years. .The first question to be determined is: Did the examiners have the authority to adopt text-books not included in the bond required by section 4424, Kentucky Stat — 661 — utes, which provides: “When any publisher or person selling books who desires to have text-books adopted in the common schools in any county in this State, shall file in the office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction a sample copy of each of the text-books intended for adoption, together with the lowest retail price at which same shall be sold to the patrons and pupils of any county in which same may be adopted, and shall execute bond before the csd officio members of the State Board of Education in the sum of ten thousand dollars^ with good security resident in this State, in which it shall be distinctly set forth that the text-books of said publisher shall be sold to the patrons and pupils of the common schools in any county in which same may be adopted at a special retail list price, which shall not exceed the present lowest wholesale or retail list price or that may hereafter be fixed by said publisher by persons selling the same for the sale of such text-books in any State or section of the country, and that said special retail list price shall not at any time exceed the price fixed and filed in the office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction which shall be set forth in said bond; . . .” and sample copies of ■the publications shall also be filed in the office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction. It seems evident that, in requiring the bond and the filing of sample'book of publications intended for text-books provided for in this section, the Legislature intended to secure, for the use of the pupils and patrons of the common schools, not only a cheaper class of text-books, but also books which had been subjected to the scrutiny and investigation of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and approved by him as suitable for the purposes for which they were intended. And as the books known as — 662 — “Blaisdell’s Our Bodies and How We Live” and “Frye’s Geographies” were not set out in the bond .filed in the office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and the prices given, previous to the meeting of September 14, 1896, these publications could not have been legally adopted by the board of examiners. Whether or not these books were legally adopted at the meeting- of October 26, 1896, depends upon the validity of the action of appellant in removing Examiners Lovelace and McHargue from their places on the board, and substituting therefor the names of other persons previous to that meeting. The statute which authorizes the county superintendent to appoint examiners prescribes no definite term of office for such appointees, and the general rule is: “Where the power of appointment is conferred in general terms and without restriction, the power of removal in the discretion and at the will of the appointing power, is implied, and always exists unless restrained, and limited by some provision, of law.” See People v. Robb, 126 N. Y., 180 [27 N. E., 267]; Holley v. New York, 59 N. Y., 166; People v. New York, 82 N. Y., 491; People v. Hayden (Sup), 32 N. Y. S. R., 1116; People v. Durston (Sup.), 3 N. Y. Supp., 522; Laimbeer v. New York, 4 Sandf., 109; People v. Comptroller, 20 Wend., 595; People v. Mayor, etc., of New York, 5 Barb., 43; Eco parte Hennen, 13 Pet., 230; 10 Law Ed., 138; Patton v. Vaughan, 39 Ark., 211; People v. Higgins, 15 Ill., 110; Newsom v. Cocke, 44 Miss., 352 [7 Am. Rep., 686]; Williams v. Boughner, 6 Cold., 486; Houseman v. Com., 100 Pa. St., 222; Field v. Girard College, 54 Pa. St., 233; Keenan v. Perry, 24 Tex., 253; also 19 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, *562f, and authorities there cited, and Mechem on Public Officers, section 445. — 663 — There is nothing in the case of Todd, Mayor, v. Dunlap, 99 Ky., 449 [36 S. W., 541], inconsistent with this doctrine. In that case the court simply adhered to the doctrine that the power to remore an officer who holds for a definite time carries with it the power to remore for cause, upon notice and trial; and it is only in cases where the power to re-more without trial is expressly giren that it can be exercised. We therefore conclude that appellant had the power to remore Examiners Lorelace and McHargue without notice or the assignment of any cause; and it follows that there was no legal adoption of appellee’s text-books at the meeting of October 26, 1896. But as Lorelace and McHargue were the regularly qualified and acting examiners at the time of the meeting of September 14, 1896, and it appears that a majority of the board, by their rotes, adopted the text-books known as “Tarbell’s Language Lessons, Books one and two,” and that these books were coyered by the original bond executed by appellees, and were therefore eligible for selection, to this extent their action was valid, and it was the duty of appellant to record in his office the adoption of the last-named books. There was no legal adoption of the books known as “Frye’.s Geographies” and “Blaisdell’s Our Bodies and How We Lire,” and, to the extent that the judgment appealed from holds to the contrary, it is rerersed, and the cause is remanded for proceedings consistent herewith.