City of Newport v. Holly

Opinion of the court by JU'DG-E HOBSON Reversing. Appellee was arrested upon two warrants issued from the police court of the city of Mt. Sterling, charging her with the offense of disorderly conduct committed in the city, and was fined five dollars in each case. She prosecuted an appeal to the. Montgomery Circuit Court, insisting that the by-law was void because unauthorized by the charter, and that she had been improperly denied trial by jury in the police court. The circuit court sustained — 623 — her contention, and dismissed the warrants. From this judgment the city has appealed to this court. The validity of the by-law is the first question to be determined. Mt. Sterling is a city of the fourth class. By section 3490, Kentucky Statutes, for the government of cities of this class, the board of council, in addition to other powers therein granted, has power, within the city, “to pass ordinances not in conflict with the Constitution or laws of this State or of the United States” (subsection 1); “to pass ordinances inflicting fines on drunkenness and breaches of the peace, for keeping gaming houses, bawdy or disorderly'houses of any kind; to restrain, suppress and punish indecent or obscene conduct or exhibition or the use of obscene or profane language” (subsection 14); also, “to make by-laws' and ordinances for the carrying into effect of all the powers granted for the government of the city and to do all things properly belonging to the police of incorporated cities” (subsection 33). By section 3495 it is further provided that “arrests may be made for drunkenness or disorderly conduct at any time without warrant.” By section 3513 the police court of the city is given jurisdiction, among other things, “over affrays, riots and routs, breaches of the peace, unlawful assemblies and cases of indecent or immoral behavior, or conduct calculated to disturb the peace and dignity of said town,” and of “all offenses arising out of ordinances enacted by the council for the enforcement of the power's granted them by law.” The ordinance of the town under which appellee was arrested and tried is as follows: “Whoever shall be guilty of any boisterous or disorderly conduct in the city of Mt. Sterling shall be fined not less than five or more than twenty, dollars.” Boisterous or disorderly, conduct is certainly covered by the provision of the1 charter for the punish — 624 — ment of “conduct calculated to disturb the peace and dignity of said town,” and, if there could be any question of this, without doubt regulations for the prevention of such conduct are “things properly belonging to the police of incorporated cities.” The act itself expressly recognizes the offense of disorderly conduct, in the provision that arrests may be made for it at any time without warrant. We conclude, therefore, that the city had authority to make the ordinance for the punishment of disorderly conduct. But it is insisted further, that the ordinance is void because it imposes a different penalty from that imposed by the general law for breach of the peace, riot, rout, unlawful assembly, or affray; section 1268, Kentucky Statutes, providing for each of these a fine of not less than one cent nor more than $100, or imprisonment not less than five nor more than sixty days, or both. Section 168 of the Constitution provides: “No municipal ordinance shall fix a penalty for a violation thereof at less than that imposed by statute for the same offense. A con- • viction or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same offense.” The question therefore arises, is the offense of disorderly conduct the same as the offense of a breach of the peace, riot, rout, unlawful assembly, or affray? Of course, one who commits a breach, of the peace, riot, rout, or affray is necessarily guilty of disorderly conduct but the latter term is not so broad as the former. Conduct may be disorderly, and not be a breach of the peace, or constitute a riot, rout, or affray. In the government of the crowded population of cities, it is necessary to punish many things that in the country may be passed unnoticed. In thickly-settled communities the beginnings of evil must be checked. This — 625 — is particularly true of conduct often not amounting to a breach of the peace, which is “calculated to disturb the peace and dignity” of the community. Regulations of disorderly conduct are therefore things generally recognized as “properly belonging to the police of incorporated! cities.” While disorderly conduct may in many cases be a breach of the peace, it is not necessarily so. The offenses •are not, therefore, the same. Summary proceedings for the suppression and, punishment of such offenses ate essential to the good order of cities. In Dill. Mun. Corp. (4th Ed.) section 407, it is said: “Power ‘to prevent disturbances andi disorderly assemblages and maintain the good government of the city’ authorizes it to take measures to preserve the peace and to protect the lives and property of the citizens and the acts of the city in procur- \ ing the loan of arms, and giving a bond for their return, are valid and binding upon it.' Authority to preserve the peace and quiet of the place authorizes an ordinance forbidding ‘all disorderly shouting, dancing etc., in the streets and public places,’ though such conduct violates no existing State law.” And in notes to sections 319 and 268 he refers to a number of authorities sustaining ordinances punishing speechmaking in the streets, loud singing, and other acts not essentially criminal in their nature, but generally confided to the supervision and control of the local government of cities and towns, for the better preservation of peace and order within their limits. Section 3530, Kentucky Statutes, empowers the police judge to hear and determine cases within his jurisdiction, except “where the fine may be more than twenty dollars,”, and ip such cases the defendant may demand that the issue of fact be tried by a jury. The police judge refused — 626 — to allow appellee a jury trial, and it is insisted that in this he erred, as by section 319 of the Criminal Code of Practice the defendant is entitled to a jury trial in all cases in which a fine of over $16 may be imposed; but this provision of the Code was repealed by the Kentucky Statutes passed since its adoption, pursuant to section 156 of the Constitution, for the government of the cities of the State. Nor is the statute unconstitutional on the ground that it denies a jury trial. Section 7 of the Constitution provides, “The ancient mode of trial by jury shall be held sacred and the right thereof remain inviolate;” and, by section 11, the accused “in prosecutions by indictment or information shall have speedy, public trial by an impartial jury of the vicinage.” The two sections together preserve the ancient mode of trial by jury in criminal cases, and require this trial to be speedy and public. ¡But, when this Constitution was adopted, provisions similar to section 319 of the Code of Practice had long been in force in this State, and had been upheld by the uniform current of authority, for the reason that such offenses were not, at common law, required to be tried by a jury. In the note to Steamboat Co. v. Roberts, 48 Am. Dec. 190, 191, the learned editor says: “In inferior courts, where the amount involved is trifling, it has always been the practice both In England and in this country, from the earliest colonial times,, to dispense with trial by jury. . . . Minor offenses were at the common law, and before the adoption of the State Constitutions, tried by magistrates and justices of the peace without jury. To these cases the constitutional provision does not apply.” He then quotes from Chief Justice Redfield in State v. Conlin, 27 Vt. 321, in regard to the constitutional provision guarantying trial by jury, as follows: “It has not, and was not intended — 627 — to Lave, any application to those minor offenses which chiefly concern the regulation of the internal police of the State, and which, for all practical purposes, would be effectually paralyzed by subjecting the proceedings- in all cases to the cumbrous detail and heavy machinery of trial by jury of twelve men, to which the article undoubtedly refers. It is vain to affect to believe that the framers of this article did not comprehend how trials in the police courts of the cities and towns- of this country and England had for centuries been conducted.” To same effect, see Cooley, Const. Lim. side page 319, and notes; Dill. Mun. Oorp. sections 432-4-39. In section 428, Judge Dillon says: “We have elsewhere shown that the courts have uniformly held that it was competent for State Legislatures to create municipal corporations, with powers of local government, and to authorize them to adopt ordinances or by-laws, with appropriate penalties for their violation. The power to do this includes, by fair implication, the power to authorize violations of ordinances . . . to be tried and determined in a summary manner by a local or corporation tribunal.” The warrants are in the usual form, and are sufficient. Judgment reversed, and cause. remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. White, J., dissenting.