Johnson v. Williams' Admr.

Opinion op the court by CHIEF JUSTICE PAYNTER Affirming. This action was instituted by the appellee against the appellant, T. H. Johnson, sheriff, and the sureties in his bond, for the alleged negligent killing of the intestate, Charles Williams, by two of his deputies. Dave Browder murdered a negro. Ernest Johnson and H. C. Judge were' deputies under Johnson, and were sent to arrest him for the crime which he had committed. They went to Casye, a small village, where Browder seems to have lived, with the view of accomplishing his arrest. It was there ascertained that he had gone to Moscow, a near-by village, to see his father, as he said he would not surrender until he had a consultation with him. It was thought probable that he would return to Oasye. So the parties started in the nighttime, with the view of apprehending him. Johm son and Judge went to a point where the Moscow road crosses another one. Shortly after reaching that crossing two men were discovered approaching in a buggy, leading behind them a gray' horse. The deputies had been informed that Browder was riding a gray horse, and they also claim that they thought they recognized the voice of — 293 — one of the parties as being his. The deputies claim they halted them as they approached, and, instead of stopping the speed of the horse, they increased it, and after the buggy had passed them they fired, with the intention of preventing Browder’s escape. It turned out that he was not in the buggy, but a young man by the name of Campbell, and with him was Charles Williams. One shot took effect in Williams’ head, from which he shortly thereafter died. Campbell testified that as soon as the deputy sheriffs cried “Halt” he hollowed “Whoa” to his mare, and about that time the deputies began to fire on them. There is also some testimony tending to show that the ball which killed Williams -entered his forehead. The whole defense is based upon the idea that the deputy sheriffs had the right, if it was necessary to do so to prevent Browder’s escape, to kill him; that, as they had probable cause for ■ believing that he was one of the occupants of the buggy, they therefore had the right to shoot, and, if in doing so they killed Williams, there is no more liability than there would have been had Brow'der been killed. The case was tried, at the instance of the defendants, upon the theory that they had the right to kill Browder under the circumstances detailed by them, and that there is no more liability created for the killing of Williams than there would have been had they killed Browder./ It is not denied that the deputies were acting virtute officii, as the defendants sought to escape liability upon the grounds that they were so acting, and that they had acted properly. It is not claimed that-the killing was colore officii. In the court below both the plaintiff and defendants endeavored to try, and did try, the case upon the theory that an officer has the right to shoot one charged with felony, to prevent his escape. — 294 — The opinions of courts and the writer's upon criminal law recognize the rule to be that an officer has the right to shoot one charged with a felony, to prevent him from escaping. It was so held by this court in Head v. Martin, 85 Ky., 480 (9 R., 45) (3 S. W., 622). But we do not decide whether or not the deputies would have been authorized, in law, to have shot Browder, had he been in the buggy, attempting to prevent arrest by fleeing. Whether fleeing under such circumstances is such an escape, in the meaning of the law, as would authorize officers who have a warrant of arrest for one on a charge of felony to shoot him, we do not decide. /'Courts recognize the rule to be that if a process is put in the hands' of an officer to execute against B., and he seizes the goods of A. under it,'he is liable on his official bond to A. for damages. Town of Norwalk v. Ireland, 68 Conn., 1 (35 Atl., 804); Norris v. Mersereau, 74 Mich., 689 (42 N. W., 153); Welter v. Jacobson, 7 N. D., 32 (73 N. W., 65). It was held in Lammon v. Feusier, 111 U. S., 17 (4 Sup. Ct., 286), (28 L. Ed., 337), that the taking by a marshal of the United States,upon a writ of attachment against one person, of the goods of another, is a breach of the condition of his official bond, for which his sureties are liable. It has been held that an illegal arrest is a breach of a bond to faithfully .and without oppression discharge all duties required by law. Yount v. Carney, 91 Iowa, 559 (60 N. W., 114). It was held in West v. Cabell, 153 U. S. (14 Sup. Ct., 752), (38 L. Ed., 643), that a warrant to arrest James West for murder will not authorize the marshal to arrest Vandy M. West, and for the arrest and imprisonment of the latter on such warrant by one of his deputies the marshal and his sureties are liable upon his official bond. Murfree, Sher., sec. 60, says: “On the common-law principles governing the ordinary relations of principal — 295 — and agent, a sheriff would not be responsible for an act done by his deputy colore officii; but it is held in Virginia and West Virginia that on principles of public policy, applying to the relation of a sheriff and his deputy, the former is liable in such a case; and, on the same principle, it would seem that he and his sureties are liable on his official bond. In a Massachusetts case (Knowlton v. Bartlett, 1 Pick., 273) the court says: 'If the act from which the injury resulted was an official act, the authorities are clear that the sheriff is answerable. If it was not an official, but a personal, act, it is equally clear that he is not answerable. But an official act does' not mean what a deputy might lawfully do in the execution of his office. If. so, no action could ever lie against the sheriff for the misconduct of his deputy. It means, therefore, whatever is done under color or by virtue of his office.’ To hold the deputy and his sureties liable to the sheriff on his bond, it is not necessary that the deputy should be acting under color of some writ, but if he is acting under color of his office, and professing so to act, and inducing others interested to believe he is acting colore officii, he and his sureties will be bound by such acts. No other rule would be safe'. Sureties are not needed on a sheriff’s bond, if they are only to be held when he acts legally. They vouch for his acts, and bind themselves to make good any damage he may cause to any one while acting under color of his office. And, if the sheriff and his sureties are bound for such acts of the deputy while acting under color of his office, then the deputy and his sureties are liable to the sheriff for his act.” In Brown v. Weaver, 76 Miss., 7 (23 South., 388), it was held that an officer had no right to shoot a misdemeanant to prevent his escape, and that if he was unjustifiably shot by. a deputy sheriff in attempting to arrest him under — 296 — a warrant, or in attempting to prevent his escape after arrest, he can maintain an action for damages on the official bond of the deputy’s principal. In Head v. Martin the court held that an officer had no right to shoot one charged with a misdemeanor, while escaping. It does 'not appear from the opinion what was the purpose of the action, but, as it was not a criminal prosecution, it must have been an action for damages. This court, in Shields v. Pflanz, 19 Kentucky Law Rep., 648 (41 S. W., 267), held that a sheriff was responsible for the mistreatment of the prisoner by his deputy while conveying him from one county to another. ^ The covenants of the sheriff’s ..bond required him to faithfully discharge the duties of his office. This imposes the duty of executing the processes which the law authorizes to be issued and placed in his hands, and to' make arrests in the manner and upon the conditions imposed by law. If he attempts to make an arrest, and in doing so inflicts an injury in violation of law upon the party sought to be arrested, or upon another, then he and his sureties are liable for the damages sustained. If the sheriff, in executing an order of attachment against the property of one person, seizes that of another, he and his sureties are liable. If he should seize the property of one not a defendant in the execution, and sell it to satisfy it, he is liable on his bond for the tort. If he has a warrant against one, and under it arrests another, he is liable on his bond for the tort thus committed. He can not justify the wrongful arrest by showing he ‘believed, and had reasonable grounds for believing, that he was executing it upon the party named in it. If he can not in that way justify a wrongful arrest, much less should he be permitted to justify the killing of another by showing that he had — 297 — probable cause for believing that he was shooting at the party whom he was authorized to arrest. The law which gives an officer the right to kill an escaping felon certainly requires him to know that he is the felon, not an innocent party, whose life he is attempting to take. The question here is quite a different one from what we would have if the deputy sheriffs had shot at Browder while escaping, and killed Williams. In the latter case they would have been shooting at the right man, if the facts justified it, but here they shot at and killed an innocent man./l While they did an unlawful act, 'still they were acting in their official capacity. They had the authority as deputy sheriffs to ■arrest Browder, but in the exercise of that authority they acted improperly, abusing the confidence which, the law imposed in them; They were guilty of misconduct in office, for which their principal and his sureties are liable; for sec. 4141, Kentucky Statutes, provides: “The sheriff may, with the approval of the county court, appoint one or more deputies, and take bond to himself for the faithful discharge of his duties of such deputies; but in all cases the sheriff shall be liable on his bond or bonds for any misconduct or default of such deputies; any deputy may be removed at any time by the sheriff.” _ , The instructions which the court gave were more favorable to the defendants than they were entitled to have given to the jury, except the one on the measure of damages. The part of the instruction giving the measure of compensatory damages is substantially correct, but the instruction also authorized the jury to award punitive damages. Punitive damages might have been awarded against the deputies who killed the decedent, but it is not proper that they should be given against the sheriff and the sureties in his official bond. The covenants of the bond — 298 — ■ do not require the sureties to do more than compensate an injured party for the actual damages which he may have sustained by reason of the misconduct of the sheriff ■ or his deputies. Its covenants do not require them to pay a sum of money which is inflicted by way of punishment. They have committed no wrong, and therefore the reason of the law which allows exemplary damages against wrongdoers can not make it apply to them. In fact, the reasons which allow a recovery of exemplary damages would forbid their assessment against sureties in the official bond. This is an action upon contract. Usually exemplary damages are allowed only in actions of tort. It has been held in some cases that where the condition of the bond given in pursuance of the statute is broken by the commission of a tort, such as would be a proper cause for exemplary damages, such damages may be recovered in the action on the bond. But it is stated in Sedg. Meas. Dam., sec. 370, that “this is contrary, however, to the current of authority, which is to the effect that only compensatory damages can be recovered in an action on a statutory bond.” While the court should not have given an instruction awarding exemplary damages, still the verdict was only $2,500. Considering the evidence as to the age and health of the young man who was killed, the jury could not have included in their verdict any exemplary damages. The judgment is affirmed.