Potter v. Skiles

Opinion of the Court by JUDGE DuRELRE — Affirming. In 1897 appellee C. C. Smith was (•lie owner of a tract of 147 acres of land in Warren county, upon which lie resided, with his family, and which was mortgaged to Mrs. Payne for $2,009. Potter, Matlock & Co., bankers, obtained a judgment against Smith for $750, the execution for which was levied upon this land, and the ianid sold by the sheriff, subject to Mrs. Payne’s mortgage, the execution plaintiffs becoming the purchasers for $508. Afterwards Mrs. Payne brought suit to enforce her mortgage lien for $2,000 and interest, making Potter, Matlock & Co. and other creditors defendants, who set up their excution lien for $508 and interest. In this proceeding, on motion of Smith, a homestead of 17% acres was set apart to him, which was exempt from sale for any of his debts except the debt to — 137 — Mrs. Pat ne. A decree was entered for a sale of the land to. pay, iirst, Mrs. Payne’s mortgage debt; next, Potter, Matlock & Co.’s execution lien; next, a debt to Joe H. .'Smith, a son of C. C. Smith, of $3;000, secured by a mortgage signed only by C. C. Smith; and, lastly, a claim of P. J. Potter for $1,415. The 130 acres remaining after netting 'aside the homestead were sold to J. W. Potter for $.2,990, the amount of the Payne and the Potter,. Matlock A Co. claims, which was less than'two-thirds of $6,450, the appraised value of the land. C. C. Smith’s equity of redemption was then sold, and purchased1 by the Warren Deposit Bank for 100, and the bank thereupon redeemed from J. Whit. Potter, the iirst purchaser. C. C. Smith, therefore still had the statutory right of redemption until ihe end of a year from the first sale, which expired May 23, 1899. Kentucky Statutes, section 1686. Being unable to raise the money with which to redeem, he arranged with appellee Skiles to pay the bank $3,392, Skiles agreeing to pay Mrs. Smith $799 upon her joining her husband in a deed for the land to Skiles; and on May 20,1899 — three days before the expiration of the redemption period — C. C. Smith and wife executed a deed for the land to Skiles. Skiles paid the $3,3S2 to the bank, and executed an obligation to pay $799 to Mrs. Smith as an inducement to her to re-release her potential right of dower, providing in that obligation that, as there were executions in the hands of the sheriff in favor of Joe K. Smith and P. J. Potter, that sum was not to be paid until all cloud upon the title to the land by virtue of such executions and the claim of the Warren Deposit Bank should be removed, and a good and perfect title vested in the obligor. There was a further provision for the deduction of Skiles’ costs in any litigation necessary to perfect his title, and for the payment of an attorney’s — 138 — fee to the counsel of Mrs. Smith. On the same day Joe H. Smith executed a written assignment to Skiles of the lien claimed by him in virtue of his execution against his father in the hands of the sheriff. On May 16th — four days before the execution of the deed — Joe H. Smith had caused to be issued and placed in the sheriff’s hands what purported to be an execution for $3,000 against C. C. Smith. A few-mmutes afterwards P. J. Potter placed an execution against O. C. Smith for $1,445 in the hands of the sheriff for levy. On the same day that the deed was executed the Warren Deposit Bank brought an attachment suit upon a judgment and return of “No property” for $2,450 against G. O. Smith, and caused garnishee process to be served upon Skiles. Two days later, Joe H. Smith’s and P. J. Potter’s executions were indorsed by the sheriff as levied' on the land May 2?. 1800, Potter’s levy being subject to-Smith’s. P. J. Potter, Joe H. Smith, Mrs. Smith, and Skiles became parties to and set up their various claims in the-attachment suit of the Warren Deposit Bank against Smith,, the judgment in which is now before us for review. Potter-claims that the transaction between Smith, Skiles and the bank was a redemption by Smith, whereby Smith reacquired' title to the land at a time when Potter’s execution was in the sheriff’s hands in full force; that he thereby acquired a lien upon the land, and the levy of his execution related back to the time Smith acquired title by his redemption, and that Joe H. Smith’s execution was void, for reasons which need not be here considered. After the sale of the equity of redemption, C. G. Smith had no property in the land which was subject to his debts. He had a personal right to redeem, which might be exercised at any time within one year from the date of the first sale. This right could not be exercised by his cred — 139 — itors. The Legislature made the equity of redemption subject to levy and sale, but in tlie same .section (1686) provided for a second right of redemption, without any provision for subjecting it to the payment of debts. By section 2365, applicable to judicial sales, the right to subject for debt granted by the statute is also limited to the first equity of redemption, as in the case of execution sales. It would seem, therefore, that this provision for the second right of redemption is a provision wholly in the interest of the debtor. In Bethel v. Smith, 83 Ky., 87, 7 R., 15, it was held that the right of the creditor to sell the equity of redemption was purely statutory, .and therefore must be exercised in strict accordance with, and within the time limited by, the statute The transaction between C. C. Smith, the bank, and'Skiles was not a redemption by Smith from the bank, which vested the title in him, and made it subject to the execution of Potter,, followed by a conveyance of his title thus acquired to Skiles. It was one transaction, whereby Smith assigned his interest by his deed with covenant of warranty to Skiles, and Skiles redeemed the property for himself. In Harvie v. Spaulding, 16 Iowa, 397, 85 Am. Dec., 526, in an opinion by Judge Dillon, it was said, in construing a similar statute, that: “The judgment debtor, certainly where,'as in the case at bar, he has conveyed with covenants, may, as such debtor, redeem. His grantee, by virtue of his conveyance, has such an interest in the property as would also entitle him to redeem.” In the present case there wras but one transaction. No beneficial interest vested in Smith to which the execution could attach. It was a redemption by Skiles, who paid the money to the bank officer, and it inured to his benefit. Nor was there any fraud in this transaction, in so far as it was a — 140 — redemption for the benefit of Skiles by the payment to the bank of the money furnished by him. The right was personal to Smith. He had the right to lose it by limitation,, to exercise it himself, or to transfer it to a third person. In our opinion, he either exercised it for the benefit of Skiles, or transferred it to Skiles, and Skiles exercised it. It becomes unnecessary, therefore, to inquire into the question of priority between the executions of Joe H. Smith and Potter, or whether Skiles knew or did not know of the existence of-the Potter execution. He had the right to purchase Smith’s right of redemption, and take a deed! from him, when the land was redeemed. In this transaction he obtained no esiaté that either execution could reach. Nor was there any lien upon what he obtained. But the obligation to Mrs. Smith presents a different question. She had no dower in the land, so far as the Payne mortgage debt was concerned. 'She had released her dower right as to that. What remained to' her was the right of compensation for her potential right of dower in the proceeds above what was necessary, to pay that debt. She could not prevent the sale of the land, free from her dower, in the' suit to enforce the mortgage; and it was in fact so sold. The utmost to which she could be entitled .was compensation for the value of her right of dower in 'that part of the land not necessary to the payment of that debt, though the proceeds of that part of the land were ■obtained by a sale of the husband’s personal right of redemption. The learned special judge below took the view ■that the transfer of the right of redemption was the consideration for the. obligation given to Mrs. Smith, and that that obligation was in' reality for Smith’s benefit, and, in consequence, was subject to the attachment for.Smith’s debt. Upon the record before us we are not able to reach — 141 — a different, conclusion. There' was, therefore, no error to the prejudice of Mrs. Smith, and the judgment is affirmed. Extended opinion by Judge O’Rear granting petition for rehearing as to the interest of Mrs. Mamie Smith, appellant : The opinion delivered herein November 13, 1902, in so far as it treats of the rights of Mrs. Mamie Smith, the wife of the debtor whose property was involved in this litigation, is withdrawn. A rehearing is granted to her. It will be borne in mind that the land of her husband had been sold under execution. Failing to bring two-thirds of its. appraised value at such sale, his equity of redemption was. also sold under execution. This sale was expressly authorized by statute. The same statute also gives to such, debtor the-right to redeem from both sabs within a year from the date of the first sale.. See sections 1684-1086, Kentucky Statutes. The executions under which this land was sold were against the husband alone. Any sale and conveyance of the land passed the title of the husband, necessarily subject to the inchoate right of dower of the wife therein. Although a part of the land was taken to satisfy a mortgage in which she had joined, relinquishing her dower so far as the mortgage debt was concerned, yet as to the residue of the land, and as to the proceeds of the sale of such residue, where the whole tract was sold under these proceedings, she continued to -have her inchoate right of dower. Section 2135, Kentucky Statutes, is: “The wife shall not be endowed of land sold, but not conveyed by the husband before marriage, noir of land sold, in good faith, after marriage, to satisfy a lien or encumbrance created before marriage or created by deed in which she had joined, or to satisfy a lien for the purchase money; but if there is a surplus of the land or proceeds of sale after satisfying — 142 — the lien, she may have dower out of such surplus of the land or compensation out of such surplus of the proceeds, unless they were received or disposed of by the husband in his life time.” The wife’s claim, therefore, was a valid one, and valuable, although it was dependent necessarily upon her outliving; her husband. The purchaser, Skiles, desired •a title free of the incumbrance of her claim. He contracted with her to pay her $799 for it. She refused to join in the deed conveying her potential dower unless she was first satisfied. The purchaser and she agreed that he would pay her $799 for her interest. Whether this was excessive is not material in this case. Skiles, the purchaser, is not complaining that he has paid too much. He is not seeking 1o avoid his contract for any reason. Mrs. Mamie Smith is insisting upon it. We can not see why these persons, competent under, the law to make a contract, may not make such one as this. Nor can we see1 wherein the creditors of the debtor, Smith, are affected by it. The original opinion holds that Smith’s right of redemption of the last sale — the one to the bank — -was not subject to sale under the execution of his creditors; that his right of redemption of his interest sold was a personal one, which he could! exercise or not; and that his failure to exercise it was not a subject of complaint at law by his creditors. If he had failed to exercise it, the interest of his wife, by reason of her inchoate dower, would not have been less than it was after he had exercised it. His action or non-action could not affect its value. Therefore the mere fact that the purchaser of the land, who redeemed it under Smith’s assignment of his right, paid Mrs. Smith more for her dower than the court-might believe the dower was worth, can not affect her right to receive and retain the agreed price. Of course, if it had been made to appear that Smith had — 143 — conveyed his property, which otherwise would1 have been subject to his creditors, to a vendee, who paid the consideration to': the debtor’s wife nominally as dower, but as a ■matter of, fact for the debtor’s interest, the arrangement would be a fraud, and the subterfuge would not be allowed to stay the court's remedial process. . But we ean not find that such was the case here. The judgment, in so far as it subjects any sum agreed to be paid to Mrs. Mamie Smith for her dower by Skil.es to the creditors of G. C. Smith, is reversed,,and the cause is remanded, with direction to judge the whole of that sum to Mrs. Smith. Judge Settle not sitting.