Crawford's Heirs v. Thomas

Opinion of the court by JUDGE BU-RNAM, affirming on original. AND REVERSING ON CROSS APPEAL. This is an appeal from a judgment of the Shelby circuit court. The suit was instituted on the 1st day of May, 1896, by a number of the heirs at law of Paulina Crawford, seeking to invalidate the twelfth and thirteenth clauses of her will, upon the grounds that “they are void for uncertainty,” and that “there are no persons who can come into court — 489 — and say that they are interested in the bequest, and demand the enforcement of the power;” and, in event of their failure to secure this relief, they asked the court to remove the trustee, and to designate the beneficiaries of the fund, and to inaugurate a scheme for carrying the device into effect. The facts, as shown by the pleadings, exhibits, and evidence, are that testatrix died a resident of Shelby county; that her will was admitted to probate at the August term, 1889, of the county court; that an appeal was prosecuted from this judgment to the. Shelby circuit court; and that the will was finally established by a judgment of that court, based upon the verdict of a jury, in March, 1892. Subsequently, the executor named therein filed a ;suit in the Shelby circuit court, in which he alleged that he had paid over all of the special devises recited in the will, ■and that there remained in his hands, to be disposed of under the residuary clause, $21,867.06; that, by virtue of the power conferred upon him by the will, he selected W. J. Thomas as trustee to take charge of this fund — and asked the court to determine who were the beneficiaries thereof, to construe and guide the trustee and plaintiff in disposing of the fund, and to determine whether or not the devise contained in the thirteenth clause was void for uncertainty. Three representative members of the Christian church, residing in Shelby county,- were made parties defendant to this proceeding; and the plaintiff alleged that the heirs at law of testatrix were so numerous as to make it impracticable to bring them all before the court within a reasonable time, and asked the court to designate J. W. Crawford and Oswald Thomas (two of such heirs) to defend for all of them. No process was sued out upon the original petition, but an answer and cross petition were filed by J. W. Crawford and Oswald Thomas, for themselves — 490 — and other heirs at law of testatrix, in which they said that the bequest contained in the thirteenth clause of the will of testatrix is void for uncertainty and indeñniteness, and cannot be executed by the executor or by any trustee, and asked the court to so adjudge. This litigation ended on the-1st day of April, 1890, with a judgment in which it was held that the devise contained in the thirteenth clause of the will of testatrix was not void for uncertainty, but was upheld as a charitable bequest to aid in the advancement of the principles of primitive Christianity as taught by the-Christian church, otherwise known as the “Reform Church,” or “Church of the Disciples of Christ.” And it was held that the interest on this fund should be devoted to the advancement of the principles- taught by that church,, and the details of which were left to the trustee, in the exercise of his own judgment. The clauses of the will which aire assailed in 'this proceeding are as follows: Item 12: “I give and bequeath to W. J. Thomas, as trustee, the sum of five thousand dollars, the-interest of which sum to be used in securing an evangelist in Shelby county, or any other section of the country said trustee may select. The said sum shall be held by him and his successors in perpetuity. The said W. J. Thomas may select his own successor, who must give bonds and security approved, and said successor or successors must in every instance be members of the Christian Church. And furthermore, the proceeds of said sum or sums shall be expended in the advancement of the principles of primitive-Christianity as taught by the Christian Church.” Item 13: “I direct that my executor shall pay over to a trustee whom he may select the residue of my estate; the interest of said sum to be used in the advancement of the principles of primitive Christianity as taught by the Christian church,. — 491 — subject to tbe same conditions as are mentioned in item 12th.” Appellees resist the claims of appellants on their merits, .and further plead and rely upon the judgment in the case of Thomas Adm’r. v. Thomas’ Adm’x, 87 Ky., 343 (10 R., 223), (10 S. W., 282), as a bar to this proceeding. In our opinion, this controversy must be determined by the statute in force at the death of the testatrix, in 1889, and when the will was probated, which is in these words: “Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, that all grants, conveyances, devises, gifts,' appointments, and assignments heretofore made, or which shall be hereafter made, in due form of law, ■of any lands, tenements, rents, annuities, profits, hereditaments, goods, chattels, money, stocks, or choses in' action, for the relief or benefit of aged or impotent and poor people, sick and maimed soldiers and mariners, schools of learning, seminaries, colleges, universities, navigation, bridges, ports, havens, causeways, public highways, churches, house of correction, hospitals, asylums, idiots, lunatics, deaf and dumb persons, the blind, or in aid of young tradesmen, orphans, or for the redemption of prisoners or captives, setting out of soldiers, or for any other charitable or humane purpose, shall be valid, except as hereinafter restricted.” See General Statutes, p. 242, c. 13. By the act of May 12, 1893, which is section 317 of the Kentucky Statutes, these words were added to the statute: “If the grant, conveyance, devise, gift, appointment, or assignment shall point out, with reasonable certainty, the purpose of the charity and the beneficiaries thereof.” It was held in Gass v. Wilhite, 2 Dana, 177, that tbe statute of 43 Eliz., on charitable uses and bequests, was adopted in this State under the rule which embraced all English — 492 — statutes of a general character which existed prior to 4 Jac., L, and that it was in force here when that opinion was-rendered, in 1834. Subsequently the Kentucky Legislature added to the English statute the words, “or for any charitable or humane purpose;” and they also added the second section, so as to remove all difficulty in carrying out the-charitable intention of the testator. Mr. Dembitz, in his work on Kentucky Jurisprudence (page 481), in referring to this second section, says: “It goes far to remove the objection of uncertainty in bequests to charities.” There have been conflict and confusions in the adjudications of courts of last resort in construing charitable bpquests ; and, in undertaking to account- for this, Mr. Perry,, in his work on Trusts (section 748), says: “The distinctive principles of equity which courts apply to the enforcement and regulation of trusts for charitable uses are confined to those States which have adopted the statute of 43 Elizc. 4, or the principles of the common law in regard to trusts as they existed prior to the statute. In some States the statute is expressly repealed, and such repeal has been held to carry with it all the distinctive doctrines of public charities as. they are held in England. In other States the statute is said to have been adopted or to be in force. The law of other States is founded upon. what is supposed to-have been the common law of the ordinary jurisdiction and practice of the court of chancery prior to-the statute. It is not very material whether courts of equity in the several States trace their jurisdiction to the statute itself as in force in their State, or whether they exercise the jurisdiction as original,and inherent in courts-of equity by common law, anterior to the statute. Substantially the same principles are applied, and the same results, are reached, in either case. In Maryland neither the stat — 493 — ute nor the principles of the statute have ever had any recognition in their courts. No trust for charity can be established unless the beneficiaries are so certain that they can maintain an action in court in their own names for the benefit of the fund. In Virginia the statute was repealed, and the courts will establish no public trust for a charitable use, except it comes within the strict rules of private trusts. The doctrine of the Maryland' and Virginia courts has, in a qualified degree, been followed by the courts of Connecticut, New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, and some other States; but in this State, as said by Mr. Perry, “the courts have carried their equity jurisdiction to the extreme verge of the law, in establishing; charities.” In the early case of Moore’s Heirs v. Moore’s; Devisees, reported in 4 Dana, 354, the devise was as follows: “In case my son, Thomas, should depart this life before he arrives at age, then the estate devised to him I desire may be converted into- a fund for educating - some poor orphans of this county [Harrison], to be-selected by the county court, who are the guardians of such, and to^be to such as are not able to educate themselves, that it may do as much good in that way as it can. I desire the fund shall be taken and loaned out at interest, so as ho be rendered a perpetual fund, and the interest only to be applied to their tuition; thereby affording a partial good to as many orphans as the scanty pittance will allow.”’ In that case the “poor orphans” were not named, but the county court was authorized by the will to make the selection: The bequest was held by this court to be valid and enforceable; and, in the opinion rendered in that case, Judge Robertson has given us an exhaustive review of the history of this doctrine under which such beqnests were upheld, with repeated illustrations of its application. ■ ■ In the case of At — 494 — torney General v. Wallace’s Devisees, 7 B. Mon., 618, the language of the bequest was as follows: “The remaining fourth, to such charitable or benevolent institutions as may appear to be most useful in the dissemination of the Gospel at home and abroad.” This was held sufficiently certain and specific, the court saying: “The 'Gospel,’ according to the common and more general acceptation of the term, is synonymous with 'Christianity,’ or the 'Christian religion;’ and the general mode of accomplishing the benevolent purpose of testator was through such charitable and benevolent institutions as may appear most useful and efficient for effecting the object. The particular mode of administering the charity, or the selection of the institutions most useful for that purpose, it was the intention of testator ... to leave in the discretion of his trustees. That this devise, as a devise in charity, is good, and clearly within St. 43 Eliz. c. 4, of charitable uses [and our own statute], according to the construction which had been given to it in England and America, there can, we apprehend, be no doubt.” In the case of Kinney v. Kinney’s Ex’r, 86 Ky., 611 (9 R., 753), 6 S. W., 593, this court upheld a bequest in these words: “I do will and bequeath to the M. E. Church South, to be applied to foreign missions, all of my property, real and personal, after the payment of my just debts.” This devise was assailed by collateral heirs for uncertainty, but was sustained in these words: “The objection that the devise is so vague that the intention of the testator can not be executed is not well taken. The trustee is named in the will, and the language used by the testator indicated definitely the purpose to which he desired his bounty to be applied. The devise for charity is within the scope of our statute permitting such uses.” The court further remarked: “It is true that — 495 — the doctrine of cy pres, us broadly administered by the English courts, has been rejected in this State, but if i't were equally in force here, there would be no need of resort to it in this instance, because the donor has definitely fixed the purpose to which his charity is to be applied; and while this court has seen fit not to aid charities' to the extent of making or changing a will, and has refused to go so far as to apply the testator’s bounty to an object never contemplated by him, and to which he probably would not have contributed, yet, because they are blessings in which all are more or less interested, they are looked upon with peculiar favor by our courts, and will not be allowed to fail for want of a trustee; and if their object,, as intended by the donor, be ascertainable, and consistent with the law and public policy, they will be upheld.” In the case of Givens’ Adm'r v. Shouse, 5 Ky. Law Rep., 419, the devise was a certain sum to trustees, “to be devoted by them to such benevolent objects and purposes as they may select;” the testator requesting them, “in making the distribution, to give preference to charities, connected with, or under control of, the Christian Brotherhood,” which was upheld. in the case of Leeds v. Shaw’s Adm’r, 82 Ky., 79 (6 R., 26) the bequest was to the trustees of the Lagrange school district, and to be by them “expended in the education of poor children, and towards the maintenance of a good common school in said district, in such way as the trustees shall think will be best in order to do the most good to the poor children in said district;” and this was upheld as sufficiently definite. In the great case of Cromie’s Heirs v. Society, 3 Bush, 365, in an opinion rendered by Judge Robertson, this court said: “While the statute of Elizabeth concerning charities was constructively abolished in Kentucky (1 Rev. St., p. 77), it was, in American phase, — 496 — substantially re-enacted. Id., p. 235. And thus, though the ultra judicial cy pres doctrines which royal prerogative attached as excrescences to- the statute of Elizabeth, had by ■ its repeal been cut off as tumors, the aim of our own statute for upholding charities is to make such as it enumerates available whenever so defined as to be judicially identified and applied. . . . And by the second section of the act, which provides; No charity-shall be defeated for want of a trustee or other person in whom the title may vest,’ courts of equity may uphold the same by appointing trustees, if there be none, or by taking control of the fund or property, and directing its management, and settling who is the beneficiary thereof. •But, with the restrictive interpretation thus indicated, charities, in Kentucky, as well as m England and elsewhere, have long been, and yet are, peculiar favorites of modern jurisprudence. The only object of the repeal of the British statute, in some respects more local and consistent with British policy, was to substitute a system more congenial with our institutions, and, by a legislative indorsement of the doctrine suggested in Moore’s Heirs v. Moore’s Devisees, supra, to eliminate the cypres doctrine of England. Consequently American charity, properly • defined, and judicially upheld and applied, is still a favored nursling of Kentucky.” These adjudications are in substantial accord with the decisions of all the American States in which'the statute of 43 Elizabeth has been followed, and also with the views of the leading text writers upon this subject. See Beach, Wills, 136; Story, in appendix to 3 Pet.; and Perry, Trusts, section 687. The’ last author, after an exhaustive review of all the cases, English and Amerian, on this • subject, summarizes the law in these words: “If it is once de — 497 — termined that the donor intended to create a public charity, very different rules from those that are applied in establishing and administering private trusts will be applied, in order to give effect to the intention of the donor and establish the charity. Thus, if in a gift for private benefit the cestui que trustent are so uncertain that they can not be identified, or can not come into- court and claim the benefit conferred upon them, the gift will fail, and result to the donor, his heirs or legal representatives. But, if a gift is made for a public charitable purpose, it is immaterial that the trustee is uncertain or incapable of taking, or that the objects of the charity are uncertain and indefinite. Indeed, it is said that vagueness is, in some respects, essential to a good gift to a public charity, and that a public charity begins where uncertainty in the recipient begins. So, if a gift for a private purpose tends to create a perpetuity, it will be void; but a gift for a public charity is not void, although in some forms it creates a perpetuity. ‘Tis said that courts look with favor upon ■charitable gifts, and take special care to enforce them, to guard them from assault, and protect them from abuse. And certainly charity in thought, speech and deed, challenges the affection and admiration of mankind. Christianity teaches it as its crowning grace and glory, and an inspired apostle exhausts his powerful eloquence in setting forth its beauty, and the nothingness of all things without it.” When we apply the legal principles illustrated by this long line of authorities to the provisions of testatrix’s will which we are called upon to construe in this proceeding, we inevitably conclude that neither of them can be declared ineffectual, as both point out with reasonable cer — 498 — tainty the purposes of the charity and the beneficiaries thereof. Testatrix clearly intended that the accumulations on the funds therein devised should be used to preach the doctrines of the church of which she had been a zealous member’ during a long lifetime, and which had been so clearly and strikingly enunciated by the leaders of her faith. There is nothing in the language of these clauses of testatrix’s will which would authorize the use of the interest on these funds in promoting the cause of general education, or in founding charitable institutions, or in assisting any of the numberless good works which an active Christianity has developed. The dominant and controlling idea in the application of the fund devised is that it should be used in the propagation of primitive Christianity as taught by the Christian Church, to which she belonged. ■While item 12 limits the use of the fund devised in that clause to the propagation of these doctrines in this country, item 13, having the same object in view, takes in a wider scope, and authorizes the use of the interest on the fund devised in that clause to be devoted to the same purpose wherever it could be most profitably employed. It is also manifest that the testatrix intended that this should be done through the agency of evangelists of the church. It is unnecessary to discuss the plea of res judicata relied on by appellee, and which has been elaborately discussed Appellee prosecutes a cross appeal from so much of the judgment as required him to pay the costs of the proceeding, and a reasonable fee to appellants’ attorney. The evidence in this case shows that a large per cent, of these funds has been heretofore expended by the executor and trustee in defending proceedings instituted by appellants, which had in view the identical object sought in this pro — 499 — ceeding, which was to invalidate these bequests, and have the funds therein devised appropriated to their, own use. This object is utterly inconsistent with the idea of requiring of the trustee a faithful performance of his duties under the trust, and of enforcing it for the benefit of the cestui que trust. And, as appellants were unsuccessful in the real issue and purpose for which the litigation was instituted, they were liable for the costs of the proceeding, under the provisions of the Code. To change this rule, and require appellee to pay the costs and appellants’ attorney, would be to offer a premium for attacks upon these provisions of the will from the same parties; for if they can recover their attorney’s fee and costs in such a proceeding, under the guise that they are solicitous for the proper execution of the trust, there is certainly nothing to deter them from instituting such proceedings as often as they please, as they would have nothing to lose thereby. For the reasons indicated, the judgment is affirmed on original, and reversed on cross, appeal, and remanded, with instructions to dismiss the petition, with judgment for appellee’s costs.