Louisville & N. R. R. v. Hall

Opinion on? the court by JUDGE BURNAM Reversing. The appellee, W. H.' Hall, was one of a gang of laborers employed by the appellant, the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company, to perform such services as might be necessary about the coal bins from which it supplied its engines with coal at Lebanon Junction. "The bins are about 800 feet in length, and are built along a side track, on which appellant operated three large, -portable coal chutes, from which the tenders of the engines were loaded. On the 15th of August, 1899, the appellee, Hall,- came in contact with one of these coal chutes whilst descending the side ladder from the top of a box car attached to a moving freight.' train, and was knocked between two cars, and Ms legs run over and so crushed as to require amputation. On the 16th of August, 1900, he instituted this suit for damages, alleging as a cause of action that he had been directed by the foreman in charge of tbe coal bins to try to detect certain parties who were ¡stealing coal from the bins, and — 572 — for this purpose was allowed to board freight trains after they had been supplied with coal and ride along the bins, that on the 15th day of August, 1899, he climbed to the top of á box car of a slowly passing train, and remained on the top of the car until it had passed, as he supposed, the three coal chutes on the side track; that he then descended the side ladder of the box car for the purpose of alighting-near the far end of the coal bins, when he suddenly came in contact with one of these chutes which had been moved from its customary place near the other two, and without his knowledge, and had been negligently left standing, on the side track in such close proximity to the main track that his body could not pass between the chute and the moving-train; and that as a result of this negligence he was knocked from the side of the car and run over by the train, sustaining injuries therefrom which resulted in the loss of both of his legs. He charges that these injuries were the result of the defendant’s negligence in failing to construct and keep its portable coal chutes at a proper and safe distance from its passing cars. At the following September term of the Bullitt circuit court, defendant answered, traversing specifically all the affirmative allegations of plaintiff’s petition, and saying further, by way of defense, that the plaintiff had been employed about its coal bins for many months prior to receiving the injuries sued for; that he was familiar with its portable chutes and the construction thereof, and was thoroughly familiar with their proximity to the main track; that he received the injuries sued for whilst he was riding on the side ladder of one of their freight cars in violation of one of the rules of the company, and for his own' pleasure and convenience, and not on any business of the company, or in obedience to any direction, express or implied, of the — 573 — foreman of the coal bins; that he was at a place where he had no right to be, and where no duty of his employment called him, and received the injuries complained of as the result of his own contributory, negligence. The pleadings were not made up at the September term. At the following March term of the court, before a reply had been filed, the defendant tendered and offered to file an amended answer, in which it alleged that more than one year had elapsed between the 15th day of August, 1899, when plaintiff’s right of action accrued, and the 16th of August, 1900, when this suit was filed and summons issued thereon, and relied upon the lapse of time and the statute of limitations, and averred that this plea was omitted from the original answer by oversight and mistake on the part of the attorney. Plaintiff objected to the filing of this amended answer, and filed the affidavit of O. W. Pearl, clerk of the Bullitt circuit court, in which he stated that about the 5th of August, 1900, he received the petition in this case in a letter from plaintiff’s attorney, requesting that same be filed, and summons issued thereon, but that no tax accompanied the petition, and that, as he did not know either the plaintiff - or his attorney, he' did not. file the petition, but when asked about the matter by plaintiff’s attorney, several days prior to the 16th of August, 1900, informed him, in good faith, that it had been filed, and that- he thought so at the time, and did not discover his mistake until the 16th of August, 1900-, when he filed the petition and issued summons thereon. The trial court refused to permit the amended answer to be filed. The pleadings being made up by reply, a trial before a jury at the December term, 1901, resulted in a verdict and judgment in favor of the plaintiff for $10,000. Grounds and motion for a new trial having been overruled, the defendant appeals, relying — 574 — for a reversal upon numerous alleged errors to its prejudice in the court below. First in order was the refusal of the trial court to permit the plea of limitation set up in the amended answer to go in. By section 2524 of the Kentucky Statutes of 1899 it is provided that “an action shall be deemed to have been commenced at the date of the first summons or process issued in good faith from the court or tribunal having jurisdiction of the cause of action.” Section 39 of the Civil Code of Practice is as follows: “An action is commenced by filing in the office of the clerk of the proper court, a petition stating the plaintiff’s cause of action; or, in cases wherein written pleadings are not required, by filing in such court the account, or written contract, or a short written statement of the facts on which the action is founded; and, in either case, by causing a summons to be issued or a warning order to be made, thereon.” In Kellar v. Stanley, 86 Ky., 240, 9 R., 388, 5 S. W., 477, it was held that an action was not commenced until a summons was issued or a warning order made. In L. & N. R. Co. v. Smith’s Adm’r, 87 Ky., 501, 9 R., 404, 9 S. W., 493, which was a suit for damages for personal injuries, the petition was filed and summons issued thereon and served upon the appellant within a year from the accrual of the cause of action; but the summons cited the appellant to appear at the nest term of the court, which commenced within 10 days from the date of the summons. At the following term of, the court the summons, upon defendant’s motion, was quashed, upon the ground that it was made returnable to a term of court commencing within 10 days from its date. Thereafter an alias summons was issued and served, and, more than a year having elapsed from the accrual of the cause of action to the issuing of the alias summons, — 575 — plaintiff pleaded the statute of one year’s limitation as a bar to appellee’s right to maintain the action; and it was held that, where the plaintiff had filed his petition and caused summons to issue thereon in time to save his right of action, he had done all that the law required him to do, as it- was the duty of the clerk to issue the summons to, the proper term of court, and it was not incumbent upon the plaintiff to see that he did so. The ruling in this case was followed in the case of L. & N. R. Co. v. Bowen, 18 R., 1099, 39 S. W., 31. In that case the petition was filed in time, but the summons was issued in the name of D. C. Brown instead of D. C. Bowen; and it was held that* when plaintiff filed his suit and had summons issued, he had a right to believe that the clerk would issue it in his name, and that limitation did not run. These cases involved the construction of the Code provisions. In Clark v. Kellar, 66 Ky., 223, the court had before it a case arising under section 2521 of the statutes, and it was held that if five years was permitted to elapse after the suing-out of process, which had been returned unexecuted, until another process was sued out and executed, the bar was effectual. In Hyatt v. Bank of Kentucky, 71 Ky., 193, it was held that an action was commenced when the first summons ‘ thereon was issued in good faith. In all the cases bearing upon this question which we have been able to find, where the plaintiff had' filed his petition in the clerk’s office, and caused summons to be issued thereon, within the statutory period of limitation, it was held that this was the limit of his duty; that he had a right to rely upon the clerk to issue the summons in proper form and to the proper court. It appears'both from the reasoning and decision in each, of these cases that the duty on the part of the plaintiff to file his petition and have sum — 576 — mons issued thereon within the statutory period- was mandatory, and that any negligence in this respect could not be charged to the clerk as an excuse for the plaintiff’s failure to perform his duty. But in the case at bar, another very serious question arises; the clerk, in his affidavit, testifies that, whilst the petition was mailed to him within the period of limitation, it was not accompanied by the tax on the suit; that he was unacquainted with the plaintiff and his attorney, and for this reason declined to file the petition or issue the process; nor does it appear that this omission was ever supplied. As said in Wood v. Carpenter, 101 U. S., 135, 25 L. Ed., 807: “Statutes of limitation are vital to the welfare of society, and are favored by the law. They are found and approved in all systems of enlightened jurisprudence. They promote repose by giving security and stability to human affairs. An important public policy lies at their foundation. They stimulate to activity and punish negligence. While time is constantly destroying the evidences of rights, they supply its place by a presumption which renders proof unnecessary. Mere delay, extending to the limit prescribed, is itself a conclusive bar. The bane and the antidote go together.” Section 132 of the Civil Code provides that the plaintiff may at any time before answer amend his petition without leave. In this case no reply had been filed to defendant’s original answer, and the amendment was tendered for the purpose of supplying a defense which had been omitted from the original answer by the oversight and mistake, of counsel. Section 134 of .the Civil Code provides that the court may at any time, in furtherance of, justice, permit a pleading to be amended by correcting a mistake in any respect; and, in our opinion, the trial court erred in refusing to permit the amended answer to be filed, and upon return of the case the amended — 577 — answer should he filed, and plaintiff allowed to reply thereto. We will next consider alleged errors in the instructions Nos. 1 and 2 given to the jury on plaintiff’s motion. No. 1 is as follows: “The court instructs the jury that it was the duty of the defendant to keep its portable chute, when not in use, at such distance from its moving trains as was reasonably necessary to .enable its servants to ascend or descend the side ladders of its freight trains in the discharge of their duties, with reasonable safety, without the exercise of more than ordinary care. And if the jury believe from the preponderance of the evidence that the plaintiff was injured whilst discharging in good faith his duty to defendant, under the directions of defendant’s employe superior in authority to plaintiff, and that his injuries in controversy were caused by the gross negligence of defendant, its agents or employes, in failing to keep, if it did so fail, its portable chute, when not in use, at a reasonably safe distance from the side ladders on its moving trains, the law is for the plaintiff and the jury should so find. If, however, the jury belieye the plaintiff knew that the defendant’s portable chute was too close for reasonably safe passage on the side ladder of defendant’s train at the time and place in controversy, then, in that event, the law is for the defendant, and the jury should so find.” I?y this instruction the jury are told, as a matter of law, that it was negligence in appellant not to beep its coal chute far enough from the track so as not to injure employes on the side ladders of passing cars. Whether or not it is possible to maintain a portable coal chute used for furnishing coal to passing, engines so far away .from moving trains that one on the side ladder of a box car may pass safely between — 578 — the chute and the train was a question of fact for the jury. It may be that it is absolutely necessary to construct coal bins as in. the case at bar, and,- if it be not -so, still it may not be negligence to do so. In the case of L. & N. R. Co. v. Mounce’s Adm’r (decided Jan. 23, 1903), 24 R., 1378, 71 S. W., 518, where damages were sought for the death of a switchman in appellant’s yard at Livingston by reason of the alleged fact that the switch lights were unlighted, the court used this language: “Besides, instruction No. 1 given to the jury is erroneous and prejudicial to the defendant, as in it the court told the jury that it was defendant’s duty to have the lights in reasonably good order and condition to show the location of the switch, and, if he failed to do so, plaintiff was entitled to recover. Under this instruction, if the jury found that the lights were out, it was bound to find for the plaintiff, however great may have been the care exercised by the defendant. As was said by this court in Needham v. L. & N. R. Co., 85 Ky., 425, 8 R., 869 [3 S. W., 797, 11 S. W., 306]: ‘It is the duty of the master to use ordinary care in providing for the use of the servant safe machinery, and premises in safe condition. He is not, however, an insurer.’ In Shearman & Redfield on Negligence (1th Ed.),- -section 189, the principle is stated in these words: ‘The master is bound to use ordinary care, diligence and skill for the purpose of protecting his servants from encountering unnecessary risks in the service, but he is not bound to use any higher degree of care for that purpose.’ These citations are in accord with the great weight of authority on this subject. In fact, we know of none to the contrary.” This instruction is objectionable for another reason, as it only requires plaintiff “to know” that the chute was too close to the track for reasonably safe passage by it on the side ladder of the car. It should — 579 — have contained the additional qualification that he knew, or could by the exercise of ordinary care have known. The verbiage of the second instruction is also unusual, and calculated to mislead the jury. It tells the jury that: “If they find for the plaintiff, they should award such damages, if any, as the proof shows he has sustained.” This general expression is followed by the words: “In estimating the amount of damage, the jury should take into consideration the age and situation of the plaintiff, his earning capacity and its probable duration, and his bodily suffering and mental anguish, and the extent to which he is disabled in making a support for himself by reason of the injuries received; and the jury, in addition to such compensatory damages, may award punitive damages, not exceeding, in all, $25,000.” This court has frequently announced, in actions for personal injuries where death does not ensue, that compensatory damages were confined to the expense of cure, value of time lost, and fair compensation for physical and mental suffering caused by the injury, and for any permanent reduction of the power to earn money. See Parker v. Jenkins, 66 Ky., 587; L., C. & L. R. Co. v. Case’s Adm’r, 72 Ky., 736; C. P. & R. v. Kuhn, 86 Ky., 578, 9 R., 725, 6 S. W., 441, 9 Am. St. Rep., 309; Carson v. Singleton, 23 R., 1626, 65 S. W., 821. The instruction is erroneous in that it does not confine the jnry to the consideration of these ■elements of damage. It is also erroneous, in telling them that, they should take into consideration the situation of the plaintiff, and in authorizing punitive damages — both for the reason that the jury are not required to find, as a condition precedent to awarding such damages, that the acts of the defendant which are complained of amounted to gross negligence, and for the reason that the proof discloses no ground for the recovery of punitive damages at all. The — 580 — plaintiff admitted that he knew the coal chutes were portable and were frequently moved from one place to another, and that they were too close to the track for reasonably safe passage by them of a man riding upon the side ladder of a moving bos car; that his injuries resulted solely from the fact that he believed the car on which he was riding had passed beyond the chutes before he attempted to descend the side ladder for the purpose of alighting. Appellant insists that the overwhelming weight of testimony in the case conduces to show that appellee got upon the car for his own purposes, and not in the interest or business of the company; that he had full information as to the relative location of the coal chutes, and that his1 injuries resulted from his negligence in riding on the side ladder of the bos car, without proper precautions on his part to avoid being struck by the coal chute; and that a peremptory instruction should' have gone. Where there is any conflict in the testimony, questions of negligence should be left to the jury; but, in our 'opinion, there was such a decisive preponderance of the evidence in this case against the finding of the jury that it should have been set aside and a new trial awarded on this ground, as well as for errors of the court pointed out in the opinion. Judgment reversed and cause remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion. Petition for rehearing by appellee overruled.