Marks v. Hardy's Admr.

Opinion of the court by JUDGE BARKER Reversing. 'The appellants, Marks & Stix, are hoot and shoe merchants of Cincinnati', Ohio. At the time this action was instituted, William Hardy resided in Yanceburg, Lewis county, Ky. A. T. Hardy, who is his son, lived at Willard, Carter county, Ky., where he carried on a general store under the firm name-of William Hardy & Son. The firm of William Hardy & Son in June, 1900, purchased of the appellants $450 worth of shoes on credit. The bill not having been paid when it fell due, this action was instituted against William Hardy and A. T. Hardy, as composing the firm of William Hardy & Son. A. T. Hardy made no defense. William Hardy filed an answer putting in issue the fact that he was a member of the firm in question. After the issues were made up, William Hardy died, and the action was, by consent, revived in the name of his administrator, Andrew T. Hardy. About a year after the completion of the issues, the action coming on for trial, appellants offered to file an amended petition, setting up certain matters alleged in the way of estoppel as against William Hardy. The motion to file this amendment, upon objection, was overruled by the — 668 — court. Upon the trial the jury returned a verdict in favor of appellee,, of which the appellants are now complaining. The uncontradicted facts show that William Hardy was a man about 71 years of age. and that he lived in Yanceburg, Lewis county, Ky., from 50 to 75 miles from Willard, Carter county, Ky.; that for many years prior to the events constituting! ¡the subject-matter of ^thi's litigation he had been engaged in the business of buying and selling staves for wine casks, and had built up quite a reputation in this business, and accumulated some money; that his son A. T. Hardy was not of age, and that his father sent him over to Willard for the purpose of buying wine-cask staves for cash; that, after he was settled there, he opened up a general merchandise store under the firm name and style of William Hardy & Son, which was the name of the 'firm engaged in the business of buying and selling wine-cask staves; that he advertised the store under the firm name of William Hardy & Son, and all of his billheads and letters were so marked, but that there was no sign over the store. The first error complained of is the refusal of the court to permit the amended petition to be filed after the case was .called for trial. The issues had been made up for fully a year theretofore.i ¡William ¡Hardy, had In the (meantime died, and the conduct of the defense to the .action was in the hands of his administrator. We do not think, under these circumstances, that the court abused the large discretion conferred upon it ini the matter of permitting amendments to be filed, by refusing the one in question. Elizabethtown, Lexington & Big Sandy R. Co. v. Catlettsburg Water Co. (22 R., 1632) 61 S. W., 47. The second error complained of by appellants is the refusal of the court to permit them to prove by mercantile agents’ reports who composed the firm of William Hardy & Son, — 669 — or the general report in and around Willard that the partnership was composed of William Hardy and A. T. Hardy. It was not shown that the mercantile agents’ report were based upon any information, given by William Hardy, or by any one authorized by him, or that he knew that such reports were being gotten up, or that he knew of the existence of what is called the “general reputation” that he was a member of the firm. The great weight of authority, as well as sound reason, is against'the admissibility of this evidence. Am. & Eng. Encycl. of Law, vol. 22 (2d Ed.) p. 50, thus states the rule as to general reputation: “The existence or nonexistence of a partnership between certain persons can not be proved by evidence of general reputation or understanding that such persons were or were'not partners, and such evidence is inadequate, even in aid of other testimony to the same effect. But evidence of general reputation in the community is admissible to show that plaintiff gave credit in reliance upon the supposed partnership, and this evidence has been admitted where it appeared that such common report was known to the partners sought to be charged.” The learned author also lays down the rule that reports from a mercantile agency are inadmissible. The inadmissibility of general reputation to establish a partnership is sustained by the following cases: Cook v. Slate C., 38 Am. Rep., 568; Hunt v. Jucks, 1 Am. Dec., 555; Grafton Bank v. Moore, 38 Am. Dec., 478; Smith v. Griffith, 38 Am. Dec., 639; Macy v. Combs, 77 Am. Dec., 103; Adams v. Morrison, 113 N. Y., 152, 20 N. E., 829; Brown v. Crandall, 11 Conn., 92; Tanner, etc. v. Hall, etc., 86 Ala., 305, 5 South., 584; Stiewel v. Borman, 63 Ark., 30, 37 S. W., 404; Bowen v. Rutherford, 14 Am. Rep., 25; Earl v. Hurd, 5 Blackf., 248; Bryden v. Taylor, 3 Am. Dec., 554; Goddard v. Pratt, 16 Pick., 412, 28 Am. — 670 — Dec., 259; Sager v. Tupper, 38 Mich., 258; Taylor v. Webster, 39 N. J. Law, 102; Halliday v. McDougall, 20 Wend., 81. William Hardy was an old man, and lived from 50 to 75 miles from Willard. There is no evidence in the record to show that he knew his son was carrying on a general merchandise store under his name, or that he ever heard any of the rumors that he was a member of the firm. To hold one responsible as a partner under such evidence would be to place him wholly in the power of designing persons who had it in mind to ruin him. As was well said by Judge Cowen in the case of Halliday v. McDougall: “There is scarcely a question upon which common reputation is more fallible. A contract of partnership is, in its nature, incapable of being defined by laymen; and whether an apparent partnership be really so, or a contract of some other character, is often a most embarrassing legal question with the ablest lawyers. General reputation of the’ ordinary contracts, the legal nature and effect of which are understood by men of business in general, would be much more proper subject of proof by general report. This the law rejects, yet I am not aware that there is a necessity for resort to such proof in the one case more than the other.” In Brown v. Crandall, 11 Conn., 92, the court said: “A person of doubtful credit might cause a report to be circulated that another person was in partnership with him for the very purpose of maintaining his credit. His creditors might also aid in circulating the report for the purpose of furnishing evidence to enable them to collect their debts.”' The court also properly rejected the evidence of the compromise sought to be introduced by appellants. It did not appear that William Hardy made any offer of compromise’ himself, or authorized any one to do so for him, or that he knew that such an offer was made. Neither his assignee,, — 671 — nor the attorney of the assignee, was his agent for this purpose. It is also complained that the court erred in permitting A. H. Parker to testify to declarations of William Hardy as to the existence of the firm of William Hardy & Son at the time the articles of dissolution between himself and his son were signed. It seems, when William Hardy finally heard that his son was engaged in the business of general merchandise at Willard in his name, that he went with his lawyer, A. H. Parker, to Willard, and then and there severed all business connection with him in pursuance of which formal articles of dissolution were drawn up and signed by the parties. Appellants introduced A. H. Parker as their witness, to show the contents of this paper (having given notice to the appellee requiring its production at the trial), for the purpose of establishing the fact that the existence of the firm was recognized by William Hardy in the articles, of dissolution. This evidence having been introduced by appellants, appellee undertook to show by Parker that, although William Hardy finally signed the articles of dissolution, he at the time denied the existence of the firm, and only signed the paper upon.the assurance of his counsel that it was right so to do, and would not obligate or bind him as & partner. The court very properly admitted this evidence. It constituted a part of the transaction which appellants had themselves undertaken to introduce. The rule is elementary that, where a transaqtion is placed in evidence, all that took place at the same time, and which was a part of it, may also be shown. One can not introduce a part of a conversation or transaction which he deems to his interest, and exclude the remainder. What was said by William Hardy at the time the articles of dissolution between his son and himself were drawn up and signed was a part of the transaction itself, and he had the. right to introduce — 672 — his declarations on the subject, in order to show his construction of his position in the matter. Nor was this in violation of the rule against introducing oral testimony to alter or modify a written contract, in the absence of an allegation of fraud or mistake. That rule might apply as between the father and son, but it has no place in the controversy between William Hardy and appellants. In speaking upon this subject in the case of Strader v. Lambeth, etc., 7 B. Mon., 589, it was said: “Between the parties to the instrument, such evidence, it is true, is only admissible when the party offering it first shows that the writing, either by fraud or mistake, was drawn differently from what the parties intended, or was executed under circumstances tending to prove that the contract was usurious. But when the parties themselves do not rely upon the writing as drawn, but admit the contract to be-*other than that which it exhibits, this rule has no application. Nor are strangers to the instrument concluded by its terms, or es-topped to show by parol evidence that the contract of the parties is different from what it purports to be on the face of the writing; and as estoppels, where they exist, must be mutual, it follows that, in a controversy with strangers to the instrument, the parties to it are not themselves es-topped to explain or contradict it by parol evidence.” See,, also, Greenleaf on Evidence (16th Ed.) vol. 1, section 279. But the court erred in permitting appellee to prove by various witnessess declarations made by William Hardy in his own interest, to the effect that he was not a partner with his son in the general merchandise venture which the latter was conducting at Willard under the style of William Hardy & Son. These declarations were essentially hearsay, and contrary to the rule that one may not make evidence in his own behalf by his declarations, and were highly prejudicial to the interests of appellants. It is said in sec673 tion 110, vol. 1, Greenleaf’s Evidence (16th Ed.): “It is to be observed that, where declarations offered in evidence are merely narrative of a past occurrence, they can not be received as proof of the existence of such occurrence. They must be concomitant with the principal act, and so connected with it as to be regarded as the mere result and consequence of the coexisting motives, in order to form a proper criterion for directing the judgment which is to be formed upon the whole conduct. It is a necessary consequence of the principle as above explained that declarations made after the equivocal act has ended can not be regarded as forming a part of it, complementing and interpreting the physical part of the act; and they.therefore come as ordinary assertions pf a past fact, obnoxious to the hearsay rule, and not admissible under the present principle.” The American & English Encycl. of Law, vol. 9, (2d Ed.) p. 50, thus states the rule: “An extrajudicial, self-serving declaration of a party is generally hearsay evidence, and is no evidence in his behalf, unless it constitutes a part of the res gestae or is made in the presence of the opposite party, and is acquiesced in by him.” See, also, Terrell v. Commonwealth, 13 Bush, 246, and Penn v. Fightmaster (13 R., 449) 17 S. W., 334. For the reasons indicated, the judgment is reversed for proceedings consistent with this opinion. Extended opinion by Judge Barker: Our attention has been called by counsel for appellants to the use of the following language in the opinion: “William Hardy was an old man, and lived from fifty to seventy-five miles from Willard. There is no evidence in the record to show that he knew his son was carrying on a general mer — 674 — chandise store under his name, or that he ever heard any of the rumors that he was a member of the firm.” And it is suggested that this might be construed, when the case comes on for trial, into meaning that the admissions; of Hardy that he was a member of the firm were incompetent evidence. We think that the context shows that the language of the opinion is confined to the want of knowledge on the part of William Hardy as to the evidence upon the general reputation that he was a member of the firm was based, and had no reference to any other evidence in the case. However, in deference to the apprehension of counsel, the opinion is extended as indicated.