Hoertz v. Jefferson Southern Pond Draining Co.

Opinion of the court by JUDGE BARKER Affirming. The Jefferson.' Southern Pond Draining Company was incorporated by an act of the Legislature of Kentucky in 1858 (2 Acts 1857-58, p. 124, c. 518), and there were amendments to the original act in 1872, 1878 (1 Acts 1873, p. 299, c. 248), 1878 (1 Acts 1877-78, p. 351, c. 288), 1884 (1 Acts 1883-84, p. 1402, c. 788), 1886 (1 Acts 1885-86, p. 1059, c. 426), and 1888 (3 Acts 1887-88, p. 907, c. 1552). The proceedings out of which arose the controversy at bar were had under the charter as amended in 1888. The appellee company was incorporated for the purpose of draining a large body of swamp lands about four or five miles south of Louisville, in Jefferson county, Ky., which, by reason of the water constantly standing upon them, were worthless1, and, by the consequent propagation and dissemination of malaria, were a menace to the health of the citizens of the: surrounding country and of the city of Louisville. The drainage of these lands was to be effected by the digging of deep and wide ditches at intervals through them at sufficient grade to carry off the water, so that the owners between the main ditches could, by tiling, thoroughly drain and render productive their before Avorthless land. The digging of these ditches1, of necessity, required money, and this was to be raised by assessment and taxation authorized by the charter. By the amendment of 1888, the — 829 — system of taxation was to be a graded one, in accordance with the benefits received', the maximum tax being 40 cents, and the minimum 10 cents, per acre; and it was provided that upon the petition of more than one-half of all the landowners within the boundary of the district established, signed either by themselves, their agents, their guardians, or personal representatives, the Jefferson county court should appoint a board of commissioners consisting of three landowners resident in Jefferson county, and not interested in the Jefferson Southern Pond Draining Company, nor owning any of the lands within the boundary, and each over ‘ 25 years of age; that these commissioners should on the 1st day of July, 1S8S, rate, assess, apportion, charge, and fix upon the land within the boundary of the district a tax for the succeeding ten years of not more than 40 cents nor less than 10 cents per acre, in proportion to the benefits' conferred, fixing the rate at such amount per acre as should be fair and just in each case, and report their assessment and apportionment in writing to the Louisville chancery court; the report to be filed with the clerk of the court This assessment and apportionment was to be in lieu of the annual assessment and apportionment theretofore authorized by the charter. The commissioners, in making the assessment and apportionment, were required to enter on the assessment roll the names of all persons who at the time were the owners or holders of lands liable to be assessed under the provisions of "the charter, and' opposite the names of such persons the separate tract or tracts so' owned or held, with the number of acres, as near as practicable, the name of the nearest resident thereto, the rate of taxation per acre, and the. aggregate tax upon each tract or parcel of land for each of the ten years. The commissioners were required to publish in one English — 830 — and one German daily newspaper printed and published in Jefferson county, by insertions made in each of them once per week for three consecutive weeks, a notice of the assessment and apportionment, and the fact that it had been filed with the clerk of the Jefferson chancery court. Copies-of the notice were required to be posted at various places in Jefferson county. Within thirty days after the filing of the report, any person feeling himself aggrieved by reason of the assessment could file with the clerk, as authorized,, his complaint, in writing, specifying the land and the alleged excess or injustice. As soon as practicable after the expiration of thirty days, the clerk was required to set the-case for hearing, and of the justice or injustice of the apportionment the court was to determine. _ The taxes provided for in the act were to be assessed as of the 1st day of July, 1888, and 'to be payable to the Jefferson Southern Pond Draining Company on or before the 1st day of October of the year for which the assessment was made, and. become due on the 1st day of December thereafter, beginning with, the year 1888, and so on for each of the ten years for which the levy and assessment was made. The corporation was given a lien for all taxes upon the land assessed, and upon all the personal property of the owner or owners found upon the premises; not exempt from execution, attachment or distraint, which was authorized to be enforced by equitable action in the Jefferson chancery court The appellant or his grantors owned the land in question, which was within the tax limits established by the charter of appellee;, and, in 1SS8, commissioners were appointed, who assessed all of the land within the tax district, including that now owned by appellant, for the period of 10 yearsi next succeeding, and filed their report in the Jefferson chancery couxd. No complaint having been made by the then owner — 831 — of the land in question of any injustice done him, the proceedings as to him were confirmed and approved; and, the appellant having failed to pay the assessment, this action' was instituted by the company in the Jefferson- circuit court, chancery branch, to enforce its lien. No question is raised by the appellant as to the regularity of the procedure by the appellee under its charter. The objections made are fundamental, not technical. Upon the trial of the case, the chancellor granted the relief prayed for in the petition, giving a judgment for the sum of the taxes due, and enforcing the lien. The appellant insists that the legislation- creating the corporation is unconstitutional, in that it grants special privileges for which no- public service is rendered. It is too late to question that the draining of vast swamps, and thereby improving the health of the whole community, is a matter of public concern. All-public works of the nature of the one under discussion are attended by some private benefit not enjoyed by the general public, but this private benefit does not take from the work the quality of being for the public service. It is hardly necessary to cite authority upon a proposition so obvious, and of which the books are so replete. Perhaps the last utterance of this court on the particular -subject in hand is contained in Duke, etc., v. O’Bryan, etc., 100 Ky., 710, 19 R., 81, 39 S. W., 444, 824, wherein the question is thoroughly discussed, and the distinction between a public and a private benefit, and the effect of the existence of the latter in public works, is pointed out. The amendment of 1888, in its preamble, recites the public benefit of the act as being the promotion of the. health of the community, and this must be taken as true in the absence of any evidence in the record contradicting it. A second objection to the charter is that the lands to be — 832 — drained, are not specifically located. This, we think, is error, but, conceding it to be true, the district to be drained was located under the original charter, and the amendments recognized this as being the locality .involved. The act of 1888, under Avhich the tax in question was assessed, speaks of and recognizes the district as located, and recites- the fact that the -corporation has already a -system of ditches, constructed, which it will redound to the public health to maintain and extend. This legislative recognition of the-Pond Settlement in Jefferson county as being the district to be drained is sufficiently explicit to refute the cl-aim -of uncertainty as to the subject of the legislation. Nor is the levy and collection of the tax the taking of private property Avithout due process of law, within the meaning either of the Constitution of this State, -or of the fourteenth amendment of the Constitution of the United States. After the assessment by the commissioners, -they were required to, and did, report their action to the Jefferson chancery court, and appellant Avas- given hi® day in court to sIioav cause against the levy of the obnoxious tax upon' his land. This he failed to do, and, under the terms of the-charter he was concluded by the judgment. The fact that the notice was- by advertisement in the press- and by posters, instead of actual service, does not militate against the conclusiveness of the -judgment. The proceedings- taken in this case with regard to the levy of the assessment, and the right and opportunity of the appellant to show cause against its validity, are substantially the same as tho«e with 'reference to every other method- of taxation, either State, municipal or local. In the levy of taxes for the sup-stated period, and notice is1 given to all concerned of the port of the municipality of Louisville, the assessment is made by the assessor. The board of equalization meets- at a — 833 — lime when tlieir complaints may he heard. No actual service of this notice is ever had, nor could it be given in any other way, except through the public press, and yet the rights of the citizens are concluded by the final action, of the board of equalization. Substantially the same process is had where improvements of the public streets and highways are made. After the work is done by the contractor, a day is fixed, and notice given through the public press, to all concerned, of the time and place at which the board of public works will take up the matter of receiving and hearing Complaints against it. No other notice is given or is possible than through the public press. The argument of appellant, if successful, would overturn our whole system of levying, assessing and collecting taxes. That the procedure adopted is not inimical to the provisions of the fourteenth amendment of the Constitution of the United States with regard to the taking of property without due process of law is shown by the following adjudications.: Davidson v. New Orleans, 96 U. S., 97, 24 L. Ed., 616; Hagar v. Reclamation Dist., 111 U. S., 701, 4 Sup. Ct., 663, 28 L. Ed., 569; Lent v. Tillson, 140 U. S., 316, 11 Sup. Ct., 825, 35 L. Ed., 419; Spencer v. Merchant, 125 U. S., 345, 8 Sup. Ct., 921, 31 L. Ed., 763; Fallbrook Irrigation Dist. v. Bradley, 164 U. S., 113, 174, 17 Sup. Ct., 56, 41 L. Ed., 369; Bauman v. Ross, 167 U. S., 548, 17 Sup. Ct., 966, 42 Law Ed., 270; Paulsen v. Portland, 149 U. S., 30, 13 Sup. Ct., 750, 37 L. Ed., 637; and Cooley on Taxation (3d Ed.) pp. 629, 68. The objection that the review of the assessment made by the commissioners is not a judicial procedure, and could not, therefore, be • imposed upon the Jefferson chancery court, is untenable. Reviewing the legality and validity of the actions of parties in all matters, public and private, is — 834 — eminently a judicial function; and we do not know how the charter could have, better secured the rights of appellant than by giving him an opportunity to show cause against the assessment, in the first instance, in the very court which finally adjudicated upon the procedure of which he now complains. Cooley on Taxation (3d Ed.) p. 786; Burroughs on Taxation, p. 238; Wilson v. Karle, 42 N. J. Law, 612. But if we were less certain of the constitutionality of the act under review, the case must be affirmed against appellant on this point for the reason that he or his grantors procured the legislation in question, and were the recipients of its benefits. It is alleged in the pleadings of appellee that appellant and his grantors procured; the* charter and its amendments, and obtained the* appointing of the commissioners and the levy of the assessment, and were its beneficiaries. The appellant was content with denying that he did the things charged in estoppel upon him, and his grantors, leaving undenied the whole charge as* against his grantors. The legislation and the acts thereunder, constituting the basis of appellee’s claim herein were obtained and done in 18SS and prior thereto. The work was done and the benefits accrued then and shortly thereafter. The lien was fixed and became a public record, of which appellant had notice when he subsequently purchased. He can not now successfully claim that his land was1 not bound in the matter in question by the action of those who owned it at the time. He took the land with its burdens, and he is bound by the estoppel of his grantors. That one who procures unconstitutional legislation, and receives its benefits, is es-topped to deny its validity, is well settled in thisi State. Cypress Pond Draining Co. v. Hooper, 2 Metc., 350; Scuffletown Fence Co. v. McAllister, 12 Bush, 315; Ferguson v. — 835 — Landrum, 1 Bush, 548; Same v. Same, 5 Bush, 230, 96 Am. Dec., 350. The Constitution of 1891 did not repeal the charter of appellee, nor did it expire under the schedule of that instrument by the lapse of five years after 1891. All the acts and proceedings had Avith reference to appellee’s1 claims1 Avere performed under the Constitution of 1850, and Avere not affected by that of 1891. The evidence in this case, Avithout contradiction, shows that the land of appellant has been vastly benefitted by the tax Avhich he seeks to escape. Before drainage, it Avas worth from $2 to $5 an acre, and after drainage from $40 to $59 an acre. Before, no crop could be- successfully raised upon it; aftemvards, its productivity Avas so greatly magnified as to produce from 60 to 80 bushels of com per acre, and to* yield crops of hay worth from $25 to $35 an acre. But the public has been benefited in a still greater degree, although it can not be expressed in terms of money. Before drainage, the district was uninhabitable because of the prevalence of malaria; uoav, the health of the entire district is as good as that of any other in the State. Before, the health of the city of Louisville Avas seriously impaired by malaria disseminated from SAvamps and morasses which are uoav fruitful fields, and it is said, upon high medical authority, that the work of appellee has done more for the health of the municipality than its whole sewerage system, costing millions of dollars. For these reasons, the judgment of the chancellor is affirmed. Petition for rehearing by appellant overruled.