Doores v. Commonwealth

Opinion by Judge Barker Reversing. This is a proceeding by information under sec. 1141, Ky. Stats. 1903, against the appellant, J. T. Doores, charging him with the offense of selling whisky by retail to Emmett Williams in Barren county, Ky., contrary to the local option law prevailing therein. Upon the trial of the case the jury found the defendant guilty, and fixed his punishment at imprisonment in the county jail for forty days and a fine of $100, and judgment was entered accordingly. As we see it, the main, and perhaps only, question for adjudication,, is whether or not the defendant was entitled to a peremptory instruction to the jury to find him not guilty after all the evidence for the Commonwealth was in. The testimony in this case lies in a very small compass, and we therefore give it verbatim in all essential parts. Upon the main issue of the sale the Commonwealth introduced one witness only, Emmett Williams, who testified as follows: "I live in Glasgow. Saw Mr. J. T. Doores in my blacksmith shop over a year ago. He said, if I wanted anything in his line, he would like to sell it to me, or words to that effect. I said, 'all right.’ Didn’t buy anything from him then, nor did he offer to take any order then. I did buy some whisky from him about that time. I had not bought any before the conversation. I don’t know how long that conversation with him was before this sale; maybe six months or a year. I ordered a gallon of wliisky from him in April, 1905. I either called him up on phone or wrote to him at Bowling Green, Ky. He sent whisky from Bowling Green to me at Glasgow by Adams Express Com — 229 — pany. I received it at Adams Express office in Glasgow. After that I wrote him to send me my account. He did so, and I mailed him a money order to Bowling Green, Ky., in payment. I see him in Glasgow once in a while. AVe are good friends. Can’t say order for whisky was made in pursuance to his personal solicitation. I had been dealing with him about a year in April, 1905.” Another witness, Joe Ellison, testified as follows: “I know Mr. Doores. Have known him five years. I am in the hotel business in Glasgow. He comes to Glasgow about every six weeks; maybe not so often. Has a little grip with him. He has been coming that often for the last year. I don’t know what he comes for. Never saw or heard him try to get orders for whisky in Glasgow. Don’t know what is in his grip. His business in Bowling Green is wholesale and retail whisky business.” Brent Dickinson, the Adams Express Company’s agent at Glasgow, said: “I am agent for Adams Express Company at Glasgow. I know Mr. Doores. Since the first of the year I have seen him in Glasgow every month or six weeks. Don’t know what he is here for. Never saw or heard him solicit orders for whisky. For two years he has been shipping whisky through my office, from 1 to 5, and sometimes 50, packages a day; some one-half gallon jugs and some five gallon packages. For one-half gallon to five gallon jugs, there is a card on the packages, with the words, ‘J. T. Doores, Wholesale Liquor Dealer, Bowling Green, Ky.,’ on it. Have seen tin cups tied to jugs, with these words printed in the bottom. These packages of whisky are to parties in Barren, Metcalfe and Monroe, also Cumberland counties. ’ ’ This was all the evidence heard in the case. We — 230 — do not think this testimony established a sale in Barren county by the terms of the C. O. D. statute contained in sec. 2557b, Ky. Stat. 1903, for the reason that the whisky in question forwarded from Bowling Green to Williams at Glasgow was not shipped C. O. D. There was no contract for the sale of the liquor made in Barren county. The evidence shows that, at least a year before the sale charged in .the information, Doores was in Glasgow, and called on Williams at the latter’s blacksmith shop, and told him that if he wanted anything in his (Doores’) line he (Doores) would like to sell it to him. No contract was made at that time, but shortly afterwards Williams did buy whisky from the defendant, but not the whisky in question. On that subject the witness said: “I don’t know how long that conversation with him was before this sale; maybe six months or a year.” And again: “We are good friends. Can’t say order for whisky was made in pursuance to his personal solicitation. I had been dealing with him something like a year in February, 1905.” The particular sale in question was made as follows: “I either called him up on the phone, or wrote to him at Bowling Green, Ky. He sent whisky from Bowling Green to me at Glasgow by Adams Express- Company. I received it at Adams Express office in Glasgow. After that I wrote him to send me my account. He did so, and I mailed him a money order to Bowling Green, Ky., in payment. ’ ’ In the case of James v. Commonwealth, 102 Ky., 108, 19 Ky. Law Rep., 1045, 42 S. W., 1107, it appeared by the agreed statement of facts that James was a licensed distiller in Crab Orchard, Lincoln county, Ky., and as such authorized to sell whisky by retail in quantities of not less than a quart; that — 231 — prior to the 10th day of January, 1897 (the day on which the illegal sale was charged to have taken place), he had distributed in the county of Rockcastle orders in blank, printed on postal cards which were addressed to himself at Crab Orchard as aforesaid, for spirituous liquors; that on the 11th day of January, 1897, J. J. Cook filled and signed one of these blanks orders, addressed to the defendant at Crab Orchard, for one gallon of whisky; that this order was mailed by Cook to the defendant at Crab Orchard, and there received by him; that the order was filled and the whisky forwarded to Mt. Yernon, in Rockcastle county, by the Adams Express Company, C. O. D., and delivered to the consignee, and the price paid by him to the express company upon receipt of the liquor. The court said: “The sole question involved is whether'the sale was made in the county of Rockcastle or in Lincoln county. This precise question was determined in Commonwealth v. Russell (Superior Court, 1889) 11 Ky. Law Rep., 576, and it was held that where whisky ordered by letter was shipped from one county to another by express, C. O. D., the sale took place in the county in which the whisky was delivered to the carrier, and was not a violation of a prohibitory liquor law in force in the county to which it was shipped, citing 2 Kent, 492; Crawford v. Smith, 7 Dana, 60; Sweeney v. Owsley, 14 B. Mon., 413; Duncan v. Lewis, 1 Duv., 184. The same conclusions are reached by the Superior Court in a number of other similar cases. Prof. Benjamin, in his recent ‘Principles of Sales’ (page 86), states the rule thus: “Where goods are ordered and shipped C. O. D. (collect on delivery), the carrier is said to be the agent of the buyer to receive the goods from the seller, and the agent of the seller to collect the price from the buyer, and — 232 — the sale is complete when the goods are delivered to the carrier — citing Pilgreen v. State, 71 Ala., 368, and numerous other authorities. A different rule prevails in several other States, as well as in the Federal courts; but the rule laid down by Benjamin is undoubtedly the law in this State, whatever it may be in some of the other States. The sale in this case was therefore in Lincoln, and not in Rockcastle county. This case is decided without reference-to the effect of the case of Stamper v. Commonwealth, 102 Ky., 33, 19 Ky. Law Rep., 1014, 42 S. W., 915, may have on the special local act involved here. The judgment is reversed, with directions to dismiss the prosecution.” To meet the foregoing principle the Legislature-enacted what is commonly called the “C. O. D. Law,” the pertinent part of which, so far as this case is concerned, is contained in subsec. 4, sec. 2557b, Ky. Stats. 1903: “All the shipments of spirituous,, vinous or malt liquors to be paid for on delivery,, commonly called ‘C. O. D. shipments,’ into any county, city, town, district or precinct where said act [the local option law] is in force, shall be unlawful and shall be deemed sales of such liquors at the place where the money is paid or the goods delivered; the carrier and his agent selling or delivering such goods shall be liable jointly with the vendor thereof. ’ ’ The principle announced in the case of James v. Commonwealth stands, except as it may be considered to have been repealed by this statute. Clearly the statute takes from within the principle of the case-only such shipments as are made by express C. O. D.; otherwise, the principle settled by the opinion remains intact. The fact that the defendant had, six months or a — 233 — year before the sale, said to the witness Williams that if he wanted anything in his line he would be glad to sell it to him, can not be considered nearly so much a contrivance or device to evade the unlawful sale of liquor (within the purview of sec. 2570, Ky. Stats. 1903), as was the act of distributing postal, cards addressed by the dealer to himself, for the purpose of having orders mailed to him; and this latter was not considered a trick or device by this court in the case cited. That can not be considered a trick or device which is in itself lawful; and if the sale, as a matter of law, took place in Warren county, where it was lawful for the defendant to make it, that can not be considered a trick or device for evading a statute prevailing in Barren county. The question at last is whether or not the sale was made in the county where the seller was at the time the order was received, or in the county where the witness received the liquor. If the principle announced in James v. Commonwealth prevails, clearly the sale was in Warren county; and this principle must prevail, unless the sale is controlled by the C. O. D. statute, a conclusion we think precluded by the very language of the statute, which is limited in its operation to goods shipped C. O. D. The case of Doores v. Commonwealth, 76 S. W., 2, 25 Ky. Law Rep., 459, does not control the question under consideration. The facts in that case were not the same as those in the case at bar. In the case cited the defendant made the arrangements for the sale in question, and' agreed on the amount to be sold and the price, in the local option district, and afterwards sent it to the buyer by an agreed agent, The court held that this was a sale in the local option county. Nor does the case of Teal v. Commonwealth, 57 S. W., 464, 22 Ky. Law Rep., 350, govern — 234 — this case. There the defendant solicited orders in the local option district, and afterwards forwarded them by express (C. O. D.) under an agreement that the money should be paid to the express agent, which was done. The court held that this was a sale in the local option district, and that case is especially differentiated from James v. Commonwealth, in the opinion. Here the order was sent by the witness Williams to the defendant at Bowling Green, either by telephone or by letter. In compliance with this order the whisky was shipped — not C. O. D. — by express to Williams in Glasgow, and the price afterwards sent by money order to the defendant at Bowling Green. We think the sale was made in Warren county, and therefore the motion for a peremptory instruction should have prevailed.