Woodward v. Johnson

OPINION by Judge O’Reae. — Reversing. This action in ejectment was brought by appellant to recover the possession of a tract of 500 acres of land in Lewis county, hostilely held by appellees. The tract was within the grant to Thomas Keith for 20,626 acres, made in 1787, which now lies in Greenup and Lewis counties, mostly in Greenup'. Kieth conveyed in 1794, to Joshua Harlan, of, Philadelphia, but the deed was not recorded till 1851. Kieth having died shortly after he made the deed, his heirs at law’ in about 1845 conveyed the land to> Samuel Seaton, who entered into the possession of the boundary and — 165 — made valuable and lasting improvements', including an iron furnace. Samuel Seaton died testate in 1850, devising all Ms property to Ms widow, who was also' executrix of Ms will. In 1852 the heirs of Joshua Harlan brought suit in Greenup Circuit Court to recover possession from Mrs. Seaton. About the same time they brought a number of suits in ejectment against a number of settlers who had taken possession of various parcels of the boundary. Mrs. Seaton defended her suit on numerous grounds, setting up her title; and in the alternative claimed a lien on the land, in the event her title should be adjudged insufficient, for lasting improvements made by her testator, and for taxes paid by him and other expenditures incurred in the belief that the land was his, by reason of which it was alleged the value of the land had been permanently enhanced to the amount of about $40,000. The circuit court decided Seaton’s title to be in Seaton, and dismissed Harlan’s petition. On appeal that judgment was reversed. The title of the Harlans was held good; but it was also held by the court that Seatons had a lien for the value of their improvements and taxes, etc., p-aid, to the extent that the land had been permanently enhanced in? value, but subject to an accounting for rents and profits by the Seatons. The case was remanded for reference to ascertain the state of that account. See opinion in Harlan’s Heirs v. Seaton’s Heirs, 18 B. Mon. 312. That opinion was delivered in 1857. The case was remanded and the mandate filed, and a reference to the commissioner was made in November, 1859, to ascertain the state of the claim for improvements and an accounting for rents and profits. A writ of possession in 1859 was issued placing the Har166 Ian heirs in possession, but subject to the claim of Seaton’s beirs for improvements. No other1 definite1 result was readied, and no steps taken till about 1872, when the commissioner filed a report, which on exceptions was. reduced to a judgment in Seaton’s behalf in March, 1873, for the net sum of $.15,818.55, with interest from that date. The judgment decreed Seatons a lien on the whole tract to secure the payment of the sum adjudged them, and the lands were ordered sold to satisfy it. The judgment directed the sale first of the lands in Greenup county, and reserved the power to decree the sale of the remainder of the tract situated in Lewis county, if it should be found necessary to sell it. ' The lands in Greenup^ county were sold under the decree, and purchased by appellee John Seaton for $4,000, and confirmed at the September term, 1873, of the Greenup Circuit Court. No further steps were taken in the litigation until 1885, when a decree was rendered, directing a sale of the Lewis county land to discharge the balance of judgment lien in favor of Seatons. This judgment was executed in January, 1886,- by a sale of the remainder of the tract to appellee John Seaton. This sale wlas also confirmed, but not till March, 1888, at which time the court through its commissioner conveyed the whole tract by virtue of the purchases above named to John Seaton. Seaton let in appellee Johnson on the 500 acres'in Lewis county now in dispute by conveyance subsequent to 1888. We will trace appellant’s title. He purchased the 500 acres in dispute at sheriff’s sales made under certain executions duly issued against one Robert A. Garrison, in 1875. The sheriff conveyed by deed to1 appellant in 1876. Garrison had acquired title under — 167 — a sheriff’s sale under execution issued on a judgment rendered by the Lewis Circuit Court against Harlan’s heirs in 1863 in favor of James Lowder. At that time Harlan’s heirs had an agent in possession, William L. Pogue, who surrendered to the sheriff, to be sold under the levy of the last-named execution, a particular boundary of 500 acres, the identical boundary now in dispute. It was sold to Garrison, as stated. A deed was executed to him in 1871, the .Harlans having failed to redeem. Thus it is seen that appellant and appellees all claim from a common source — the Joshua Harlan heirs. In point of time, appellant’s' title deeds are older than appellees.’ The contentions of appellees are: (1) That their title, being derived through the lien adjudged against the land in 1857, is not governed by the date of the commissioner’s conveyance to John Seaton, but by relation is carried back to the date of the decree adjudging that Seaton’s executors had a lien; that the pendency of that suit created a lis pendens, and that appellant and his grantor, Garrison, having bought while the suit was pending, are bound, as if they were parties', by all decrees and orders made in it. (2) The statute of limitation is relied on to protect appellees'against appellant’s title, even if it be conceded to be the elder. To create a lis pendens there must be a suit asserting a claim to or lien upon specific property, and it must be prosecuted with reasonable diligence. A lis pendens is good to protect parties to, the suit against purchasers for value from one of the parties only so long as the suit is diligently prosecuted. Gross negligence in its prosecution, by which others have been suffered to acquire rights in its subject-matter, — 168 — is held to estop such party as against such purchasers for value, to rely on his lis pendens. Erhman v. Kendrick, 1 Metc. 146; Watson v. Wilson, 2 Dana, 406, 26 Am. Dec. 459;Debell v. Foxworthy’s Heirs, 9 B. Mon. 228; Clarkson v. Morgan’s devisees, 6 B. Mon. 447; Hawies v. Orr, 10 Bush, 439; Boyd v. Emmons’ Adm’r, 103 Ky. 401, 20 Ky. Law Rep., 107, 45 S. W. 364; Gelley v. Culver’s Adm’r, 116 Ky. 241, 25 Ky. Law Rep., 443, 75 S. W. 272. The delays in the case at bar, without excuse, cover nearly thirty years from the date when Mrs. Seaton might have enforced her lien till it was enforced ag’ainst the Lewis county land. Such laches, as a matter of law, releases the property from the lis pendens, where the rights of a purchaser for value are opposed to it. The trial court submitted to' the jury to find whether there was an unreasonable delay in the prosecution of the suit by Seatons. Perhaps this w'as upon the idea that the pendency of the various suits in ejectment begun by Harlan’s heirs about 1852 against settlers, called "squatters,” and which had not been finally determined till after 1880, justified, or might in the opinion of the jury justify, the delay in prosecuting the lien to an enforcement in the Harlan-Seaton suit. It is claimed by appellees that this- was so, because Seaton had been advised by counsel that if he bought in the Harlan lands at decretal sale he might lose all that was in possession of the squatters by operation of the statute against champerty. Seaton therefore waited the determination of these suits before enforcing his judgment lien in the. Lewis court. As a matter of law it is not true, and has never been, in this State, that the champerty statute operated upon involuntary conveyances made — 169 — by a party not in possession of land, bnt operating through a commissioner of the court. Halley v. Oldham, 5 B. Mon. 235, 41 Am. Dec. 262; Preston v. Breckinridge, 86 Ky. 619, 10 Ky. Law Rep., 2, 6 S. W. 641; Arnold v. Stephens, 17 S. W. 859, 13 Ky. Law Rep. 623; Carlisle v. Cassady, 46 S. W. 490, 20 Ky. Law Rep.. 562; Righter v. Forrester, 1 Bush, 278. Appellees argue that, although the law is as stated above concerning the statute against champerty, it was not a settled matter at all in this State until the decision in Preston v. Breckinridge, Supra (decided January, 1888). The law of champerty as adopted by the Legislature in 1824 (1 Stat. Law, p. 285) inhibited the conveyance of any land in adverse possession. This court in McConnell v. Brown, 5 T. B. Mon. 478, held that the act allowing lands to be sold under execution did not authorize the sale of lands claimed by the execution debtor, but held adversely by another, in view of the statute against champerty. Judge Mills dissented from the majority opinion. This case is relied on by appellees as showing at least a ground of doubt as to what the law was concerning official sales under execution or decree. But the opinion in that case at last rested upon the fact that the execution debtor had disposed of the land fraudulently to cheat his creditors, and it was held that it was still the debtor’s land, and the sale was upheld. It was probably unnecessary, in view of that conclusion, to have decided the other matter at all. When the question did come squarely before the court for decision, as it did in Frizzle v. Veach, 1 Dana, 216, decided in 1833, it was held that the statute against champerty did not apply to sales ¡under executions. It was similarly held as to sales — 170 — under decree of court in Saunder’s Heirs v. Groves, 2 J. J. Marsh, 406; Little v. Bishop, 9 B. Mon. 247; Dubois v. Marshall, 3 Dana, 337; Halley v. Oldham, supra; and Righter v. Forrester, supra. In 1851 the Legislature adopted a revision of the statute laws of the State. In the chapter on champerty, sales under execution were expressly included in the inhibition of the statute.. No reference was made, however, to decretal sales. The General Statutes, the revision of 1873, contain substantially the same provision as the Revised Statutes of 1852. Whether the statute against champerty applied to judicial sales was up for the first time after these revisions in Preston v. Breckinridge, supra, in which it was held that it did not. The distinction between -execution and decretal sales as affected by this statute was pointed out, and the earlier decisions of this court and similar opinions of other courts cited, as showing that the statute did not apply to judicial sales. Appellees contend, though, that until the last-named decision the question wlas a doubtful one, or at least an open one, and this fact was a justifiable reason for the delay in the prosecution of the lien to satisfaction.. A kindred matter to that just discussed is the fear1 entertained by appellee Seaton, based upon the advice of counsel, he says, that if the sale of the Harlan title were enforced pending the ejectment suits against the squatters it woud result in an abatement of those suits, and as then more- than the statutory period of limitation would have interposed in behalf of the squatters before Seaton could institute other suits to eject them (alowing that he would buy in the Harlan title) he refrained from executing the judgment of sale till the suits mentioned were finally — 171 — tried out in the name of Harlan’s heirs. As has already "been stated, the sale and conveyance of the Harlan title by decree would not have inured to any adverse holder of the lands. By section 20, Civil Code Prac., it is expressly reserved to assignees of the subject-matter of litigation to maintain the original action for their behalf, or to be made parties plaintiff and then continue the same action as if begun by them. Even before the Code, it was held in this. State that an alienation of land in litigation did not abate the suit, whether the alienation was voluntary or by decree of court. Jackson v. Jeffries, 1 A. K. Marsh, 90; Chiles v. Conley’s Heirs, 9 Dana, 385; Robertson v. Morgan, 2 Bibb, 148; Holmes v. Lindsey, 2 Bibb, 535. But appellee contends that acting upon the advice of a reputable attorney at law was of itself a reasonable excuse for his not acting otherwise, although such advice was erroneous. Hindrances to the prosecution of an action that in fact delay it only are contemplated in the announcement of this exception to the rule being considered. The rule is that the prosecution of the action must be diligent and full. An exception to it is when the party has been delayed by matters not reasonably within his control. "We are aware of no case, and would doubt the correctness of such, that holds that a suspicion or even belief of -the existence of a difficulty would justify a delay otherwise unreasonable, even though the belief were not an unreasonable one. To allow that would be to make the whole matter most uncertain, and let it fluctuate, not according to any ascertainable standard, but subject to what might subsequently be developed as the belief of a party. This would abrogate the rule — 172 — altogether. Such mistaken ground of belief is of itself an error, as the very term implies. It lias been held in other jurisdictions that such mistaken belief, though induced by advice from a reputable attorney, is not an excuse for laches. Breit v. Yeaton, 101 Ill. 242; Holden’s Estate, 37 Wis. 98. Who should suffer from such an error, he who committed it, or in whose behalf it was. committed, or another in no wise responsible? We think it should be the former alone. The next question presented is that of limitation. The 500 acres were all uninclosed woodland, Garrison, after his purchase and before the sale by the sheriff to Woodward, cut and sold some of the timber from the land. But no actual possession was taken of this particular tract and maintained, so as to amount to an ouster of the rightful claimant, till that of appellees Johnson, who. went in just a short while before this suit was begun. It is contended for appel- ■ lees, however, that they, and Harlan’s heirs under whom they claim, did have actual possession of the whole 20,626 acres for more than 15 years before the filing of the petition in this ease, by virtue of their entry upon and actual settlement within the boundary and a concurrent claim of title and ownership to the whole. As appellee Seaton had no title whatever to the Lewis county land till 1888, he had not the right' of possession to it. Even though he entered into possession of the portion of Greenup1 bought by him in 1873, his entry would be restricted, so far as the law construes it as a possession of the land so entered upon, to the boundary to which he had some sort of claim or color of title. McKinney v. McKinney, 1 A. K. Marsh., 460; Hunter v. Chrisman, 6 B. Mon. 463. This was the Greenup land only. The present action — 173 — was brought in 1901. Therefore áppellee Seaton’s possession may be laid out of the case till we see whether there was an adverse possession by Harlan’s heirs to which it could be coupled, so as to make up the full statutory period of 15 years. Harlan’s heirs entered into possession in 1859, under the writ of possession then awarded them in the Greenup Circuit Court. They had an agent, Pogue, and subsequently M'oore, who managed and looked after their lands for them. It was Pogue who surrendered the tract in dispute to be sold in 1863, when Garrison bought it. Harlan’s possession after the execution sale was not hostile to that of his vendee, the execution purchaser. To make it so, there must have been, not only such an entry upon the 500 acres as would amount to an ouster of the legal title holder, but under the circumstances stated the hostile intention to appropriate 'as their own in spite of the conveyance on their behalf by the sheriff must have been so evinced by the former owners as to bring notice home to the rightful owner of such intent. Paldi v. Paldi, 84 Mich. 346, 47 N. W. 510; Connor v. Bell, 152 Pa. 444, 25 Atl. 802; Hamilton v. Buchanan, 112 N. C. 463, 17 S. E. 159; Jackson v. Sternbergh, 1 Johns. Cas. (N. Y.) 153; Griffith v. Dicken, 1 Dana, 561; Snowden v. McKinney, 7 B. Mon. 258; Newell on Ejectment, 724. The rule is, where boundaries to land interfere an entry upon any part of the boundary of the elder title by the owner is construed to extend to his whole boundary, unless some part of it be actually taken in the possession by another, and in that event his entry is restricted only by the actual occupancy of the hostile stranger. Millar v. Humphrie, 2 A. G. Marsh, 446; Moss v. Currie, 1 Dana, — 174 — 266 ; Harrison v. McDaniel, 2 Dana, 348. But, as constructive possession accompanies the legal title only, it conld never be extended beyond the bounds of what actually belonged to the entrant, so as to include territory that' did not belong to him. Trimble v. Smith, 4 Bibb, 257. As the Harlans had parted with the legal title to the 500 acres in dispute their subsequent entry within their original large boundary, but not within the 500 acres, would give them possession only of what their muniments of title properly embraced. As there was never any entry by the Harlans upon the 500 acres after the sale by the sheriff in 1863, their possession and claim upon other parts of the original boundary could not affect the right of the owner of the 500 acres to enter when he chose. There whs no actual possession of the 500 acres at any time by the Harlans after the sheriff’s sale in 1863; hence the statute of limitation was not set in motion for their benefit, or the benefit of their subsequent vendee, Seaton. • It follows that the court should not have submitted the question of limitation to the jury, as there was no evidence upon which to rest it. This leaves appellant with the elder and better title, with no defense proved, or evidence tending to prove it. The trial court, therefore, should have peremptorily instructed the jury to find for the plaintiff, appellant. Judgment reversed, and cause remanded with directions to grant a new trial and for proceedings not inconsistent herewith.