Davis v. Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. Co.

— 533 — . OpiNioN op, the Court by. Judge Paynter Reversing. The appellant, Davis, was employed by the Adams Express' Company' ás: a messenger. Under a contract which the Adams Express' Company had with the appellee, his duties required him to go upon appel-lee’s trains to look after packages and property which it was transporting under its contract with the express company. While on one of appellee’s trains in the discharge of his duties he was injured by the alleged negligence and carelessness of appellee.- The principal defense relied on is a contract of release which the Adams Express Company required the appellant to-execute upon entering its service. The preamble of the contract recites that he had applied to the express company for employment as a servant at a fixed compensation; that his duties were to take charge of goods which the express company transported upon cars and other conveyances of railroad companies; that the railroad companies required of the express company, as a condition of their permitting messengers to travel ■ upon their'trains in the performance of duties, that they should be indemnified and released from all liability for and in respect of any damage or injury which might be sustained by him in the course of Ms employment, whether the same be occasioned by the negligence of the railroad company or otherwise The contract of release contains ' the following stipulations: “Now, therefore, in- consideration of such employment to be given by the said express company, and the ’ compensation to be paid therefor, and in consideration of $1, lawful money of the United States of America, paid by the Adams Express — 534 — Company to the undersigned, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, the undersigned for himself, his heirs, executors, ' administrators, and assigns, hereby fully consents to and ratifies each and every bond or other instrument or contract of indemnity against such liability, and each and every release of said liability or other similar contracts executed and to be executed by the said express company to any railroad or other carrier, and the undersigned agrees to assume all risks of death or accident, or damage to him, or to his or any of his property, and does hereby release and discharge said Adams Express Company and any connecting carrier, railroad company, express company, or other company or person or connecting carrier in whose car or other conveyances he may travel in the performance of his duties as aforesaid, from any and all claims, liabilities, and demands of every kind, nature, and description, for or on account of his death or any injury or damage to his person or property of any kind or nature sustained by the undersigned, whether caused by the negligence of the said Adams Express Company, or any of the said railroad companies or other carriers or otherwise.” The contract was executed in Virginia, and the injury of which he complains was received in Kentucky. The court below held that the contract was enforceable, hence appellant’s right to recover was denied. For the appellant it is urged that the contract is against public policy and is declared.invalid both by the Code in Virginia and also by section 196 of the Constitution of Kentucky, for each denies the right of a common carrier to contract foir relief from common-law liability. For the appellee it is insisted that the rule of public policy which renders invalid — 535 — stipulations by common carriers restricting their liability for loss occasioned by their negligence does not apply when they engage to do some thing which it is not under obligation as a common carrier to'do, and that when it enters into a contract as a private carrier for hire, it may exempt itself, by contract, from liability for its negligence, or that of its servants or agents. While there is some conflict in the authorities on the question, we are of the opinion that the courts which hold that an express messenger though carried in a special car, under a contract with the express company for transportation of express matter, announce the correct doctrine in holding that they are passengers for hire. The sum which the express company pays the railroad company for conducting its express business, on its cars, over its line of railway is necessarily, in part, for the transportation of the express messenger. The express messenger is not a trespasser, because he is being transported by the railroad company under a contract and for the same reason he is not a licensee. He is an employee of the express company and not of the railroad company. If he is not a trespasser or a licensee, or an employee of the railroad company he must necessarily be a passenger. While the railroad company could not be compelled to enter into a contract by which it would receive into the express car the messenger of the express company and thus transport him, still when he does agree to, and does receive him on that car for transportation, though his business is to look after- express matter, he is being transported for compensation, hence, as a passenger for hire. Fordyce v. Jackson, 56 Ark. 594, 20 S. W. 628, 597; Blair v. Railroad Co., 66 N. Y. 313, — 536 — 23 Am. Rep. 55; Brewer v. Railroad Co., 124 N. Y. 59, 26 N. E. 324, 11 L. R. A. 483, 21 Am St. Rep. 647; Kenney v. Railroad Co., 125 N. Y. 422, 26 N. E. 626; Pennsylvania Co. v. Woodworth, 26 Ohio St. 585; Railroad Company, v. Thomas’ Adm’r, 79 Ky. 169, 2 Ky. Law Rep. 114, 42 Am. Rep. 208; Jones v. Railway Co., 125 Mo. 666, 28 S. W. 883, 26 L. R. A. 718, 46 Am. St. Rep. 514; Yeomans v. Navigation Co., 44 Cal. 71; Railroad Co. v. Ketcham, 133 Ind. 346, 33 N. E. 116, 19 L. R. A. 339, 36 Am. St. Rep. 550; Chamberlain v. Railroad Co., 11 Wis. 238; Railroad Co. v. Wilson, 79 Tex. 371, 15 S. W. 280, 11 L. R A. 486, 23 Am. St. Rep. 345. It is. said in Hutchison on Carriers^, section 564: “It seems that if the person who is injured by the negligence of the employees of the carrier,. is lawfully upon its conveyance, under a contract which does not make him an employee or servant of the company, he will be entitled to thé same care and diligence for his safety as one who is strictly a passenger. Thus where one was upon a train as an express messenger, carrying express freight, under contract with the company, by which he was entitled to be carried, without a distinct price for his pasasge, and wias injured by the negligence of the company’s agents in the management of the train, or in putting obstructions in its way, it was held that such messenger was entitled to the same care and circumspection on the part of the company and its agents in his carriage as if he had been traveling upon the train as a passenger, who had paid a distinct price for his ' transportation. ” In 3 Thompson on Negligence, section 2651, it is said: “In respect of the measure of duty which the carrier owes him and his right of recovery for an injury happening through — 537 — the negligence of the carrier’s servants, an express messenger stands on the same footing as a U. S. postal clerk. He is on the carrier’s vehicle lawfully, and for a consideration paid by the company, and his legal rights are therefore those of a passenger for hire.” In section 1578, vol. 4, Elliot on Railroads, it is said: “The courts have held the relation of carrier and passenger to exist in cases of mail agents, or postal clerks, and a similar rule -is declared as to express messengers.” In the case of Kentucky Central R. R. Co. v. Thomas’ Adm’r, 79 Ky. 163, 2 Ky. Law Rep. 114, 42 Am. Rep. 208, the party killed by the railroad accident was an express messenger and the court in speaking of the relation he sustained to the railroad company said: “That the intestate was a passenger and entitled to the privileges and subject to the duties incident to that relation, is not disputed.” In the case of Louisville & Nashville R. R. Co. v. Kingman, 35 S. W. 264, 18 Ky. Law Rep. 82, this court held that a postal clerk carried by a railroad company, under its contract with the government, is to be treated as a passenger, as regards the liability of the company for injuries received by him while being thus carried. Having concluded that, an express messenger is a passenger for hire, the question remains:- What effect has the contract in question upon his claim for .damages resulting from the alleged negligence of the appellee? Section 1296 of the Virginia Code of 1887 reads as follows: “No agreement made by a common carrier for exemption from liability, for injury or loss, occasioned by his’ own neglect or misconduct shall be valid.” Section 196 of the Constitution of Kentucky reads as follows: “No — 538 — common carrier shall be permitted to contract fox-relief from its common law liability.-” Thus we have a declaration from the State of Virginia, through its Legislature, and the State of Kentucky, through its organic law, as to their public policy with reference to the right of a comon carrier to contract for relief from its acts of negligence. Under the Virginia Code, a common carrier cannot contract for exemption from, liability for injury or loss occasioned by its own negligence or misconduct. Neither under the Virginia Code nor the Constitution of this State is the contract in question' enforceable, if it is an effort xxpon the part of appellee to be relieved thereby of liability, to a passenger - for hire, who is alleged to have been injured by its negligence, or that of its agents or servants. Before the enactment of the Virginia Code and the adoption of the constitutional provision of this State, such a contract would not have been valid at common law in either State. From the nature of the busines of the Adams Express Company and the duties to be performed by its messengers, and the fact that the appellee conducted an interstate business, shows that the parties attempted to relieve themselves from liability for negligent acts whether they occurred in Virginia or Kentucky. So the parties to the contract contemplated that it should operate both in Virginia and Kentucky, and in any other State through which the carrier ran and express matter was carried. The alleged negligent act was committed in Kentucky, therefore, the cause of action arose in this State, and the appellee is relying upon a contract that was to operate in Virginia as well as Kentucky, for relief- against its alleged negligent act In the case of C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. Co. v. Druien, 118 Ky. 237, 80 S. W. 781, 26 — 539 — Ky. Law Rep. 108, 66 L. R. A. 275, the court had under consideration the question as to the effect of a contract made in another State and to he performed, in part, in this State and which if made in this State would have been against puhilc policy, and the court said: “But as to that part of the contract that is to he performed in Kentucky, it will he read in the light of the laws and Constitution of this Sitate, and he construed and applied aeordingly. It will he conclusively presumed that the parties so intended, and that, therefore, the provision limiting the carrier’s common-law liability was not intended to apply to that part of the shipment that was to he performed here, for the court will not presume that the parties intended either a vain, or illegal thing. That contracts to he performed partly in two States will he construed according to the laws of each of the States relating to the portions to be performed there, respectively, is sustained in Bishop on Contracts, section 1394. If shipper and carrier by entering into the contract beyond this State, would incorporate binding provisions in it, limiting the duties and liabilities of carriers in this State, notwithstanding the prohibtion of the Co1 'ifution, it would be to put the bargains of individuáis above the organic laws and. to substitute them to that public policy exercised by the State for the best welfare of the whole people of an organized society. This they ought not, and will not, be permitted to do.” Our conclusion is that the contract is not only against the public policy of Virginia, but also of Kentucky. If it were valid under the Virginia Code, it would not be valid here, because the cause of action arose in this. State, and the contract was intended to relieve the appellee from its negligent act in Kentucky. — 540 — We will consider briefly the claim of appellee, that in contracting to banl the messenger and goods of the express company, it was not contracting as a common carrier,' but as a private carrier. This position is sustained by the case of B. & O. R. R. Co. v. Voight, 176 U. S. 498, 20 Sup. Ct. 285, 44 L. Ed. 560, and the opinions of courts in some other jurisdictions. It may be true (but the question is not before us) that an express company could not compel railroad companies to provide an express car for the transportation of its messengers, and packages, but having made the contract and proceeds to execute it by transporting the messenger and . its packages, does not deprive it of its character as a common carrier. It carries the messenger and packages for hire. The railroad company is a common carrier by virtue of the business it conducts, and not by virtue of the responsibilities which may be placed upon it by law, or its contracts. The mere fact that it makes some special arrangement with some person or company for the transportation of persons, or property, over its line, in a particular way or under certain conditions, does not deprive it of its character as a common carrier, or convert it into a bailee for hire. The case of Greenwich Ins. Co. v. Louisville & Nashville R. R. Co., 112 Ky. 598, 23 Ky. Law Rep. 2014, 66 S. W. 411, 67 S. W. 16, 56 L. R. A. 477, 99 Am. St. Rep 313, is not in conflict with the conclusion we have reached. There, .the contract under consideration was not for the transportation of passengers or goods, but was a contract by the railroad company giving its permission to the erection of a building upon its - right- of way, upon certain conditions, hence, the court held the contract was not made with reference to its. business as. a common — 541 — carrier. In the case of Railroad Co. v. Lockwood, 17 Wall. 359, 21 L. Ed. 27, the question arose as to the liability of the railroad company to a drover, who under a • special arrangement rode upon a freight train to look after stock which was being carried thereon. The contract with the drover provided that the carrier was not to be liable to hhn for injuries resulting from its negligence, and the court said: -“It is argued that a common carrier, by entering into a special contract with a party for carrying his goods or person on modified terms, drops his character, and becomes an ordinary bailee for hire, and therefore may make any contract he pleases; that is, he may make any contract whatever, because he is an ordinary bailee, and he is an ordinary bailee because he has made the contract. We are unable to see the soundness of this reasoning. It seems to us more accurate to say that common carriers are such by virtue of their occupation, not by virtue of the responsibilities under which they rest. Those responsibilities may vary in different countries, and at different times, without changing the character of the employment. The common law subjects the common carrier to insurance, of the goods carried, except as against the act of God, or public enemies. The civil law excepts also losses by means of any superior force, and any inevitable accidents. Yet the employment is the same in both cases. And if by special agreemtn the carrier is exempted from still other responsibilities, it does not follow that his employment is changed, but only that his responsibilities are changed. The theory oceasionaly announced that a special contract as to the terms and responsibilities of carriers, change the nature of the employment, is calculated to mislead. The responsibilities of a — 542 — comon carrier may be reduced to those of an ordinary bailee for hire, while the nature of his business renders him a common carrier still. Is there any good sense in holding that a railroad company, whose only business is to carry passengers and goods, and which was created and established for that purpose alone, is changed to a private carrier for hire by a mere contract with a customer, whereby the latter assumes risks of inevitable accidents in the carriage of his goods? Suppose that the contract relates to single crate of glass or crockery, while at the same time the carrier receives from the same person twenty other parcels, respecting which no such contract is made, is the company a public carrier as to the twenty parcels, and a private carrier as to the one? On this point there are several authorities which support our view, some of which are noted in the margin. A common carrier may, undoubtedly, become a private carrier, or a bailee for hire, when, as a matter of accommodation, or special engagement, he undertakes to carry some thing which it is not his business to carry.’ For example, if a carrier of produce, running a truck boat between New York City and Norfolk, should be requested to carry a keg of specie, or a load of expensive furniture, which he could justly refuse to take, such agreement might be made in reference to his taking and carrying the same as the parties chose to make, not involving any stipulation contrary to law or public policy. But when a carrier has a regular established business for carrying all of certain articles, and especially if that carrier be a corporation created for the purpose of the carrying trade, and the carriage of the articles is embraced within the scope of its chartered powers, it is a common carrier and- a special contract about — 543 — its responsibilities does ■ not divest it of the character. ” The drover in this case could have compelled the railroad company to have accepted his fare and transported him on its passenger trains as a passenger, and the mere fact that it agreed to do so on a freight train, did not deprive him of his relation to the railroad ' as a passenger. The express messenger could have compelled the railroad company to have accepted fare and transported him upon a passenger train. The mere fact that it did so in the express car did not deprive him of his relation to the railroad company as a passenger entitled to all the relief which the la.w guaranteed him. In the case of B. & O. S. W. Ry. Co. v. Voight, the Supreme Court endeavored to distinguish that case from Railroad Co. v. Lockwood. In our opinion the reasoning in the Lockwood case applies with great force to the case under consideration. Several of the Supreme Courts of the States have taken the view of the law that we have herein expressed. In our opinion, the contract under consideration is against public policy, and not enforceable. The judgment is reversed for proceedings consistent with this opinion.