Doerhoefer v. Shewmaker

Opinon by Judge Settle Affirming. Appellee, Stephen Shewmaker, an infant 15 years, of ag'e, suing by his mother and next friend, Minnie Shewmaker, recovered in the court below of the ap — 651 — pellant, John Doerhoefer, in an action of assault and battery, a verdict and judgment for $5,000 in damages. Appellant was refused a new trial and has appealed. The evidence shows that appellee was in the employ of an asphalt company, which was engaged in the work of reconstructing Green street in the city of Louisville. Appellee was required to sweep the street free of dirt and other obstructions in advance of the laying of asphalt. "While so engaged, appellant rode up with several companions in an automobile, which he stopped near appellee, alighted therefrom, and went in to a contiguous building to get some cigarettes, after which he got into his automobile and started on his way, but upon going a few feet, again stopped the machine, got out of it and walked up to the appellee, seized his arm with one hand, and with the other struck him in the face and left eye with such force that the blow would probably have knocked him down had appellant not been holding him at the time. The blow thus inflicted greatly bruised and inflamed appellee’s eye, caused it to swell and remain swollen for several weeks, during which time it gave him great pain and required treatment from a physician. After the assault upon appellee, appellant re-entered his automobile, and, with his companions, rode away. It further appears from the evidence that the assault was caused by an obscene epithet applied to appellant' by some one of the ' workmen on the street inconvenienced by the approach of the automobile, but appellant claimed it came from appellee. Appellee testified that he did not make the remark, and others near him at the time corroborated him. His and their testimony was to the effect that appellant asked him why he had called him a name, and when appellee denied that he had done so, appellant then called him a--, to which ap — 652 — pellee replied, “I am no more of a--than yon are,” and thereupon appellant caught hold of and struck him. Several witnesses testified in appellant’s behalf that the epithet was used by appellee, but we are inclined to think the weight of the evidence sustains the latter’s version of the matter. It also appears from the evidence that appellant was a full grown man, 24 years of age, of athletic build, and great strength. The answer admits the assault and battery complained of, and avers that it was provoked by the use upon appellee’s part of vile language applied to appellant, and that the latter only laid his hand upon appellee to compel him to desist from the use of such language, in doing which he used no more force than was necessary to accomplish that end. In law, mere words, however insulting, do not justify an assault, though they may be considered by the jury in mitigation of damages; but in the case at bar, it is apparent that the jury were of opinion that the circumstances attending the assault and battery complained of were such as to afford very little, if any,, palliation of appellant’s conduct. The motion for a new trial was based on the following grounds: (1) That the court erred in instructing the jury that appellee was entitled to recover punitive damages. (2) That as appellant had been tried and fined in a court of criminal jurisdiction for the assault and battery involved in the case at bar, the infliction of punitive damages by the jury as authorized by the instructions of the trial court subjected him to double punishment, which is forbidden by the Constitution. (3) That the court erred in denying appellant the burden of proof and the concluding argument. (4) That the court erred in permitting misconduct on the part of counsel for appellee in argument to the jury. (5) That the verdict is excessive, and the result of passion or prejudice attributable to653 the misconduct of appellee’s counsel in argument to the jury. The above grounds being urged upon this appeal, it now becomes our duty to determine whether they are sufficient to compel the reversal of the judgment appealed from. The fourth ground may be summarily disposed of. If counsel for appellee was guilty of the misconduct complained of, it was only brought to the attention of the court after the trial by an affidavit filed in support of the motion for a new trial. Examination of the record fails to disclose that the improper remarks or misconduct alleged to have been made and committed by the counsel in argument were objected to at the time by counsel for appellant, or that the court was asked to reprimand offending counsel, or admonish the jury to disregard the alleged improper statements made by him. It has been repeatedly held by this court that, in the absence of objection made at the time of the use of the improper statements complained of, they will not be considered on appeal; or the failure of the trial court to exclude them from the jury held as constituting error. Ragsdale v. Ezell, 49 S. W. 775, 20 Ky. Law Rep. 1567; Jenkins v. Chism, 25 Ky. Law Rep. 736, 76 S. W. 405; Owens v. Jenkins, 25 Ky. Law Rep. 1567, 78 S. W. 212; I. C. Ry. Co. v. Radford, 23 Ky. Law Rep. 886, 64 S. W. 511; C., St. L., etc., v. Coffee, 7 Ky. Law Rep. 451; L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Webb, 11 Ky. Law Rep. 369. The third ground urged for reversal is, we think, untenable. The defense interposed by the answer is purely one of mitigation. It confesses the assault and battery complained of, affirmatively pleads the particular facts and circumstances which provoked it, and, denies any injury or damage to appellee. But the facts pleaded do not amount to justification, or a plea in avoidance, because if true they did not excuse the assault and battery. The same facts could — 654 — have been proved on the trial by appellant in mitigation of damages had the answer only contained a traverse. Lucas v. Hunt, 91 Ky. 279, 12 Ky. Law Rep. 871, 15 S. W. 781. “The burden of proof on the whole action lies on the party who would be defeated if no evidence had been given on either side.” Civ. Code Prac. § 526. With the answer in, appellee still had to prove that he was entitled to more than the nominal damages it admitted. In order to recover, even compensatory damages, he had to prove the nature and extent of his injuries, which, of course, includes mental and physical suffering; and, in order to recover exemplary damages, it was necessary for him to prove malice or wantonness on the part of appellant. If no answer had been filed, appellee 'would nevertheless have been compelled to prove the damages sustained by him, for section 126, Civ. Code Prac., requires that allegations concerning the value or amount of damages must be proved, though not traversed. But if the answer could be regarded as containing an affirmative defense, the refusal of the lower court to give apellant the burden of proof and ■concluding argument would not be treated as prejudicial error, as there was no evidence whatever which tended to prove the allegation of the answer that appellant, in committing the assault, only laid his hand gently upon appellee. On. the contrary, all the evidence is to the effect that he held him with one hand while he struck him with the other. In short, as well argued by counsel for appellee, it was a sham plea, wholly unsupported by evidence. An examination of the several cases cited by appellant’s counsel -on the •question nf the burden of proof will show in nearly all •of them the defense set up in the answer was son assault demense. In one of them (Ashland Railway Co. v. Hoffman, 82 S. W. 566, 26 Ky. Law Rep. 778) •the answer admitted the injury, and properly pleaded — 655 — moliter mamas imposiait. That is to say, the plea was that defendant used only necessary force, and what he had the legal right to use, to remove a woman of bad character from a pleasure resort after peaceable and gentle means had failed to caíase her to leave. We have endeavored to consider with exceptional care the very able brief of learned counsel for appellant, and especially that part of it devoted to the discussion of the questions raised by the first and second grounds relied on for reversal. The instruction to which counsel objects is as follows: “ Gentlemen of the Jury: You have heard the testimony of the witnesses in the case, and it will be your duty under the law to find a verdict for plaintiff in such sum as will fairly and reasonably compensate him, for any pain and suffering, mental or physical, resulting to him directly from the assault made upon him by the defendant, and for any humiliation of his feelings caused thereby; and the jury may, in their discretion award in addition such punitive or exemplary damages as they may think proper under all the circumstances of the case, the whole award not to exceed the sum of $10,000, the amount claimed in.the petition.” It is the contention of counsel for appellant that it is an invasion of a constitutional right to permit, in a purely civil action, the recovery of purely punitive damages, where the wrong eomplainef of is punishable under the criminal law in a criminal action or proceeding; and that, inasmuch as the appellant has been punished in a court of criminal jurisdiction for the assault and battery committed upon appellee, to allow, the recovery of punitive damages against him in a civil action for the same tort would be double punishment, which is unauthorized. Counsel assumes that the foregoing instruction allows the jury to award appellee damages compensating him in full for all his loss and damage, and then to add to their ver — 656 — diet an additional sum wholly by way of punishment to appellant, without regard to any loss sustained by him. We do not 'think the instruction open to this construction, nor does the rule that punitive damages may be allowed without regard to compensation obtain in this state, though there is considerable authority, including several ancient decisions of this court, to the effect that punitive damages may be recovered in a civil action for tort wholly upon the idea of punishment of the defendant, without respect to the compensation of plaintiff. It is the law in this state, that, in actions for torts of this character, the damages recoverable may include such as are caused by physical and mental suffering, humiliation of feeling, loss of time, expense of recovery, and for the manner of the assault, if the same be malicious, wanton, or attended by aggravating circumstances. In the case at bar these elements were all submitted to the jury by the instruction in question, except those of expense of recovery and loss of time, neither of which was claimed in the action. As far back as 1830 this court, in the case of Tyson v. Ewing, 3 J. J. Marsh, 186, announced the doctrine that the recovery of punitive damages might be allowed for a personal tort as a punishment and deterrent to wrongdoing, without respect to the compensation of the plaintiff, and, in the later case of Jennings v. Maddox (1848) 8 B. Mon. 430, the same doctrine was applied in a case of trespass to land Committed in a high-handed and threatening manner. In Chiles v. Drake, 2 Met. 146, 74 Am. Dec. 406, the court in an elaborate and able opinion cleared away some of the mist banging about the question, and in doing so answered the objections now presented by counsel for appellant. The wrong for which the civil action was brought was also punishable un,der the criminal law. On this .question, the court in that case said: “It — 657 — is also contended that this law is liable to another constitutional objection. The act of the defendant for which it authorizes an action to be brought and punitive damages to be recovered is, acording to the argument in support of this objection, an offense for which he is criminally responsible; and, therefore, if he can be subjected to punitive damages in this action, he may be punished for the same offense, in direct contravention of the constitutional provisions on that subject. This argument is evidently based on a misconception of the meaning of the expression punitive damages contained in the act. *, * * The recovery is for the loss sustained; but the damages to be allowed therefor are to be exemplary. This is the sense in which the word ‘punitive’ has been frequently used by this court, and it is evidently the sense in which it was used by the Legislature. Punitive, vindictive, and exemplary damages are all synonymous terms. It will hardly be contended that a plaintiff oannot recover vindictive damages for an assault and battery committed with circumstances of aggravation, although the defendant might be indicted for the same offense The recovery in one case, is for the private injury, and, in the other, the punishment is inflicted for the public wrong. Vindictive damages operate, it is true, by way of punishment, but they are allowed as compensatory for the private injury 'complained of in this action. They are allowed, because the injury has been increased by the manner in which it was inflicted. Conceding that it is against the spirit of the Constitution to inflict more than one punishment for the same offense, still the law which authorizes this action, and the recovery therein of punitive damages, is not liable to condemnation. Its object is, not to inflict a penalty, but to remunerate for the loss sustained. Every recovery for a personal injury, — 658 — with or without punitive damages, operates in some degree as a punishment, but it is a punishment which results from the redress of a private wrong, and does not, therefore, violate either the meaning or spirit of the Constitution. * * * The right, however, of the plaintiff to recover vindictive damages for personal injuries, where the commission of the act complained of is accompanied with circumstances of aggravation, has been repeatedly recognized by this court as proper, and this must now be regarded as the settled rule of law in this State. The rule, when properly understood, is in our opinion, supported by principle and analogy, and has a decided preponderance of authority in its favor. The arguments used in opposition to the rule proceeded on the erroneous assumption that vindictive damages are inflicted by way of criminal or penal punishment, and are not given by way of compensation for the injury complained of. Such damages may operate by way of punishment, but they are allowed by way of remuneration for the wrongs suffered. They are proportioned to the aggravating circumstances and willful and reckless character of the act which occasioned the injury to the plaintiff. They are discretionary with the jury, as the damages for personal injuries are. * *. The doctrine announced in the case, supra, has never been abandoned by this court, but, on the contrary, has been approved in many later decisions, among which are the following : Crosby v. Bradley, 11 Ky. Law Rep. 954; L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Kelly’s Adm’x, 100 Ky. 435, 19 Ky. Law Rep. 69, 38 S. W. 852, 40 S. W. 452; Ragsdale v. Ezell, 49 S. W. 775, 20 Ky. Law Rep. 1567; Wood v. Young, 50 S. W. 541, 20 Ky. Law Rep. 1931; Carson v. Singleton, 65 S. W. 821, 23 Ky. Law Rep. 1626. It is true, as suggested by counsel for appellant, that the present Constitution of this State has been adopted since the case of Chiles v. Drake, supra, was — 659 — decided, but its provisions, so far as the question under consideration is concerned, are like those of the ‘Constitution in force at that time; and besides,.the rule as to punitive damages announced in that case has been steadfastly adhered to by this court since the adoption of the present Constitution. The contrary* theory contended for by counsel for appellant, which is supported by Fay v. Parker, 53 N. H. 385, 16 Am. Rep„ 270, and other cases cited, has never met with favor in this State. It is yet the law in this State that for a willful assault and battery the plaintiff is entitled to recover, not only actual damages, for time lost, expense incurred, and physical and mental suffering caused thereby, but also punitive damages for the manner of the assault, for as said by Chancellor Kent, in discussing this question: “It appears to me that the conclusions in Mr. Sedgwick’s treatise are well warranted by the decisions, and that the attempt to exclude all consideration of the malice and wickedness and wantonness of the tort in estimating a proper compensation for the victim is impracticable, visonary, and repugnant to the fine feelings of social sympathy. ’ ’ We cannot disturb the verdict on the ground that it is excessive, for there was - evidence conducing to prove that the assault was wantonly and maliciously committed; thát appellee’s injuries were of a serious character, and will probably result in permanent impairment of his eyesight, and, moreover, the case was one in which he was entitled to punitive damages. In view of which, and of the fact that there is nothing in the record to convince us that the jury in reaching a verdict were influenced by passion or prejudice, the situation is not such as requires interference at our hands. Judgment affirmed. Whole court sitting, except Cantrell J. Petition for rehearing by appellant overruled.