Illinois Central Ry. Co. v. Sheegog's Admr.

Opinion op the Court by Judge Nunn Affirming. This action was instituted by the administrator of John E. Sheegog, who was killed in the derailment of an engine and train of cars of which he was engineer at the time. The Chicago, St. Lonis & New — 260 — Orleans Railroad Company, the owner and lessor of the road, Illinois Central Railroad Company, the lessee, and F. J. Dnrbin, the conductor in charge of the train, were made defendants to the action. It was alleged in the petition, in substance, that on the 7th day of May, 1903, his intestate was in the employment of the defendant, Illinois Central Railroad Company, as an engineer on one of its trains, and while in the performance of his duty, as such engineer, the train upon which he was engaged was, through the joint and gross negligence and carelessness of the three defendants herein, derailed, and his intestate thereby instantly killed. In the petition the negligence and concurrent negligence of each of the defendants is alleged with some particularity. We copy from it as follows: “At the time the defendant the Chicago, St. Louis & New Orleans Railroad Company was the owner of said roadbed, fences, right of way, trestles, and bridges where said accident happened, and the Illinois Central Railroad Company was the lessee of said railroad property and premises, and was the owner of the engines and cars, trains, and appliances by which the said intestate was killed, and was operating said road, trains, and engine, and the defendant F. J. Durbin, who is a citizen of Kentucky, was the conductor in the employment of the latter railroad company, and in charge of said train and engine and appliances, and the said intestate was required to obey, and was obeying and acting under, the orders of the said defendant F. J. Durbin. The plaintiff now says that, by the negligence of both of said companies, defendants hereto, the said roadbed, rails, track, cattle guards, ties, fence, and right of way of the said railroad was allowed to be, and for a long time had been, in a weak,- rotten, ruinous, and — 261 — defective and improper condition, and by the negligence of the Illinois Central Railroad Company its engines and cars were knowingly allowed to be and remain in an improper, defective, and dangerous condition, and its said engine and cars to be so constructed as to be in a dangerous condition, and this improper and dangerous condition of the said road, premises, and cars of the defendants was known to the said defendants, and at the time of this said wreck and accident, same were being operated in a careless manner by all of said defendants; and the said Durbin, by his negligence in running, ordering, and directing said train, contributed to the cause of said accident ; and the plaintiff says that the negligence of the defendant (Chicago, St. Louis & New Orleans Railroad Company) in its maintenance of its tracks, roadbed, engine, cattle guards, rails, ties, fences, etc., as above set out, and together with the negligence of the said Illinois Central Railroad Company, in directing and permitting its engine, cars, and road to be operated while in a defective and dangerous condition, and the negligence of the said conductor, in ordering and directing the running and management of said train, and in failing to give proper directions, all together, jointly caused said wreck and killed the plaintiff’s said intestate,” etc. That his intestate was a young, vigorous man, an excellent locomotive engineer, intelligent, sober, industrious, of most excellent habits and prospects, and making and saving large sums of money, and, by the joint gross negligence of the defendants in thus causing his death, the plaintiff has been damaged in the sum of $25,000. .The plaintiff further alleged that his place of residence, as well as that of his intestate, to the date of his death, was in Central City, Muhlenburg county, Kentucky; — 262 — that the defendant Illinois Central Ráilroad Company was a corporation organized under the laws of the state of Illinois, and the defendant Chicago, St. Louis & New Orleans Railroad Company, was a Kentucky corporation organized under the laws of this State, and the defendant F. J. Durbin was a resident and a citizen of the state of Kentucky. The defendant Illinois Central Railroad Company filed its petition and bond for removal of the case to the federal, court, alleging a separable controversy between it and appellee determinable between them without either of its codefendants, and alleging joinder of its codefendants in fraud of federal jurisdiction. The court refused to transfer the case. Then each of the defendants-filed a separate answer, denying all material allegations of the petition. The issues being completed, a trial was had, which resulted in a verdict for appellee as against the Illinois Central Railroad Company for $8,250, and on peremptory instructions the jury found for the other two defendants. The Illinois Central Railroad Company appeals, and assigns the following reasons for reversal: First, the admission of incompetent and the rejection of competent evidence; second, erroneous instructions to the jury; third, the refusal of the court to give a peremptory instruction to find for it; fourth, the refusal of the court to surrender jurisdiction to the federal court. The third assignment for reversal necessitates our stating the substance of the evidence. Appellee’s testimony conduces to show the following facts: The deceased was a young man, about 29 years old, sober, industrious, of good habits, strong, and in good health. That he had been following the avocation of railroad engineer for about eight years. That his run was — 263 — from Central City, his home, to Paducah, Ky. That he was killed on appellant’s line of road which connects with the main line at Princeton, Ky., and extends to Evansville, Ind., known as the Ohio Valley Line. The deceased, had only made about two trips on this line, both at night; one about three weeks before, and the one on which he was killed. When the train reached a flag station called “Harding,” in Union county, Ky., the engine struck a mule, turned over, and the deceased was instantly killed. No one lived at this station. A public road passes by it, crossing the railroad at right angles. Prom this public road running south, the way the train was going, a distance of about 150 or 200 yards to a culvert, the road is fenced on either side; but there were no cattle guards at the public road, and loose stock, accord-. ing to the evidence, passed into this cul-de-sac, and grazed on either side of the track. The proof shows' that this mule came upon the track in front of the engine, and made a few jumps south, and then was struck by the engine and cut in two, leaving the front part on the left of the track between the ends of two ties. Prom this point the evidences of the small wheels that supported the pilot were noticed on the ties for 15 or 20 feet, arid from that point the large drive wheels of the engine were thrown from the rails, and from that point to 20 or 30 feet beyond the culvert the ties, rails, and everything were swept clean. The proof shows that the engine was fitted with a stub pilot, instead of with a standard pilot; that the stub pilot stood four or more inches above the rails, and had but the slightest slant; that the standard pilot was very slanting, extended out in front of the engine four or five feet, and rested only two inches above th^ rails; and that, with it in use, when the track — 264 — is properly constructed, and reasonably well ballasted it was almost impossible for stock when struck to get under the train — the pilot would knock them off. The testimony showed, without much contradiction, that the portion of the track described had never been ballasted; and that the ties were laid on dirt; that much of it had been washed away, so that it did not come to the top of the ties; that a track is properly ballasted when crushed stone, gravel, or cinders are tamped under, upon, and between the ties, and up to a point about even with the top of the rails (and such was the condition of the track at each end of this cul-de-sac); and that this track as constructed left about 14 or 16 inches from this stub pilot to the dirt between the ties, which made the chances of clearing the track of stock when struck by the pilot doubtful. It was proved by some of the section hands on the road that this part of the track had been in that condition for a long time, and the general superintendent of the road had had his attention called to it, and had been requested to furnish material to put that part of the road in reasonably sáfe condition, but had failed to do so up to the time of the accident. They also stated that the track as laid would often get out of alignment, and that they were compelled, by the use of jackscrewS', to force it back. Many witnesses testified that they had been at this point when trains passed, and saw that the track was insecure; that engines and cars would wabble in passing over it, would sink in some places, and rise in others, would mash some ties down, and water and mud would gush up over them; that when trains had passed, the rails would straighten and raise some of the ties two inches from the earth. Many witnesses examined the conditions there after the wreck, and about all of them testify — 265 — that there were many rotten ties. Some of them stated that more than one-half were rotten, that some of them had rotted into two pieces, and so rotten that they conld pnll the spikes from them with their fingers. The most serious complaint made by appellant to the instructions is that the court gave an instruction on punitive damages. Section 241 of the Constitution, and section 6 of the Kentucky Statutes of 1903 provide that, whenever the death of a person results from an injury inflicted by negligence, damages may be recovered for such death; and, when the negligence is gross, punitive damages may be recovered. It is certain from the evidence that those in charge of the railroad knew of its defective condition; and it was gross negligence on appellant’s part to direct or suffer its trains to be run from 20 to 30 miles an hour at this point, knowing also that they had failed to put cattle guards at the public crossing, and that stock might be expected in this cul-de-sac at any time. Appellant’s conduct in this evidenced a reckless disregard of the rights and safety of those whose business required them to travel over this road. There were no errors in the instructions prejudicial to the substantial rights of appellant; nor did the court commit any prejudicial error in the admission or rejeo tion of evidence. The main contention of appellant is that the court erred in refusing to surrender jurisdiction to the federal court. There is no question but that the petition of appellee, the administrator of deceased, stated a joint cause of action against all three of the defendants. This is conceded. Upon the filing of the petition by appellant for removal of the case to the federal court, it was the duty of the judge of the State court to determine from the petition and record — 266 — whether or not there was presented a federal case; if so, it was his duty to proceed no further, but to remove the case to the federal court, and it was the duty of that court to hear the'proof on the jurisdictional facts, or questions raised by the petition for removal, and determine whether the federal court or State court had jurisdiction of the' case. In the case of Crehore v. Ohio & Mississippi Railway Co., 131 U. S. 240, 9 Sup. Ct. 692, 33 L. Ed. 144, the court, Justice Harlan delivering the opinion, said: “If the case be not removed, the jurisdiction of the State court remains unaffected, and, under the act of Congress, the jurisdiction of the federal court could not attach until it becomes the duty of the State court to proceed no further. No such duty arises unless a case is made by the record that entitles the party to a removal.” In the same opinion the court further said: “It thus appears that a case is not, in law, removed from the State court, upon the ground that it involves a controversy between citizens of different states, unless, at the time the application for removal is made, the record, upon .its face, shows it to be one that is removable. We say, upon its face, because ‘the State court is only at liberty to inquire whether, on the face of the record, a case has been made which requires it .to proceed no further; ’ and ‘ all issues of fact made upon the petition for removal must be tried in the circuit court ’ ” — meaning the federal court. See the following cases,- which announce the same rule: Stone v. South Carolina, 117 U. S. 430, 6 Sup. Ct. 799, 29 L. Ed. 962; Stevens v. Nichols, 130 U. S. 230, 9 Sup. Ct. 518, 32 L. Ed. 914; Phoenix Ins. Co. v. Pechner, 95 U. S. 183, 24 L. Ed. 427; Powers v. Railroad Co., 169 U. S. 92, 18 Sup. Ct. 264, 42 L. Ed. 673. And the following decisions of this State recog — 267 — nizing the same rule: McCabe’s Adm’x v. Maysville & Big Sandy Railroad Co., 112 Ky. 861, 23 Ky. Law Rep. 2328, 66 S. W. 1054; Rutherford v. Illinois Central Railroad Co., 120 Ky. 15, 85 S. W. 199, 27 Ky. Law Rep. 397; and Illinois Central Railroad Co. v. Jones, 118 Ky. 158, 80 S. W. 484, 26 Ky. Law Rep. 31. In this last ease the court said: “If both the State and federal courts could try the same facts^as to jurisdiction, different conclusions might be reached, and unseemly conflict and confusions result. To avoid these, the Congress has wisely made the condition of the federal court’s jurisdiction to depend upon the filing in the State court in due time of a petition, in which, according to the unbroken current of the decisions of the federal courts construing the act, all necessary facts to show prima facie a right in the petitioner for the removal must be set out, not as conclusions of law, or such necessary facts must affirmatively and explicitly appear elsewhere in the record when the application to the State court for the removal is made. Crehore v. Ohio R. R. Co., 131 U. S. 240, 9 Sup. Ct. 692, 33 L. Ed. 144; Freeman v. Butler (C. C.) 39 Fed. 1 (opinion by Barr, District Judge); Jackson v. Allen, 132 U. S. 27, 10 Sup. Ct. 9, 33, L. Ed. 249; Smith v. Horton (C. C.) 7 Fed. 270; Amory v. Amory, 95 U. S. 186, 24 L. Ed. 428; Weed Sewing Machine Co. v. Smith, 71 Ill. 204; Chester v. Chester (C. C.) 7 Fed. 1; Burlington, etc., Ry. Co. v. Dunn, 122 U. S. 517, 7 Sup. Ct. 1262, 30 L. Ed. 1159; Railway Co. v. Ramsey, 22 Wall (U. S.) 322, 22 L. Ed. 823; Grace v. Am. Central Ins. Co., 109 U. S. 278, 3 Sup. Ct. 207, 27 L. Ed. 932; Gold W. & W. Co. v. Keyes, 96 U. S. 199, 24 L. Ed. 656; Carson v. Dunham, 121 U. S. 421, 7 Sup. Ct. 1030, 30 L. Ed. 992; Removal Cases, 100 U. S. 457, 25 L. Ed. — 268 — 593; Yulee v. Vose, 99 U. S. 539, 25 L. Ed. 355. The truthfulness of these facts may then, and not till then, be inquired into in the federal court. As the petition for the removal and the record in this case did not in our opinion state facts sufficient to confer jurisdiction upon the United States circuit court, that tribunal had not the right to inquire into their truthfulness, nor to hear evidence of other facts not alleged in the record or the petition for removal, and by adding such evidence to the insufficient allegations find the needed jurisdictional facts.” The question now for consideration is: Did the court err in refusing a removal of the case to the federal court? As stated, it is conceded that a joint cause of action was alleged in the petition of appellant against all three of the defendants. The common-law distinction, between different forms of action has been abolished by our Code of Practice, and all persons who are liable for a wrong may now be sued jointly in this- State in an action to recover for negligence. See McCabe’s Adm’x v. Maysville & Big Sandy Railroad Co., supra. The petition for removal denies the negligence charged in the petition. This is not a jurisdictional fact under all the authorities. In an attempt to show that the Chicago, St. Louis & New Orleans Railroad Company was joined as defendant with it wrongfully, it was alleged in the petition for removal that the Chicago, St. Louis & New Orleans Railroad Company was empowered to construct and lease to the petitioner its railroad mentioned in plaintiff’s petition; and stated that it was so empowered by an act of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, long prior to the adoption of the present Constitution of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, which act of the General Assem — 269 — bly became a law on tbe 24th day of February, 1882; and that, pursuant to such powers, the Chicago, St. Louis & New Orleans Railroad Company, being tbe owner, leased to tbe petitioner all of tbe railroad mentioned in tbe petition, and parted with all dominion over it; and that your petitioner has since tbe lease (1897) continuously operated tbe railroad exclusively, and the lessor never at any time operated it. Even if this plea could be made available, tbe petition was defective; it was an attempt to plead a private statute. Section 119 of our Civil Code of Practice provides: “In pleading a private statute, it shall be sufficient to refer to it by stating its title and tbe day on which it became a law.” Tbe title of tbe act is not stated in tbe petition, nor is there any attempt to state it. Tbe contents of tbe act is not stated. Tbe petitioner only alleged its conclusions as to tbe contents, which were that tbe Chicago, St. Louis & New Orleans Railroad Company had the power to construct and lease to the petitioner the railroad. The same remarks will apply to the alleged contract of lease, tbe contents of which is not stated in the petition, nor a copy filed. Tbe conclusion was that tbe lease gave it dominion over tbe road and under same it operated the road. It is admitted that tbe Chicago, St. Louis & New Orleans Railroad Company was and is tbe owner of the road, that it still maintains its corporate organization and existence, but, instead of operating tbe road itself directly, has bargained with tbe Illinois Central Railroad Company to run it for a compensation, as we must suppose, as- tbe terms of tbe lease are not stated in tbe petition for removal. Even if tbe act and tbe lease bad not been defectively pleaded, the result would be tbe same. Tbe Chicago, St. Louis & New Orleans Railroad Company was given — 270 — a franchise by the State,. and it therefore assumed certain burdens, and, under the Constitution and laws of this State, it cannot by a lease exempt itself from responsibility for the torts of itself and lessee. In the case of Lee v. Southern Pacific R. R. Co., 47 Pac. 932, 116 Cal. 97, 38 L. R. A. 71, 58 Am. St. Rep. 140, the court said: “"Where a statute authorizing leases contains no clause exempting in any respect the lessor from liability, it is well settled that the lessor still remains liable for an injury resulting from the negligent omission of a duty owed by it to the public, such as the proper construction of its roads, station houses,” etc. Section 203 of the State Constitution is in these words: “No corporation shall lease or alienate any franchise so as to relieve the franchise or property held thereunder from the liability of the lessor or grantor, lessee or grantee, contracted or incurred in the operation, use or enjoyment of such franchise or any of its privileges.” The court in construing this section of the Constitution, in the case of McCabe’s Adm’x v. Maysville & Big Sandy R. R. Co., supra, said: ‘ ‘ The franchises of a corporation are its property. The declaration that these, in case of a lease or alienation, shall not be relieved from the liability of the lessor, or grantor, lessee or grantee, contracted or incurred in the use of the franchise, or any of its privileges, is, in substance, a. declaration that the corporation shall not be relieved of such liability, for its existence is inseparable from all of its franchises. Under this section, therefore, no lease made by a corporation can exempt it from liability for the wrongs of the lessee. If the lease in question was made after the adoption of the Constitution, it would not exempt the lessor from liability; * * * but, if it was made before — 271 — the adoption of the Constitution, the result is the same.” In the samé case, the court again said: “The defendant company, therefore, in reality still enjoys the benefits of its charter, and cannot be permitted to escape its corresponding obligations. * * * A grant to a corporation of a right to lay out, construct, and operate a railroad is the grant to the corporation of the capacity to exercise a portion of the power of sovereignty for the purpose of making pecuniary profit to itself. This is its franchise. Such grants are never made, except at the request of the corporation. In return, the corporation is held to have promised to pay just damages to any person injured by any want of care in using the right so granted. As the grant is of a public right, in. which every one of the public is a sharer, so the promise is to each one of the public. A due regard for the public -rights obviously requires that a corporation which has asked for and received such a grant shall not be absolved from its promises, except by an act of the Legislature to that effect, so distinct and unequivocal as not to be open to mistake. ‘Nothing should be left to inference. * * * The sanction of the Legislature was given to the contract as made by the parties, but added nothing by way of exemption- from the .primary responsibility of the lessor. It was under a , positive duty and obligation to the public, and the consent of the Legislature to the making of the lease did not imply a discharge from the duty and obligation. * * * "Where a corporation seeks to escape from the burden imposed upon it by the Legislature, clear evidence of a legislative assent to such exoneration should be found. ’ ’ It will be seen from the petition of removal that there is no allegation that the act authorizing the — 272 — lease even attempted to relieve the lessor from its primary responsibility to the public; and the court in the McCabe Case, continuing, said: “After conferring upon a corporation the right of eminent domain, with many other special privileges which the Legislature is empowered to grant only in consideration of its duty and obligation to serve the people by affording them the means of safe as well as speedy transportation for themselves and their property, the State cannot be held to have abdicated its right to protect the patrons of the road who are under its care by the strained construction of a naked power to lease. Such a power does not carry with it the authority to the lessor to absolve itself and transfer its duties and obligations to another, whether able or unable to respond in damages for its wrongs and defaults.’ See, to the same effect, Balsley v. Railroad Co., 119 Ill. 68, 8 N. E. 859, 59 Am. Rep. 784; Singleton v. Southwestern R. R., 70 Ga. 464, 48 Am. Rep. 574; Tillett v. Railroad Co., 118 N. C. 1031, 24 S. E. 111; Railroad Co. v. Morris, 68 Tex. 59, 3 S. W. 457; Chollette v. Railroad Co., 26 Neb. 169, 41 N. W. 1106, 4 L. R. A. 135; Parr v. Railroad Co., 43 S. C. 197, 20 S. E. 1009, 49 Am. St. Rep. 826; Pennsylvania Co. v. Ellett, 132 Ill. 654, 24 N. E. 559; Stephens v. Railroad Co., 36 Iowa, 327; Bower v. Railroad Co., 42 Iowa, 546; Railroad Co. v. Lee, 71 Tex. 538, 9 S. W. 604. * * * If it be true, as the decisions with substantial unanim ity admit, that the lessor railway remains liable for the discharge of its duties to the public, unless expressly exempted therefrom by statute, it seems difficult to conceive its absence of liability in any event, except, perhaps, where the plaintiff is suing upon an express contract made with him by the lessee corporation. Is it not as much a public duty on the part of — 273 — the railway corporation to operate its trains without negligence as it is to receive all freight offered for transportation, or to carry all passengers who offer to pay the regular rates, or to keep its tracks and station houses in safe condition? In truth, we do not know of any duties of a railway corporation which are of a private character. * * * By its acceptance of the franchise conferred by the State, the corporation assumed the corresponding burdens thereby imposed. These franchises it could not transfer to another without distinct legislative authority. The grant of power to lease its property is one thing; the grant of absolution from its responsibility is another, and is not to be inferred from a mere power to lease the road, where the corporation still retains its existence and the enjoyment of its franchises in the rents, for such grants are strictly construed, and, as against the public, are never extended by any construction. In the case before us, there is only a grant to the lessor of power to contract for the operating of the road. The company enjoys all its franchises in the fruits of the contract. There is nothing in the provision to show that the Legislature had in mind authorizing the company to divest itself of its franchise, or permitting it, while enjoying them or their fruits, to be acquitted of responsibility for their abuse, without regard to the financial ability of the lessee or his amenability to suit.” But it is said that this responsibility of the lessor does not apply to the employes of the lessee of the road, that the lessor owed no duty to them, and that they are not members of the public in the sense used in the decisions on that subject. It is true that the courts in part have made this distinction, but have only extended the rule and exempted the lessor from — 274 — torts of the lessee resulting from the negligent operation and handling of its trains and the general management of the leased property, hut hold the lessor bound for an injury resulting from the negligent omission of some duty owed to the public, such as the proper construction of its road, station houses, etc. In the case of Swice’s Adm’x v. Maysville & B. S. Ry. Co., 116 Ky. 253, 24 Ky. Law Rep. 1142, 75 S. W. 278, this distinction was recognized to be the true rule. The case of Charles A. Lee v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company, 47 Pac. 932, 116 Cal. 97, 38 L. R. A. 71, 58 Am. St. Rep. 140, appears to have been well considered, and the authorities carefully collated. In that opinion the court said: “In Nugent v. Boston, C. & W. R. Co., 80 Me. 62, 12 Atl. 797, 6 Am. St. Rep. 151, the defendant railroad, under express authority of law, had leased its road to the Portland & Ogdensburg Railroad, which latter road was engaged in its management and operation. A brakeman of the Portland & Ogdensburg sued defendant for personal injuries received by reason of the negligent construction of an awning at a station house built by defendant compány. The case received elaborate consideration. The action of the brakeman against the owning road was sustained, and the rule deduced in the following language: ‘Herein, as we think, lies the true distinction which marks the dividing' line of the lessor’s responsibility. In other words* an authorized lease, without any exemption clause, absolves the lessor from the torts of the lessee resulting from the negligent operation and handling of its trains and the general management of .the leased road, over which the lessor, could have no control. But for an injury resulting from the negligent omission of some, duty — 275 — owed to the public, such as the proper construction of its road, station houses, etc., the charter company cannot, in the absence of statutory exemption, discharge itself of legal responsibility.’ In Arrowsmith v. Nashville & D. R. Co. (C. C.) 57 Fed. 165, the same rule is enunciated, and numerous authorities cited in support thereof. Indeed, a somewhat extended examination of the cases justifies the conclusion that this principle, at least, is accepted without conflict. An analysis of the case of East Line & R. R. Co. v. Culberson, 72 Tex. 375, 10 S. W. 706, 3 L. R. A. 567, 13 Am. St. Rep. 805, a case upon which respondent strongly relies, will disclose that the law there enunciated is not only not at variance with the principle above mentioned, but embodies a distinct recognition of it. In that ease an employe of the operating company sued the lessor company, claiming damages for injuries sustained by reason of defective appliances furnished by the operating company. The court held, and very properly, that such an action would not lie against the lessor company, and said: ‘It may be that if the injury had occurred by reason of a defect in the roadbed or track, and not by reason of a defect in the engine, the company charged with the duty of keeping up the road would be liable; but if it were true that the injury was caused entirely by another company operating the owner’s road, and was inflicted upon one of its own employes by reason of a defect in machinery entirely under its control, it is difficult to see upon what principle of policy or justice the lessor should be held liable, merely because it owned the road. In all cases where a valid lease is found (or, as in this dicussion where it is assumed), the lessor company owes no duty whatsoever as an employer to the operatives of the lessee company. The claim of rela — 276 — tionship of employer and employe under such circumstances is a false claim and quantity. It does not exist. The responsibility of the lessor company, when it attaches, does not spring from this relationship, but arises from a failure of the lessor company to perform its duty to the public, of which public the employe of the operating company may be regarded as one. Thus, in those cases where the injury has resulted to an employe of the operating company by reason of the negligence of a fellow servant, or of want of care of the lessee company in managing the road, or in negligence in furnishing suitable appliances, these and kindred matters being entirely and exclusively within the control of the lessee company, for injury which may result the lessor is in no way responsible. But' where injury has resulted to an employe of the operating company by reason of a failure of the lessor to perform its public duty, • as in the failure to construct a safe road, as is here charged, the injured employe may sue the lessor company, as one of the public, for its failure to perform that duty, and not because, between himself and the lessor company, the relation of employe and employer, or any relation of contractual privity, exists. As is said in Nugent v. Boston & M. R. Co., 80 Me. 62, 12 Atl. 797, 6 Am. St. Rep. 151, where the brakeman of the lessee road was injured by reason of the defective construction of the station house by the charter company; ‘Our opinion, therefore, is that the plaintiff had the lawful right, as brakeman on the train of the P. & O., to pass and repass by the Bethlehem station house of the defendant which, therefore, owed a duty to him, to- construct and maintain its station house there in such a reasonably safe manner that its awning would not injure him while in the performance — 277 — of his duty with due care, and that a negligent breach of that duty by the defendant, having resulted in a personal injury to the plaintiff without fault on his part, he is entitled to maintain this action therefor.’ So, here, the charge against the defendant is that the injury resulted by reason of its imperfect construction and maintenance of the rails and tracks of its road. The verdict of the jury for plaintiff is its declaration that the charge was substantiated by the evidence, and the nature of the omission or dereliction is such as to entitle the plaintiff to compensation from the defendant herein for injuries which may have resulted to him -by reason of it.” This case is very similar to the one at bar, in which it was alleged and proved that the intestate’s death was the proximate result of the failure of the lessor to perform its public duty in its failure to construct a safe roadbed. In the cases of the Illinois Central R. R. Co. v. Coley, 89 S. W. 234, 1 L. R. A. (N. S.) 370, 28 Ky. Law Rep. 336, Dudley v. Illinois Central R. R. Co., 96 S. W. 835, 29 Ky. Law Rep. 1029, and P. A. Underwood’s Adm’r v. Illinois Central R. R. Co., 103 S. W. 322, 31 Ky. Law Rep. 595, this court recognized the rule to be that, although the petition for removal of the case failed to allege any jurisdictional facts which would authorize the removal of the case, yet, if on the trial it is developed that the plaintiff in the action had not reasons for believing that the resident defendants in the action were responsible to him, in damages, and it is made evident that their joinder as defendants with the nonresident was made for the purpose of depriving the federal court of jurisdiction to try the case, then this court will reverse and remand, with directions to the lower court to remove the ease to the federal — 278 — court; but the case at bar does not come within this principle. The appellee not only had reasonable grounds to believe that the resident corporation was responsible to him, but he had actual grounds to believe it. At the close of the evidence, and when the court gave peremptory instructions in behalf of the resident corporation and F. J. Durbin, appellant, Illinois Central Railroad Company again filed its petition and bond, and asked for a removal of the case to the federal court, which motion the court overruled, and in our opinion properly. Instead of the evidence showing an improper joinder of defendants, it made it plain that the joinder was proper. For these reasons the judgment of the lower court is affirmed. Petition for rehearing by appellant overruled.