Earle v. Latonia Agr. Ass'n

— 581 — Opinion op the Court by Judge Nunn Affirming. It appears that appellee is the owner of about 100 acres of land near the city of Latonia, a fourth-class city, but not within its corporate limits; that it has constructed a race course and erected valuable buildings thereon, consisting of a clubhouse, paddocks, stables, etc., at a cost of many thousands of dollars; and that, in connection with its races and exhibitions, it is required to and does accommodate large concourses of people, who gather there to witness trials and tests of speed horses and to see other exhibitions held by it upon the grounds; that for the accommodation of those there assembled it sells refreshments and liquors under a license granted it by the State of Kentucky and by the federal government. On March 6, 1906, the city council of Latonia enacted an ordinance, the three material sections of which read as follows: ‘ ‘ Section 1. That it shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to sell vinous, spirituous or malt liquors or any kind of such liquors, within one-half mile of the corporate limits of the city of Latonia, Kentucky, provided, however, that this section shall not apply to any territory embraced within the corporate limits of the town of Central Covington, or any territory in Campbell county, Kentucky. “Section 2. That any person, firm or corporation who shall be guilty of violating any provision of section 1 of this ordinance, shall, upon conviction in the police court of said city, be fined in any sum not less than twenty dollars nor more than one hundred dollars, and the cost of prosecution, in the discretion of the court. — 582 — “Section 3. That it is made the duty of the chief of police and several policemen, of said city, to see that this ordinance is strictly enforced, and to immediately apprehend any and all persons who may be found violating the provisions of section 1 hereof and take them before the police judge of said city to be dealt with according to this ordinance.” Appellee further alleged that at the time the above ordinance was enacted the city of Latonia did license and permit the sale of such liquors within the corporate limits of the city, and that its grounds and many of its buildings are situated within one-half mile of the corporate limits of the city of Latonia; that appellant, on May 31, 1906, had arrested four employes of appellee engaged in selling liquors for appellee to those congregated upon its grounds, and had taken them before appellant Z. T. Carlton, police judge of the city of Latonia; that he had set their eases for trial on June 2, 1906; and that he would try the cases and enforce the ordinance. It was also alleged that the ordinance is contrary to the Constitution and laws of the State of Kentucky and is void, and that Z. T. Carlton, police judge o± the city of Latonia, has not the authority or right to hear, try, or determine the cases or the case of any person arrested, for violating the ordinance outside of the corporate limits of the city of .Latonia, and charged that, unless appellants were enjoined and restrained from further proceeding under the alleged ordinance to arrest and punish the employes of appellee, they will proceed thereto daily, or with more frequent arrests, trials, and convictions, to the great and irreparable injury and damage to appellee, which would not be susceptible of approximate ascertainment in money. It asked for a writ of prohibition — 583 — against the police judge and the other appellants, enjoining and restraining them from proceeding further in the enforcement of the alleged void ordinance. Appellants answered, to which appellee filed a reply. The real issue formed by the pleadings involves the validity of the ordinance passed by the city council and whether or not the police judge has the legal authority to enforce the ordinance by punishing those who violate it. It will be seen that the ordinance attempted to prohibit the sale of liquor within one-half mile of the corporate limits of the city of Latonia, excepting, however, from its provisions, a part of another municipality and a territory in Campbell county, and attempted to confer upon the police court of the city exclusive jurisdiction to try persons arrested for the violation of the ordinance. If this ordinance is valid, and the police judge of the city of Latonia has jurisdiction to try persons violating it, this court cannot interfere to restrain or prohibit the enforcement of it. The third Constitution of Kentucky, the one in existence when the present Constitution was adopted, contained this provision: “The General Assembly may vest judicial powers, for police purposes, in mayors of ■ cities, police judges, and trustees of towns.” It will be seen by this provision that there was no limitation on their jurisdiction. It was left to the General Assembly, without any limitation, to fix the jurisdiction of officials named. Nor did the third Constitution place any limitation upon the General Assembly to prevent it from passing special acts. It then had, as now, power to pass any law not prohibited by the Constitution. The General Assembly, under the third Constitution, by special acts, had given police judges in some cities greater juris — 584 — diction than had been given justices of the peace. Their jurisdiction was not the samé throughout the State, and some of them were not limited by the boundary of the city. Under' these circumstances, and to correct the inequalities and errors mentioned, section 143 of the Constitution was adopted. It pro • vides: “A police court may be established in each city and town in this State, with jurisdiction in cases of violation of municipal ordinances and by-laws occurring within the corporate limits of the city or town in which it is established, and such criminal jurisdiction within the said limits as justices of the peace have.” This section confers jurisdiction upon police courts of cities and towns in eases of violation of ordinances occurring within the corporate limits of the cities or towns. The ordinance in question deals exclusively with offenses committed outside of the corporate limits of'Latonia, and is based on subsection 27 of section 3490 of the Kentucky Statutes of 1903. It appears that the city.licenses the sale of liquors within the limits of the city, and that liquors are sold within a mile of the limits of the city by others than appellee. Appellee claims that the ordinance is void because it (appellee) is discriminated against by so drafting it as to include its property within the prohibited territory and excluding favored ones engaged in a like business'. In view of the conclusion we have reached with reference to the validity of the ordinance and statute upon which it is based, we deem it unnecessary to pass upon this question. Section 143 of the Constitution has been construed by this court in the case of Ingram v. Fuson, 118 Ky. 882, 26 Ky. Law Rep. 863, 82 S. W. 606. It was there held that the G-eneral Assembly had no power, under this sec — 585 — tion of the Constitution, to confer jurisdiction upon police courts to try offenses committed outside of the city or town limits. Appellants contend that the General Assembly has the right to make one boundary of a city for taxation and other general purposes and another boundary for police purposes, and that this is what the General Assembly did by the enactment of subsection 27 of section 3490, and refers to the case of Falmouth v. Watson, 5 Bush, 660, to sustain the propositon. To this we cannot agree. Section 143 of the Constitution recognizes but one boundary of a city or town, and the jurisdiction of police courts is expressly confined within that boundary. The section deals exclusively with the jurisdiction of police courts in regard to police regulations, and will not permit of another boundary for that purpose. The opinion in the case referred to was delivered in 1869, long before the present Constitution was adopted. At that time the General Assembly was not limited or prohibited from passing such special laws, and the opinion was right under the then existing laws. In our opinion it was the enactment of this class of special legislation that caused the incorporation in the present Constitution of sections 59, against legislation, and 143, limiting the power of .the General Assembly in conferring-jurisdiction upon police courts of cities and towns. It is claimed that this construction of section 143 is unfortunate, and it ought to. be construed so that •a separate boundary might be fixed for police purposes; otherwise around the city limits proper all sorts of crimes will be committed, which will annoy the people residing therein, and they should be permitted to protect themselves in the way provided in the statute referred to. This may be true; but with — 586 — that we have nothing to do. Our duty is to see that the Constitution is not violated, and to construe and enforce it as it is written, and we should not "bend it to suit what might happen to be the circumstances of the hour. Chief Justice Bronson, in an opinion in the case of Oakley v. Aspinwall, 3 N. Y. 547, 568, expressed in admirable words the respect the judicial and legislative departments of government should have for the Constitution, as follows: “It is highly probable that inconveniences will result from following the Constitution as it is written; but that consideration can have no force with me. It is not for us, but for those, who made the instrument, to supply its defects. If the Legislature or the courts may take that office upon themselves, or if, under color of construction, or upon any other specious ground, they may depart from that which is plainly declared, the people may well despair of ever being able to set any boundary to the powers of the government. "Written constitutions will be more than useless. Believing, as I do, that the success of free institutions depends upon a rigid adherence to the fundamental law, I have never yielded to considerations of expediency in expounding it. There is always some plausible reason for latitudinarian constructions which are resorted to for the purpose of acquiring power; some evil to be avoided or some good to be attained by pushing the power of the government beyond their legitimate boundary. It is by yielding to such influences that Constitutions are gradually undermined and finally overthrown. My rule has ever been to follow the fundamental law as it is written, regardless of consequences. If the law does not work well, the people can amend it; and inconveniences can be borne long enough to await that — 587 — process. But, if the Legislature or the courts undertake to cure defects by forced and unnatural constructions, they inflict a wound upon the Constitution which nothing can heal. One step taken by the Legislature or the judiciary, in enlarging the powers of the government, opens the door for another, which will be sure to follow; and so the process goes on until all respect for the fundamental law is lost, ami. the powers of the government are just what those in authority please to call them.” Notwithstanding the construction this court has given section 143 of the Constitution, the people of cities and towns will not be without police protection, and subjected to the annoyance of those who commit nuisances without the limits thereof. By an inspection of the present Constitution it will be observed that the General Assembly is not prohibited from giving police officers of cities and towns authority to make arrest and police territory beyond the limits thereof; and it has given them such authority under section 3495 of the statutes, and this court has construed that section, or one like it, and declared it legal, in the cases of Heather v. Thompson, 78 S. W. 194, 25 Ky. Law Rep. 1554, and Riley v. Grace, 33 S. W. 207, 17 Ky. Law Rep. 1008. Under these authorities the police of cities and towns are not confined in their duties to the boundary of the cities and towns. They, as well as constables, and sheriffs, can arrest persons guilty of offenses and take them before justices of the peace or county judges for their 'trial and punishment, or they can be brought to jnstice by information filed or indictment and tried in the circuit court. If appellee is committing the offense indicated, let the officials and citizens of the city seé to it that it is prosecuted and punished as indicated, — 588 — and in that way relieve themselves from the annoyance complained of. It is better to do this than- to bend the Constitution to suit their conveniences and desires. In our opinion the court did not err in granting to appellee the relief sought; hfence the judgment0 is affirmed.