Third Nat. Bank v. Tierney

'Opinion op the Court by Judge Carroll Affirming. The only question involved in this record is whether or not the appellee is liable upon a promissory note executed and delivered by her to the appellant bank on January 22, 1903, whereby she promised to pay to it the sum of $3,400. It appears that Thomas Gr. Tierney, the husband of appellee, borrowed from the appellant in 1900 $4,000 for the purpose of paying part of the purchase price of 80 shares of stock subscribed for by him in the Tiemey-Silbery Company. For this sum he gave his two individual notes ,signed by him alone, for $2,000 each, secured by the stock which he — 840 — pledged as collateral. These two notes were renewed by him from time to time until February, 1902, when $500 was paid; thus reducing the debt to $3,500. Under the terms of the last renewal, one of these notes was made to fall due on March 4, 1902, and the other on June 10, 1902. Some time after the execution of the last-mentioned notes, the bank notified Tierney that, when they fell due in March and June, respectively, they must be paid or additional security given. After this, and before the notes became due, Tierney notified the bank that it was not convenient for him to get security, and he suggested that his wife, the appellee, was solvent, and proposed that the bank lend her $3,500 on her individual note, and that he would pledge the 80 shares of stock to secure her note, and with this money, Mrs. Tierney would pay oft his indebtedness of $3,500. This proposition was accepted by the bank, and on February 14,1902, Tierney brought to the bank a note signed by his wife for $3,500, and also checks drawn by her upon the bank for the proceeds of the note, when it should be placed to her credit. The note and checks were delivered to the bank, the note discounted and the proceeds, less the discount, placed to the credit of Mrs. Tierney on the books of the bank. Thereupon the checks she had drawn on her account payable to the bank were applied to the payment of the notes of Tierney, and they were delivered to him. At this time the two notes executed by Tierney had not matured, and the evidence shows that Tierney was then solvent, and remained so until after the maturity of the notes. It also appears that the 80 shares of stock pledged to secure the note were worth more than the amount of it, although soon after this the stock decreased in value and was sold for $1,475, and Tierney became in — 841 — solvent, and, further, that the note executed by Mrs. Tierney was several times renewed by her, and that she paid $100 on it.' In the consideration of this case, it must be kept in mind, first, that the note sued on was executed by Mrs. Tierney to the bank to take up and discharge the notes executed by her husband and held by the bank; second, that she received no part of the proceeds of the notes executed by her husband or the note executed by herself; third, that no part of her estate was set apart as provided in section 2127 of the Kentucky Statutes of 1903 to secure the payment of the indebtedness of her husband to the bank; fourth, that the bank knew that appellee was the wife of T. J. Tierney, and that her note was to be used to take up and discharge his indebtedness to the bank; fifth, that the 80 shares of stock pledged to secure his notes were also pledged as collateral to the note of Mrs. Tierney. There is little, if any, conflict in the evidence, so that the question narrows down to the single proposition whether or not Mrs. Tierney under the facts stated is personally liable upon this note. It is argued for appellant that under the statute a married woman has the right to borrow money from a bank by discounting her own note, and may do as she pleases with the money thus borrowed, and may borrow money to pay her husband’s debts, and the fact that she borrows money for that purpose does not invalidate the contract or note upon which she obtains the money, and, further, that the lender is not chargeable with notice of the purpose to which th’e wife may put the money or required to look to an investment of it for her use and benefit. In the correctness of these propositions as general statements of the law we agree; but they are subject to important exceptions that will be later noticed. The statute was not de — 842 — signed to prevent a married woman from borrowing money or to deny ber the right to discharge her husband’s debts or to do with her money as she pleases; nor are the rights of the lender affected or prejudiced by the disposition made by the wife of the money borrowed upon her note, provided the transaction is not a subterfuge or device to evade the statute or a scheme to procure the obligation of the wife as surety for her husband or another. A married woman under the statute may make contracts, sell and dispose of her personal property, sue and be sued as a single woman, and is liable for her debts, except that under section 2127 “no part of a married woman’s estate shall be subjected to the payment or satisfaction of any liability upon a contract made after marriage to answer for the debt, default or misdoing of another, including her husband, unless such estate shall have been set apart for that purpose by deed of mortgage or other conveyance.”. In all respects, with the exceptions pointed out in the statute, a married woman, in so far as her property rights are concerned, stands in the same position as if she were a single woman. The limitations imposed upon her by the statute are intended to protect her interest and to prevent her from becoming involved as the surety of her husband or any other person, unless the obligation is assumed in the manner pointed out in the statute by which married women may pledge their property, and bind it as security for the payment of debts assumed as surety. In no other way than the one provided by statute can a married woman’s estate be subjected to the payment of debts contracted as surety. This statute has been before this court in a number of cases, and in all of them we have endeavored to gives it such a construction as — 843 — would effectuate the legislative intent which was to preserve the estates of married women from being wasted or impaired by the assumption of debts created for the use and benefit of other persons and from which they might derive no benefit. On more than one occasion ingenious efforts have been made to evade-the statute, but they have failed of their purpose. And, whenever it has appeared that an effort was being made to subject the estate of a married woman to the payment of another’s debts, unless her estate was set apart for that purpose in the manner provided in the statute, we have uniformly held that it could not be done. The question of the honesty of the transaction, or the object for which the debt was made, or the hardship the creditor must suffer, has never been permitted to alter our decision not to impair the efficiency of the statute, or permitted inroads to be made upon its useful purpose. The fact that the husband is released by the note of the wife taken in satisfaction of his debt, or the fact that the husband was solvent when the novation took place and the lender might have collected from him his debt, although afterwards and when the wife interposes the statutory plea to relieve her he may be insolvent, will not be allowed to defeat the intention of the law. Nor will the court be misled by the superficial appearance of the transaction. It will look beneath the surface to ascertain the real purpose of the parties. The controlling feature in this case, and the one by which, it must be adjudged, is that Mrs. Tierney by executing her note to the bank took up and discharged a note it held against her husband alone, and when the bank knew that the liability she assumed was her husband’s debt. No question of estoppel or release or fraud or agency or insolvency or other thing can — 844 — destroy the efficiency of this dominating fact to relieve her from liability in this case. Indeed, no fraud is shown nor is there evidence of agency or estoppel that will bind her. Cases sufficiently like the one under consideration to control its adjudication have been before us more than once. Thus in Russell v. Rice, 44 S. W. 110, 19 Ky. Law Rep. 1613, a married woman who was co-surety with another for her husband executed to the co-surety her note for half the amount he had paid in consideration of his releasing her husband, but it was held that the note was not binding upon her, although by reason of it her husband had been discharged from liability. In Crumbaugh v. Postell, 49 S. W. 334, 20 Ky. Law Rep. 1366, Posted held the notes of the husband with one William as surety. The latter desiring to be released, the husband proposed to Posted to give him his wife’s note in lieu of the ones upon which Williams was surety, and, upon Posted consenting to this arrangement, the husband obtained his wife’s notes and delivered them to him, whereupon he surrendered the old notes to the husband. It appeared that Posted had no conference or communication with the wife, and she made no representations to him. Under these facts the court held that the wife was not liable as the notes were executed to discharge her husband’s debts. In Deposit Bank of Carlisle v. Stitt, 107 Ky. 49, 21 Ky. Law Rep. 671, 52 S. W. 950, Mrs. Stitt desired to borrow from the bank for the use of her husband $150. The bank held an unpaid note of her husband for $125, and in consideration of her assumption of this debt by the execution of her note in lieu thereof, the bank advanced to her the $150. In opposition to her defense in a suit to recover the $125 the bank insisted that the release of the husband — 845 — was a sufficient consideration to uphold her promise to the bank, as it had delivered to her the note against her husband; and that her engagement to pay the debt was an original undertaking of her own and not a contract to answer for the debt, default, or misdoing of another. But the court held she was not liable. In Milburn v. Jackson, 52 S. W. 949, 21 Ky. Law Rep. 700, under a state of facts similar to those in the Stitt Case, the court reached the same conclusion. As further illustrating the views of this court upon the construction of this statute, we may call attention to the cases of the Planters’ Bank & Trust Co. v. Major, 76 S. W. 331, 25 Ky. Law Rep. 702; Hines v. Hays, 82 S. W. 1007, 26 Ky. Law Rep. 967; Hall v.Hall, 118 Ky. 656, 26 Ky. Law Rep. 553, 82 S. W. 269; Black v. McCarley’s Ex’r, 126 Ky. 825, 104 S. W. 987, 31 Ky. L. R. 1198; Hart v. Bank of Russellville, 127 Ky. 424, 105 S. W. 934, 32 Ky. L. R. 338. An attempt is made to bring this ease within the rule announced in Tompkins v. Triplett, 110 Ky. 824, 23 Ky. L. R. 305, 62 S. W. 1021, 96 Am. St. Rep. 472, and Deering v. Veal, 78 S. W. 886, 25 Ky. Law Rep. 1809, but it is easily distinguishable from both of those cases. In the Triplett Case the husband of Mrs. Triplett applied to Tompkins to loan him money, which he refused to do, but told him he would lend it to his wife, whereupon Triplett procured his wife’s signature to the note and delivered it to - Tompkins, and the court held that Mrs. Triplett had constituted her husband as agent to deliver the note and receive the money, and that she was bound by the -representations he made as her agent. The wife did not in any sense become the surety of her husband, nor was her note or the proceeds thereof used to take up any note that Tompkins held agianst her husband. The lending of the money to Mrs. Triplett was an original trans — 846 — action. It was treated by tbe court as if sbe. had herself applied to Tompkins for tbe loan and executed to bim ber note and obtained tbe money thereon. In tbe Peering Case, under facts very similar to tbe Triplett Case, tbe court followed it. There is no conflict whatever between tbe principles herein announced and those laid down in tbe Triplett and Deering Cases. There could not well be any, because tbe essential facts that are decisive points in tbe cases are radically different. If the appellant banks, as an original transaction, bad loaned to Mrs. Tierney $3,500 upon ber application therefor, in person or by agent duly authorized, sbe could not as against tbe bank interpose tbe defense that tbe money obtained bad been applied to tbe payment of ber husband’s debts due to other persons or tbe defense that ber husband bad taken tbe money from ber and appropriated it to his own use, or tbe defense that sbe did not receive tbe use or benefit of tbe money. But this is not tbe state of facts we are dealing'with. Here tbe money obtained by tbe wife on ber note from tbe creditor of tbe bus-band was applied by tbe creditor to discharge the husband’s debt. So far as tbe legal effect of tbe transaction upon tbe wife is concerned, it was precisely tbe same as if sbe bad signed ber name as surety for ber husband upon a note executed by bim to tbe bank. If tbe bank could bold her liable upon ber note, accepted by it for tbe purpose of discharging a debt due it by ber husband, we are unable to perceive why it could not bold ber liable if sbe bad signed ber husband’s note as .surety for the same debt. If tbe statute can in this way be evaded, it might as well not have been enacted, as it is plain that it would not accomplish tbe purpose for which it was intended. If tbe argument made by counsel for appellant were — 847 — sound, then the creditor of the insolvent husband could secure his debt by taking in its place the obligation of the' wife and thereby bind her estate, although, if the husband executed with his wife as surety his obligation to pay the debt or demand, she would not be liable thereon. When the creditor of the husband takes in satisfaction of his debt the obligation of the wife, the wife is in effect becoming the surety of the husband, and the créditor accepts her note with the intention of looking to- her for its payment. The fact that it is the creditor of the husband that advances the money to the wife to pay to him her husband’s debt, or that he accepts the obligation of the wife in discharge of the debt of her husband, or takes her as surety for her husband to better secure a loan made to him, is the essential thing that places his relation-to the transaction in a different attitude from that of the person, who, as an original business proposition, lends the wife money to do with as she pleases, and who derives no benefit or advantage except such as grows out of the interest or profit he may secure from the loan of the money. "When the wife executes her note to take up the debt of her husband or borrows from the creditor of the husband on her own obligation the money and hands it to him to pay her husband’s debt, she is in the meaning of the statute assuming the debt of another, the same as if her name was signed as surety to a writing promising to pay the debt. The form of the transaction will not be allowed to defeat the statute, when the substance is an evident attempt to evade it. This rule will not impair or interfere with the power of a married woman to borrow money or contract indebtedness in the ordinary course of business, or charge the person from whom she obtains it with notice of the use — 848 — to which it is put, unless he be the husband’s creditor and the money is borrowed from him to pay the husband ’s debt. Wherefore the judgment of the lower court is affirmed.