Ches. & Ohio Ry. Co. v. Maysville Brick Co.

Opinion of the Court by Wm. Bogers Clay, Commissioner Beversing. Plaintiff, Maysville Brick Company, and defendant, Chesapeake & Ohio Bailway Company, through its agent at Maysville, Ky., entered into a contract for the shipment of a number of car loads of bricks — 646 — from. Maysville to Frankfort, Ky., at the, rate of 4 cents per 100 pounds. Plaintiff thereupon shipped. 48 car loads of bricks to consignees at Frankfort. According to the arrangement between the plaintiff' and the parties to whom the bricks were shipped, the latter were to pay the freight charges and deduct the same from the amount of plaintiff’s bill. Upon the delivery of the cars at Frankfort, a rate of 7 cents per 100 pounds, instead of 4 cents, was collected from plaintiff’s consignees. Thereafter plaintiff instituted this action to recover the difference, between the 4-cent rate and the 7-cent rate on the shipment in question. The defendants first filed an answer to which a demurrer was sustained. Subsequently it filed an amended answer containing three, paragraphs. A demurrer was sustained to each of these paragraphs, and, defendant declining to plead further, judgment was rendered in favor of plaintiff' for $938.50. From that judgment this appeal is. prosecuted. The only question involved is the propriety of the-.court’s action, in sustaining a demurrer to each paragraph of the amended answer. The first paragraph, contained a plea to the effect that the contract by which a 4-cent rate was agreed upon between plaintiff' and defendant was contrary to the provisions of the, interstate commerce act, and' illegal, null, and. void. As the shipmént in question was from a point within, the state of Kentucky'to another point in the same-, state, it is manifest that the interstate commerce act: does not apply. The demurrer to the first paragraph, of defendant’s answer was therefore properly sustained. The real question in this case is whether or not the647 second paragraph of the amended answer presents ■a defense. That paragraph is as follows: “Defendant, further answering and reiterating all the allegations and denials contained in the first paragraph, and making them a part hereof as. if fully incorporated herein, states that on the........ day of June, 1907, and at all the times mentioned in plaintiff’s petition, the regular prescribed rate of car load shipments of brick from Maysville, Ky., to Frankfort, Ky., over its line of railway, was 7 cents per 100 pounds. It states that said rate of 7 cents is the regular tariff rate duly published and on file in the defendant’s office in the •city of Maysville, Ky., and open to plaintiff’s inspection ; that said rate was the rate exacted and collected by defendant of other persons during the times mentioned in plaintiff’s petition for a like and contemporaneous service and transportation of a like kind of traffic. It states that the said 7 cents was the rate collected by the defendant from plaintiff’s consignees ait Fankfort, Ky. It states that the contract set out in plaintiff’s petition and herein relied upon was entered into by defendant’s agent, W. W. Wykoff, under a mistake as to what was the correct rate between Maysville, Ky., and Frankfort, Ky., upon •defendant’s line of railway; that the quoting of said rate of 4 cents was unauthorized by defendant; and that same was illegal, null, and void. It states that under and by virtue of. section 214 of the Constitution. of Kentucky, and section S17 of the Kentucky Statutes, this defendant, its agents, and servants are prohibited from charging, demanding, collecting, or receiving from any person a less rate than it charges, collects, demands, or receives from any other person for performing a like and contemporaneous serv — 648 — ice in the carriage of a like kind of traffic. It states that, during all the times mentioned in plaintiff’s, petition, the defendant, its agents and servants, charged, collected, demanded, and received of all other persons a rate of 7 cents per 100 pounds for transportation of a like kind of traffic for the same distance. The defendant states that the contract set. out in plaintiff’s petition and the rate of 4 cents therein referred to are each of them illegal, null and. void under and by virtue of the foregoing provisions of the Kentucky Constitution and the Statutes of Kentucky, and the plaintiff is not entitled to -rely thereon or to recover damages for a breach thereof. Wherefore defendant pleads and relies upon the above facts in bar of plaintiff’s right to rely upon said alleged contract, or to prosecute this action- for a breach thereof, or to set up or claim any damages therefor.” Section 214 of the Constitution of Kentucky, referred to in the above paragraph of defendant’s answer, is as follows: “No railway, transfer,, belt- line or railway bridge company shall make any exclusive or preferential contract of arrangement with any individual, association or corporation, for the receipt transfer, delivery, transportation, handling, care or custody of any freight, or for the conduct of any business as a common carrier.” Section 817, Ky. St. (Russell’s St. section 5354), is as follows: “If any corporation engaged in operating a railroad in this state shall, directly or indirectly, by any special rate, rebate, drawback or other device, charge,, demand, collect or receive from any person a greater or less compensation for any service rendered in the transportation of passengers or property than it. charges, demands, collects, or receives from any — 649 — other person for doing for him a like and contemporaneous service in the transportation of a like kind of traffic, it shall be deemed guilty of unjust discrimination. ’ ’ In this connection it is well to consider the decisions of the courts construing the interstate commerce act. By section 6 of -that act a carrier is prohibited from deviating from its published tariff rate. A similar, prohibition is contained in section 2 of the act, the latter section being identical in the language with section 817, Ky. St. Under the provisions of this act, it is held that when a carrier contracts for a less rate than its regular tariff rate, and subsequently charges its regular rate, the shipper has no cause of action for breach of contract. This question is fully discussed in the case of Savannah, etc., Ry. Co. v. Bundick, 94 Ga. 775, 21 S. E. 995, wherein the court said: “This was an interstate shipment, and therefore must be governed by the provisions of the interstate commerce act. That (act prohibits not only contracting for, but also collecting, a less rate of freight on such shipments than that specified in the schedule of rates in force at the time, and the act requires that such schedule shall be printed, and kept in every station for inspection and use bv the public. It appeared unmistakably in this case that the railway company had fully complied with the law in reference to providing and keeping the schedule. One of the main purposes of the act in question is to prevent carriers subject to its provisions from making discriminations either for or against any of its customers, and to compel such carriers to observe uniformity and equality in their dealings with all shippers Therefore it was lawful for the company to — 650 — make in Bundick’s favor a rate of freight less than that which, under the schedule, it was required to charge every customer. It makes no difference whether Bundick was or was not ignorant that the rate named to him was an unlawful one. Under no circumstances would he be entitled to the benefit of a rate which was denied to other customers. To so hold would be in the very teeth of the statute, and would utterly defeat its purpose to prevent such discrimination. Such advantage as he could gain under the terms of the statute, and no more, would be the precise measure of Bundick’s rights under any contract of shipment he might make with the carrier. Besides, he might easily have informed himself upon this point by merely inspecting the schedule which the law required to be kept, and to which, as the evidence discloses, he had ready access. If the company’s agent at the shipping point had willfully deceived him, and thus have fraudulently induced him to make a shipment which he would otherwise not have made, and to his damage, we are not prepared to say he would not have a cause of action of some kind against the company to redress the tort; but we are quite certain, under the facts of this case, he had no right to rely on and enforce- the illegal contract, which, at best, resulted alone from innocent mistake. Nor has he any right to an action of any kind against the company to maintain which he must necessarily invoke the illegal contract in question. ‘ The general rule of law is that a contract made in.violation of a statute is void, and that, when a plaintiff cannot establish his cause of action without relying upon an illegal contract, he cannot recover.’ Hancock v. — 651 — Railroad Co., 145 U. S. 416, 12 Sup. Ct. 969, 36 L. Ed. 755, and authorities there cited.” But it is insisted that plaintiff should be permitted to recover because it was ignorant of the fact that it was receiving a perferential rate. In support of this position, we are cited to the case of Mobile & Ohio Ry. Co. v. Dismukes, 94 Ala. 131, 10 South. 289, 17 L. R. A. 113, wherein the doctrine is laid down as contended for by plaintiff. In the subsequent case, however, of Southern Ry. Co. v. Harrison, 119 Ala. 539, 24 South. 552, 43 L. R. A. 385, 72 Am. St. Rep. 936, the Supreme Court of Alabama, in view of the interpretation placed upon the interstate commerce act by the Supreme Court of the United States, followed the doctrine laid down by the latter court, and announced the fact that the rule ennunciated in the Dismukes Case could, no longer be followed. The Alabama court said: “In Gulf, etc., Railroad Co. v. Hefley, 158 U. S. 98, 15 Sup. Ct. 802, 39 L. Ed. 910, the plaintiff sued to recover damages for the refusal by the carrier to deliver goods consigned to him, after tender of payment of the stipulated charges named in the bill of lading. The goods, a lot of furniture, had been received by the carrier at St. Louis, Mo., for transportation to Cameron, Tex., at a stipulated rate, specified in the bill of lading, of 69 cents per 160 pounds, the charge amounting to $82.80, whereas the published schedule rate in force at the time was 84 cents, and the charges should have been $100.80, and the plaintiff in this ease, was ignorant of the fact that the rate obtained was less than the schedule rate. It was held in an opinion by Brewer, J., that the plaintiff was not entitled to recover. It is true that the only question discussed in the opinion was — 652 — whether or not the interstate act superseded the Texas statute, which prohibited a common carrier from charging or collecting from the owner or consignee of freight a greater sum than that specified in the bill of lading, and this question was decided in the affirmative. * * * But this was not the only effect of the decision, and it is by its effect on the rights of the parties to such a contract, by whatever process of reasoning the decision may be reached that the state courts are bound. The clear effect of the decision was to declare that one who has obtained from a common carrier transportation of goods from one state to another at a rate specified in the bill of lading, less than the published schedule rates filed with and approved by the Interstate Commerce Commission, and in force at the time, whether or not he knew that the rate obtained was less than the schedule rate, is not entitled to recover the goods, or damages for their detention, upon the tender of payment of the amount of charges named in the bill of lading, or of any sum less than the schedule charges. In other words that, whatever may be the rate agreed upon, the carrier’s lien on the goods is, by force of the act of Congress, for. the amount fixed by the published schedule of rates and charges, and this lien cannot be discharged, and the consignee can become entitled to the goods, only by the payment, or tender of payment, of such amount. Such is now the supreme law, and by it this and the courts of all other states are bound, and for this reason our ruling in the Dismukes Case can no longer be followed.” Subsequently the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of Texas & Pacific Ry. Co. v. Mugg, 202 U. S. 242, 20 Sup. Ct. 628, 50 L. Ed. 1011, held that one obtaining from a — 653 — common carrier transportation of goods from one state to another at a rate specified in the bill of lading less than the schedule rates published and approved and in force at the time, whether he does or does not know the rate is less than schedule rate, is not entitled to recover the goods, or damages for their detention, upon tendering payment of the amount specified in the bill of lading, or of any sum less than the published charges. The court further cited with approval the above language of Chief Justice Brickell in Southern Ry. Co. v. Harrison, supra, and announced that it aptly reviewed and declared the effect of the decision in Railroad Co. v. Hefley, 158 U. S. 98, 15 Sup. Ct. 802, 39 L. Ed. 910. In the case of Scofield v. Railway Co., 43 Ohio St. 571, 3 N. E. 907, 54 Am. Rep. 846, the court held that a contract unlawfully discriminating in favor of a large shipper to the prejudice of other shippers of like freights under the same circumstances, is contrary to public policy, and therefore void. And in the case of Indianapolis, D. & S. R. Co. v. Ervin and Others, 118 Ill. 250, 8 N. E. 862, 59 Am. Rep. 369, it was held that a contract by a railway company with a shipper, by which he is to ship his grain at the regular rates paid by all shippers, and then receive a special rebate, extended to no other shipper, or to but one other shipper, is contrary to sections 2 and 3 of the Illinois act of 1873 (Laws 1873, p. 135) against extortion and unjust discrimination (2 Starr & C. Ann. St. 1896, c. 114, pars. 167, 168), and is void. By section 214 of the Constitution, a preferential contract for the transportation of freight is prohibited. By section 817 of the Kentucky Statutes, the transportation company giving such a prefer — 654 — ential rate is declared to be guilty of unjust discriniination. By the above provision of the Constitution and of the statutes of Kentucky, the public policy of this state with reference to unjust discrimination in rates has been declared. Plaintiff admits by demurrer that by the contract which it made with defendant’s agent it obtains a rate lower than that which was charged other shippers for a like or contemporaneous service in the transportation of a like kind of traffic. It necessarily follows that the contract in question is contrary to the public policy of the state as declared in its Constitution and statutes, and is therefore illegal and void. That being the case, it matters not whether the plaintiff knew or did not know that it was obtaining a preferential rate. This is not a case where, it is sought to punish the shipper for obtaining a preferential rate contrary to the statutes. In such a case, in order to show guilt, it may be necessary to show knowledge. It is simply a case where the shipper seeks to obtain damages for violation of a contract that is illegal and unenforceable. No right of action can be predicated on a contract that is contrary to public policy and void. Neustadt v. Hall, 58 Ill. 172; Jerome v. Bigelow, 66 Ill. 452, 16 Am. Rep. 597; Craft v. McConoughy, 79 Ill. 346, 22 Am. Rep. 171; Murphy v. Simpson, 14 B. Mon. 419; Vanmeter v. Spurrier, etc., 94 Ky. 22, 21 S. W. 337. While it may be true that this interpretation of the statute may work a hardship in this particular instance, it is also true that it is the only interpretation that will make the Constitution and the statutes effective. To hold otherwise would be to open the door to fraud and evasion. If the shipper, in ignorance of the rate charged other — 655 — shippers for a like service, could obtain a preferential rate, and then sue and recover the difference between that rate and the regular rate charged other shippers for a like service, there would be nothing to prevent the railroad from establishing a system of rebates by which the law could be utterly defeated. Manifestly the transportation company would be authorized to refund to the shipper that which the latter could sue for and recover. There can be no doubt of the wisdom of the provisions of our Constitution and statutes. Under the old system, where preferential rates were allowed, the success of business men depended, not upon industry, capacity, and attention to business, but upon whether or not they were among the favored class. To do away with this injustice and inequality the provisions of our Constitution and statutes were enacted. If adhered to and enforced they are a great protection to the citizens of our state. If interpreted so that they may be evaded and the purpose of their enactment utterly defeated, it were needless, indeed, to have enacted them. But it is insisted by counsel for appellee that the regular rate of 7 cents is composed of two local rates —one of 4 cents, from Maysville to Lexington, and one of 3 cents, from Lexington to Frankfort — and that the law permits the charging of a lower rate for through business. Even if that be true, however, it does not permit the giving to one shipper of a lower through rate than is charged other shippers for like service. It matters not how the rate may be arrived at. It must be the same for all persons obtaining a like and contemporaneous .service in the transportation of a like kind of traffic. The answer expressly states that 7 cents was the regular rate charged all — 656 — other persons for a like service. It matters not, then, whether the rate in question was a through rate, or was composed of two local- rates. The contract with plaintiff was an unjust discrimination. The third paragraph of defendant’s amended answer presents the defense that, before ’ plaintiff shipped the last three ear loads of bricks, defendant notified it of the mistake and informed it that the 7-cent rate would ap-ply; that, notwithstanding such knowledge; said three car loads were shipped by plaintiff, and were billed put at the 7-cent rate. Manifestly, if the contract for a 4-eent rate was valid, this paragraph would furnish no defense. Mere notice by a party to a contract, to the other party that he intends to violate the contract is certainly no defense to an action for damages on the contract which has been violated. Inasmuch, however, as the contract in question was invalid, it will not be necessary to further discuss this paragraph. Being of the opinion that the contract sued on is contrary to public policy and void, it therefore follows that the trial court erred in sustaining the demurrer to the second paragraph of defendant’s amended answer. The judgment is reversed, and cause remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.