Bonvillain v. Bodenheimer

Statement. MONROE, J. The petition in this case alleges that on January 5, 1898, the defendant, Bodenheimer, sold to the plaintiff, with warranty of title and with subrogation of warranty against the People’s Bank, “a certain sugar plantation known as ‘Coteau Plantation,’ in the parish of St. Mary,” declared in the act of sale to consist of certain described tracts of land, and that said plantation had upon the same day been acquired by the vendor from the People’s Bank, by means of an act of sale containing the same description; that in both of said acts certain of the lands intended to be conveyed are erroneously described as being in township 13 S., range 8 E., and the tract last mentioned therein is described as being in township 13 S., range 7 E., whereas all of said lands are in township 14 S., range 8 E., and township 14 S., range 7 E., and that, when said sales were made, the president of said bank exhibited a map showing them as thus located, the description as contained in said acts being a clerical error; that as soon as said acts were passed plaintiff took actual possession of said lands and cultivated said ijlahtation to the knowledge of the vendors; that said last-described tract, which contains 483 acres, is a cypress swamp near, but not contiguous, to the rest of said lands, and more valuable than they; that in the latter part of 1903 plaintiff discovered that defendants had never owned said tract, but that it had been patented by the United States to the state of Louisiana, and sold by the state to E. Bouny, for P. Cornay, and on November 21,1903, had been conveyed by the widow and heirs of Oornay to the Albert Hanson Lumber Company, Limited; that plaintiff notified his vendor and the People’s Bank of this discovery ; and that they, not being able to establish title in themselves or in him, are liable in solido as warrantors in the sum of $15,040.62, as the value (averaged upon the basis of the whole price paid by him) of said 483 acres, together with interest on said amount. To this petition Bodenheimer excepted on the ground that it discloses no right or cause of action, that the action is premature, that the allegations are vague, and that there is a misjoinder of parties, which exceptions were overruled. Reserving the benefit thereof, he then answered, admitting the sale to plaintiff of the lands described in the act sued on, alleging that he bought the same from the People’s Bank and that the title is good, and further alleging that he is informed that said title was examined by plaintiff’s attorney, and that if there is any error of description plaintiff was informed of the same and can claim nothing by reason thereof. He further alleges that he and his authors, and his vendee, have been in actual, open, peaceable possession, in good faith, under titles translative' of property, for more than 10 years, and he pleads the prescription of 10 years. And he further alleges that, if his right to insist upon such plea be lost, it is through the fault of the plaintiff, who, alleging his actual possession since the date of his purchase, acknowledges that he has no title. He denies that the land in question is to be valued as stated in the petition, calls his vendor in warranty, prays for judgment, etc. The bank filed exceptions similar to those filed by Bodenheimer, and, they being overruled, reserved its right and answers that it acquired the property, as described in the act sued on, at a sale made by the sheriff September 19, 1896, in the matter of People’s Bank v. Prevost, being a foreclosure proceeding on notes given by E. & A. Prevost to L. O. David, in part payment of the purchase infice of, and secured by mortgage and vendor’s lien on, said property, pursuant to an act of sale from said David to said Pre — 797 — vosts of date January 22, 1S94. It alleges possession in itself and its authors for more than 50 years, and in itself and its vendees (including the plaintiff, by his own admission) up to the date of the filing of the suit, unless such possession has been wrongfully surrendered by plaintiff, and it pleads the prescription of 10 years and other prescriptions. Further answering, the bank avers that, if there be any defect in plaintiff’s title, It was known to plaintiff, through his attorney and agent, before his purchase, and that he can now claim nothing by reason thereof, and that, if such defect exists, which is denied, the same arises from an error committed by the notary, which was known to the plaintiff and unknown to respondent, in describing the tract referred to in the petition, instead of describing another tract, which adjoins and forms part of the plantation sold to plaintiff, and which respondent is willing to transfer to plaintiff when plaintiff transfers to it title to and possession of the tract described in the petition. The bank then calls the Prevosts in warranty, and prays for judgment, etc. The Prevosts, after excepting and reserving their rights, allege that the bank, in acquiring from their vendor, David, and in suing on, the notes given by them, assumed David’s obligation as warrantor of the title to the property for the purchase price of which said notes were given, and, further answering, they adopt the answer of the defendants, in so far as the same may not be inconsistent with the special defense set up by them. After a trial on the merits there was judgment in the district court in favor of the plaintiff as prayed for, and against the warrantors, successively, and the parties so cast have appealed. Opinion. This is an action in warranty, to which the defendants opposed, in limine, exceptions of no right or cause of action, prematurity of action, vagueness of allegation, and misjoinder of parties. The two grounds of exception last mentioned are without merit, are not insisted upon, and need not be further considered. The exception of no right or cause of action, in so far as it is leveled, at plaintiff’s attempt, in one and the same suit, to correct what he alleges to be an error of description as to the land purchased by him, and to enforce the warranty upon the basis of the description as corrected, is also without merit. It can hardly be denied that, if the act of sale by which he acquired describes one tract of land when it was the intention of the parties that it should describe another, the intention may be shown, and the contract enforced in accordance therewith ; and nothing would be gained, save a multiplicity of litigation, which the law abhors, by requiring two suits, instead of one, for the accomplishment of that end. In so far as this exception is leveled at the attempt of the plaintiff to recover the price paid, in the absence of sufficient allegations as to disturbance of his possession, it may be considered in connection with the exception of prematurity of action; both exceptions resting upon practically the same basis, to wit, that a purchaser who has paid before the alleged disturbance of his possession has no standing in court to demand the restitution of the price until he has been actually evicted by judicial decree from the property purchased, or at least until suit has been brought to evict him. The Code of Practice treats the obligation of and the action in warranty as created and provided exclusively for the benefit of one who has been actually sued upon the claim warranted against. Thus: “Art. 378. The obligation which one contracts to defend another in some action which may be instituted against him is termed warranty. “Art. 379. Warranty may be of two kinds, real or personal. Real warranty is that which arises in real, or hypothecary, actions, as when — 799 — a purchaser is sued in eviction of an immovable property which has been sold to him. * • *” “Art. 388. The defendant, though he has not called his warrantor to defend the suit brought against him, does not lose, on that account, his action in warranty.” The Civil Code imposes upon the seller the obligation of warranting the buyer against the latter’s “eviction” of the thing sold, and defines “eviction” as' (article 2500): “The loss suffered by the buyer of the totality of the thing sold, or of a part thereof, occasioned by the right or claim of a third person.” This definition throws no light on the subject of the'manner in which the loss referred to may be inflicted or ascertained; and, turning to the dictionaries, we find: “Eviction. Dispossession, ejection, ouster. Originally it seems confined to dispossession by judgment of law. In more modern use,.it may embrace dispossession by paramount right, or claim of such right.” Abbott’s Law Dictionary. “Eviction. (1) Dispossession by judicial sentence; the recovery of lands and tenements from another’s possession by due course of law. (2) An involuntary loss of possession, or inability to get promised possession, by reason of the hostile assertion of an irresistible title.” Cent. Diet. “Eviction. The act or process of evicting, or state of being evicted; the recovery of lands, tenements, etc., from another’s possession by due course of law; dispossession by paramount title; ejectment; ouster.” Webster’s International Diet. Returning to the Civil Code, we find: “Art. 2506. When there is a promise of warranty, or, when no stipulation was made on that subject, if the buyer be evicted, he has the right to claim against the seller: 1. The restitution of the price. * ♦ *” And, as the question still remains, when is the buyer evicted? we turn to other provisions, as follows: “Art. 2557. If the buyer is disquieted in his possession, or has just reason to fear that he shall be disquieted, by an action of mortgage, or by another claim, he may suspend the payment of the price until the seller has restored him. to quiet possession, or caused the disturbance to cease, unless the seller prefer to give security. There is an exception to this rule, when the buyer has been informed, before the sale, of the danger of eviction. “Art. 2558. In the case mentioned in the preceding article, the seller who cannot receive the price, from being unable to give security, may compel the buyer to deposit the price, subject to the order of court, to await the decision of the suit." (Italics by the court.) These articles provide only for the case of a buyer who has not yet paid, and (when considered in connection with the provisions of the Code of Practice) suggest the idea that the disturbance referred to in article 2557 means the institution of a suit against him. The provision which follows, and which concerns the buyer who has paid, is more specific, to wit: “Art. 2560. If the purchaser has paid before the disturbance of his possession, he can neither demand a restitution of the price nor security, during the suit.” (Italics by the court.) This article was considered by our predecessors in this court in a case in which it appeared that the plaintiff had paid to the defendant the price of a lot of ground, and subsequently brought suit to rescind the sale and obtain restitution, on the ground that the lot did not, when sold, belong to the vendor, and it was said by Judge Rost: .“The plaintiff relies on article 2427 [now 2453] of the Civil Code, which ordains that the sale of a thing belonging to another is null, and has shown, from commentaries on a similar article of the Code Napoleon, that the purchaser who can prove that his vendor has sold him a thing belonging to another has the right to ask, the rescission of the contract, even before he is disturbed in his possession by the true owner. Such may be the law of France, but article 2427 of our Code must be reconciled with the provisions of article 2538 [now 2560] which are not found in the Code of France. These provisions are that the purchaser, who has paid the price, can neither demand a restitution of it, nor security even, during the pendency of the suit brought to evict him, and he cannot, a fortiori, do so before any disturbance has taken place. For the purpose of giving effect to this article, the right of the purchaser to have the sale rescinded, under article 2427, must be limited to those cases in which the price has not been paid.” Bonnabel v. First Municipality, 3 La. Ann. 699. In the case at bar the plaintiff alleges: “That on the 5th day of January, 1898, by an authentic act, * * * Philip Bodenheimer — 801 — * * * sold to your petitioner a plantation, known as ‘Coteau Plantation’; * * * that in said authentic act said plantation was declared to consist of certain tracts of laud, described in detail in the document marked ‘A,’ hereto annexed and made part hereof, the same being a copy of the descriptions of said tracts of land in said authentic acts. * * * He avers that on the same day, and for the same price, and by authentic act, * * * the said Bodenheimer acquired identically the same lands from the People’s Bank; * * * the description of said lands being the same in both the said acts. * * * Your petitioner avers that as soon as the said acts were passed he went into actual possession of said lands, cultivated said Coteau plantation, raising crops of sugar cane and com thereon, either personally or through tenants and other persons holding under him, all to the knowledge of said vendors. He avers that said last-described tract [being the tract here in question], which contains 483 acres, is a cypress swamp, near, but not contiguous to, the rest of said landsthat it is very valuable, and is worth more, per acre, than the average value per acre as resulting from' the price paid for all the lands described in said act of sale; that very lately, in the latter part of the year 1903, he discovered that his vendor, Philip Bodenheimer, and the said People’s Bank, never had any title to said last-described tract, * * * ' and that he acquired no title from them thereto; that he made diligent inquiry and research to discover a title thereto in said vendors, and therefore in himself; that he found, as is the fact, that said tract of swamp land nassed from the United States to the state of Louisiana, and from the latter to Emile Bouny, who acquired the same for Elorian Cornay, who has since died, and whose widow and heirs, on November 21, 1903, sold the same * * * to the Albert Hanson Lumber Company, Limited. * * * He avers that, as soon as he made this discovery, he announced the same to his said vendor, and to the president and other officers of the People’s Bank, * * * in order that they might make an effort to discover or establish a title in themselves, * * * and therefore in your petitioner; that said bank * * * renewed, though unsuccessfully, the effort to establish a title in themselves, which had passed to said Bodenheimer and your petitioner, but that said Bank, said Bodenheimer, and your petitioner never at any time had title to said 483 acres, said title being now in the said Albert Hanson Lumber Company, Limited, having passed to that corporation as herein already stated.” The learned counsel for the plaintiff and the learned judge a quo are of opinion that there is nothing in the foregoing which amounts to an allegation that the plaintiff ever went into actual possession of the tract concerning which this suit is brought; but, as that tract is mentioned in the petition, and is described in the document annexed thereto, just as the other lands are mentioned and described, and as the plaintiff alleges in specific language that “he went into actual possession of said lands,” referring to the lands so mentioned and described, of which the Coteau plantation purchased by him is said to consist, we are unable to follow the reasoning by which that conclusion is reached. Upon the other hand, there is no allegation that the plaintiff’s possession has ever been disturbed, save by the discovery of an adverse title, which he avers is superior to his own, but which, for aught that appears in the petition, has never been asserted by the holder; and there is no offer by the plaintiff to restore to the defendants the possession which he thus acknowledges to have been acquired by him under the title sued on. It may be conceded that the law cited is inapplicable to the case of an adjudicatee at a public sale, who, discovering the defect in his vendor’s title before complying with his bid, refuses to accept the same (Ponch. R. B. Co. v. Durel, 6 La. 484), and that it is inapplicable to the case of a buyer, who has paid the price, but whom the seller fails to put in possession of the property. In fact, the law by its terms applies only to buyers whose possession has been disturbed. It may also be conceded that the law in question is inapplicable to the case of a buyer in possession,, who by inheritance or otherwise acquires a title superior to that acquired from his vendor, since he could not be expected to bring suit against himself. Landry v. Gamet, 1 Rob. 362; Thomas et al. v. Clement et al., 11 Bob. 397; Boyer v. Amet, Wife, etc., 41 La. Ann. 721, 6 South. 734; Bobbins v. Martin, Jr., et al., 43 La. Ann. 488, 9 South. 108. It may further be conceded that it has been held in a few cases (as where such title appears to be vested in the government, and — 803 — the title of the possessor cannot be perfected by prescription) that the existence of an outstanding adverse title may sufficiently disquiet the possession of the buyer, who has not paid, to authorize the withholding of the price or the demand for security. Pepper et al. v. Dunlap, 9 Rob. 283; Hall v. Nevill, 3 La. Ann. 326; McDonold v. Vaughan, 14 La. Ann. 716; Robbins v. Martin, Jr., et al., 43 La. Ann. 489, 9 South. 108. But the case at bar does not fall within either of these classes, since, according to the allegations of his petition, the plaintiff accepted title and took actual possession of the property more than six years before the institution of this suit, has acquired no better title by inheritance or otherwise since then, has long ago paid the purchase price, and might have acquired, if he had not already acquired, a perfect title by prescription. He can, therefore, neither demand restitution of the price so paid, nor security, until he shall have been evicted by judicial proceedings, or at least until suit shall have been brought against him for that purpose. In Bessy v. Pintado, 3 La. 488 (a ease which arose under the Code of 1808), it was held that the refusal of the United States government to confirm a Spanish grant, upon which the plaintiff’s title rested, did not amount to an eviction, and the court (referring to the plaintiff, who was suing for a rescission of the sale and for damages) said: “At all events, while he remains in possession, he cannot be said to be evicted, and it is eviction, and not the right in others to evict, which can furnish ground to maintain this action.” In Hopkins v. Van Wickle, 2 La. Ann. 144, it was said: “As long as the purchaser, who has paid the price, is not finally evicted, the only right which the law gives him is that of calling his vendor in warranty, when the case occurs.” And this latter we understand to be the rule which results from construing article 2560, Civ. Code, with articles 378 et seq. of the Code of Practice — a rule which has frequently been applied. Thus, in Rightor v. Kohn et al., 16 La. 501, the plaintiff sued on notes given in part payment of the purchase price of a tract of land known as the “Houmas Grant,” and it was urged, by way of defense, that the United States government had actually sold a portion of the tract. This court said: “This we believe to be true, but it does not follow that those sales are necessarily legal, nor is it shown that the defendants have been disturbed by any of the purchasers. It has long been settled that a vendee cannot refuse payment of the price on the ground that other persons have titles to the land sold to him, but have not disturbed him.” In Rousseau et al. v. Tete, 6 Rob. 471, the defendant, being sued for the price of property adjudicated to him at a succession sale, set up the nullity of his title, as resulting from the fact that the interest of certain minors had not been legally disposed of, and prayed that the sale be rescinded, but the court said: “It is true that, in the case of Pontchartrain Railroad Company v. Durel, 6 La. 484, this court held that, when the vendor sells property at public auction without title to a portion of it, the vendee to whom the adjudication is made cannot be required to complete the sale and accept security, as the buyer is entitled to have all and every part of what he bought; but this decision was based on the ground that article 2535 [now 2557J of the Civil Code, which only authorizes the vendee, fearful of eviction to withhold the price until he receives security, applies to the buyer in possession, who has accepted the sale, and not to one who discovers, before he accepts a deed or possession, that the vendor has sold him what belongs to another. But where, as in this case, the purchaser has been in possession for more than two years, under a title which, however defective, he thought proper to accept, and under which he may never be disturbed, he has, in our opinion, no claim to a rescission, and can only ask to be protected or secured against a possible eviction at a future time.” And so, in the earlier ease of Wrinkle v. Tyler, 3 Mart. (N. S.) 112, the defendant, being sued for the price, set up failure of consideration by reason of adverse titles; but the court, through Martin, J., said: — 805 — “No suit has been commenced against him. We do not know that the person, in whom these adverse titles are vested will ever disturb him.” Other authorities, sustaining the propositions stated, as to buyers who have paid and those who have not paid, are as follows: Denis v. Clague’s Syndics, 7 Mart. (N. S.) 93; Murray v. Bacon, 7 Mart. (N. S.) 271; Kemp v. Kemp et al., 2 La. 240; Wallace & Co. v. Harty & Jones, 17 La. 25; Barton’s Ex’x v. Hempkin, 19 La. 510; McCulloch v. Weaver, 14 La. Ann. 33; Matta v. Henderson, 14 La. Ann. 473; Dupleix v. Deblieux, 26 La. Ann. 218; Bayley, Ex’r v. Denny, 26 La. Ann. 255 ; Williams et al. v. Fuller, 27 La. Ann. 634. It is said, by the counsel for the plaintiff, that upon the trial on the merits the defendants allowed it to be proved that the plaintiff did not take actual possession of the property in question. But we do not find this to have been the case. The defendants reserved their rights with respects to their exceptions, which had been tried and overruled, and we find no testimony in the record, purporting to have been offered by the plaintiff, to contradict his judicial admission upon the subject of his possession; nor, in fact, do we find any testimony which, whatever may have been the purpose for which it was offered, is successful in the accomplishment of that result. We therefore hold the plaintiff to his averment that he took actual possession of the property more than six years before he filed this suit, and we conclude that, if he has since been dispossessed, the dispossession was voluntary, and was not the involuntary dispossession to which the lexicographer refers when, in defining “eviction,” he says: “(2) An involuntary loss of possession, or inability to get a promised possession, by reason of the hostile assertion of an irresistible title.” For these reasons we are of opinion that the exceptions now under consideration should have been maintained, and the suit dismissed. In conclusion, we think it proper to say that, whilst the view which we take hardly demanded an examination of the testimony adduced upon the merits, we have, nevertheless, made such examination with care, and are thereby enabled to concur with the judge a quo that the relation of the leading counsel for the plaintiff to this litigation, and to the transactions out of which it has arisen, is not, in our opinion, open to criticism, whether from a moral or an ethical point of view; his course in the matter having been entirely fair to all parties concerned. For the reasons thus assigned, it is ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the judgment appealed from be annulled, avoided, and reversed. It is further adjudged and decreed that the exceptions of no right or cause of action disclosed, and of prematurity of action, filed on behalf of defendants, be now maintained, and that this suit be accordingly dismissed, at the cost of plaintiff in both courts.