Succession of McCloskey

The opinion of the court was delivered by Spencer, J. The decedent, Hugh McOloskey, and “Mistress Alice B. Grant,” before their marriage, entered into a marriage contract before William J. Castell, Esq., notary public, of which the following is one of the stipulations: “Fourth — In consideration of the marriage, and of the love and affection which the said future husband bears to his said future wife, he does by these presents donate to his said intended wife the sum of $10,000 [238] (ten thousand dollars), in the event that she shoidd survive him, said sum to be taken from the mass of his succession.” They were married and she survived him. Is the ten thorrsand dollars a debt of the succession, or is it a legacy ? The executors say it is a legacy. The opponent says it is a debt of the succession.' The executors contend that this is a donation of future property by marriage contract, and that it is, therefore, testamentary in its character, and to bo paid as a legacy and concurrently with other legacies. The opponent contends that it is a donation -Inter vivos of present property, suspended by a condition, and that the condition, to wit: survivorship of donor, having happened, it is a debt of the estate and bears interest from donor’s death. The rules of our Code governing this case are to be found in the general provisions relative to “donations inter vivos,” and more especially in chapters YIII. and IN. of Title II., Rook III., of the Civil Code, entitled, respectively, “Of donations made by marriage contract to the husband or wife and to the children to be born of the marriage,” and “Of donations between married persons, either by marriage contract or during the marriage.” Wo agree with the counsel for the executors that the disposition in question is a “ donation of property in future.” It is a donation of a “ sum to be taken from the mass of his succession,” so that the donee lias no right which she could enforce during the life of the donor, and a right dependent upon his death and upon his succession. If ho died without property, at the time of his death, there was no recourse for her. But because the donation is “ of future property,” it does not follow that the donation is testamentary — that it is a legacy. Donations by marriage contract are not classed by the Code under the title of testaments. They are not subject to the forms prescribed for any kind of testament, but simply required to be passed before a notary and two witnesses, like other donations, O. C. C., 2308. Article 1738, O. C. C., declares that, “ A donation of property in future * * * made between married persons by marriage contract, * ® ® shall bo subject to the rules established by the preceding chapter (YIII.) with regard to similar donations made to them by a third person,” etc. The rules established and referred to are found in acticlc 1728,0. C. C. This article of our Code corresponds to article 1082 of Code Napoleon. Commenting on the articles of this chapter (YIII.), Mercadé, vol. 4, p. 210, says : “Onavu sous l’acte 893, No. 11, que, malgré l’opinion contraire do Merlin et de Toulin, il n’existe plus, sous le-Code, do donations a cause do niort; ct que les liboralités exceptionnelles dont s’oecupent notro chapitre [239] et le cliapitre suivant ne sont toujours que des donations entre-vifs, qui restent soumises aux regies ordinairos pour tous les cas qui ne sont pas l’objet d’une derogation formelle.” Again he says, commenting on article 1082, C. N., (corresponding to 1728 aforesaid): “ Aujourd’hui, comme le prouvent et l’article 893 et la subrique de notre chapitre, et les articles 1082,1083,1089, ce n’est plus la qu’une donation entre-vifs, une donation de biens d venir; et c’est par les regles genérales des donations, non par celles des successions ou des testaments, qu’il faudra suppleer aux regles spéciales de cette maniere de disposer.” Yol. 4, p. 212. We accept these views as being the true exposition of the law, and as in consonance with the provisions of our Code. We have examined with care the cases in our own courts referred to by the counsel of executors, and we find nothing in them to change our views of the provisions of our Code, under which we think the ancient “ institution contractuelle ” no longer exists. In Fowler vs. Boyd, 15 L., 562, this court held that a universal donee under a marriage contract, like a universal legatee under a will, is by mere operation of law seized of the whole estate, in the absence of forced heirs, and no demand of possession is necessary of the heirs at law. In Criswell vs. Seay et als., 19 L., 528, where the husband, having then living two children of previous marriage, makes, in his marriage contract, a donation to his future wife, of “ all the property of whatsoever kind and description he may die possessed of, and which may lawfully be given by act of donation according to the laws of Louisiana; that is to say, of all his property that he may die possessed of, and which ho is or may be entitled by law to dispose of mortis causa, and which portion will be determined by the number of heirs that he may leave at his decease.” It was held by this court that the two children, his only forced heirs, having died before him, his surviving wife became his universal donee and entitled to his entire estate. That the capacity to make such a disposition, as to its amount, must be determined by reference to the time of the donor’s death, because it is not till then that the donation is to take effect. True, the court arrives at this last conclusion by deducing it from the rules of our law in reference to testamentary dispositions, and says that it is a donation causa mortis. But wo do not see that this is to say that it is a testamentary disposition. On the contrary, we think it is not. It is undoubtedly a donation to take effect on the death of donor. It is a contract, an irrevocable act, depending upon the happening of a future event, to wit: the predecease of the donor ; and while possessing some features resembling in their effects testamentary dispositions, yet clearly distinguishable from them. [240] We, therefore, conclude that the disposition in question is a donation inter vivos, taking effect at the death of the donor. That the donee is not a legatee, but a creditor of the estate, and as-such entitled to be paid by preference to the legatees, and with legal interest from the death of the donor, Hugh MeCloskey. It is therefore ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the judgment appealed from be amended, and it is now ordered and decreed that there be judgment sustaining the opposition of Mrs. Alice MeCloskey to the fifth provisional account of the executors, and that she be placed thereon as a creditor for ten thousand dollars, with five per cent interest to date from death of Hugh MeCloskey, and that she be paid by preference to the legatees of said decedent, and that in other respects said account be homologated. It is further ordered, that the executors pay costs of both courts.