Person v. O'Neal

The opinion of the court was delivered by Marr, J. Plaintiff seeks, in this action, to recover certain land on the Red River, in the parish of Bossier, which was sold in 1873 for the taxes of 1872, and purchased by defendant O’Neal. He alleges the nullity of this sale on several grounds ; and that, after the sale, he tendered to O’Neal the amount of the taxes, costs, and penalties for which the land was sold : and he claims $5000, damages for waste committed in the cutting of timber and cord-wood, and $3000 for the rents and revenues. Defendant O’Neal alone appeared ; but as he claimed title no further notice need be taken of the other defendants. He excepted that plaintiff had not, before bringing the suit, tendered to him the taxes, costs, and penalties ; and that this was a condition precedent to the right of action. This exception was referred to the merits. Answering to the merits, defendant repeated his plea of want of tender ; and he claimed title to part of the land described in the petition under the sale in 1873, and to the remainder under a sale in 1875 for the taxes of 1874. He also claimed, in the event of a j udgment in favor of plaintiff, $3000, for taxes paid, and expenditures for improvements. The judgment of the district court was against plaintiff, as in case of nonsuit, for the land sold in 1875 ; and in his favor for that sold in 1873 : and it condemned plaintiff to pay defendant $745, for the difference between the rents and the expenditures for taxes and improvements. Plaintiff appealed ; and defendant in answer to the appeal prayed that the judgment be so amended as to conform to the prayer of his answer to the merits. Plaintiff, in his petition, describes the land claimed by him, as all that part of section 14, all that part of fractional section 22, and all that part of fractional section 23, in township 17, range 13, lying south of or below a certain boundary line as established by a judgment and survey in the suit of Jacob Irwin vs. L. K. Person, No. 611 of the docket of the district court of Bossier parish. This was part of a tract acquired by the planting partnership of Person & Irwin, in 1847, on which they established a plantation. In 1854 Irwin brought suit against Person for a partition, describing the land, held in common, as the south- half of section 14: the south — 233 — ■east fractional quarter of section 15: the northeast and the southeast fractional quarters of section 22; and the entire fractional section 23, containing, according to the original government surveys, 1127 acres. The land was carefully surveyed for the purpose of partition ; and the quantity was found to be 1120 acres. It was valued by experts ; and the actual partition was made in 1856, and confirmed by final judgment in March, 1857. The whole was separated into two parts by running a line north, 69 deg. 30 min. east, from a point on the river, about the middle of the western boundary of the fractional quarters of section 22, through that section and across sections 23 and 14 to the eastern boundary of section 14, so as to leave on the north side of this line all of the south half of section 14, except a small triangle, about 40 acres, in the southeast corner, comprised within this division line, the eastern boundary of section 14, and the southern boundary of 14, which is, also, the northern boundary of section 23: all of the fractional quarter of section 15 : about half of the two fractional quarters of section 22 ; and a small triangle, containing about 40 acres, in the northwest corner of section 23, comprised within the division line, the western boundary of section 23, which is the eastern boundary of section 22, and the northern boundary of section 23, which is the southern boundary of section 14. The land north of this division line was worth more per acre than that south of the line : and this line was so run as to equalize the value of the two tracts; by leaving 475 acres on the north side, and 645 acres on the south side, by actual survey. The portion north of the line fell to Irwin, who sold it to Hart ; and it now belongs to the succession of Hart. The portion south of the line, consisting of the triangle at the southeast corner of section 14: about half of the fractions of section 22 east of the river ; and all of fractional section 23, except the triangle at the northwest corner, was allotted to Person. This is the land claimed by him in this suit; and it is plainly shown by the survey and plat and the proceedings in the partition suit. In 1871, and again in 1872, the whole of the land which had belonged to Person & Irwin, except the southeast fractional quarter of section 23, was assessed as the property of Person. By the government surveys the whole tract contained 1127 acres ; and the southeast fractional quarter of 23 contained 150 50-100 acres: so that the land thus assessed was about 977 acres, or about 330 acres more than all that was allotted to Person in the partition. On the 12th June, 1873, the collector made a seizure for the taxes of 1872, by recording, in the mortgage-book of the parish, the amount of ■taxes assessed in the name of Person, §34 75, and the following description of the land : The south half of section 14 : the southeast fractional quarter of section 15 : the fractional part of section 22 ; and the north — 234 — east quarter, the northwest quarter, and the southwest fractional quarter of section 23, township 17, range 13, Northwest Louisiana. This description included the whole of section 23, except the southeast quarter. It will be observed that of this whole body of land thus assessed and seized as the property of Person, he owned no part of the south half of section 14, except the triangle at the southeast corner: no part of the southeast fractional quarter of section 15: that he owned about half only of the two fractional quarters composing the east half of fractional section 22; and that he did not own the triangle already described at'the northwest corner of section 23. Having thus made the seizure on the 12th June, the collector, on the 14th June, advertised the land for sale, in the Bossier Banner ; and that advertisement appeared again in that paper on the 21st June. The sale was made on the 25th June, and the collector’s deed on the 26th. The description in this deed is the south half of section 14: the southeast quarter of section 15 : the fractional part of section 22 east of the river; and “ the southwest fractional section ” 23, T. 17, R. 13. This deed was confirmed by the Auditor on the 12th March, 1874, by the same description. But this description is not in conformity with that in the recorded seizure, in which the land in section 23 is described as the N. E. ¿ and the N. W. \ and the S. W. fractional quarter. The description of the land in this section, in tin' two deeds, is “ the southwest ■fractional section 23,” which designal<‘s no subdivision of land, nor could any land be located by such a d< ¡-cription. We attach no importance to the statement that plaintiff when he paid the taxes in 1871 or 1872 gave the collector a list of his land for taxation ; because that list was not produced, and he says he referred the collector to the records for the metes and bounds. The law in force at the time this sale was made required the tax collector to give notice, by publication, for twenty days, requiring the taxes to be paid: that is, general notice to all taxpayers. If the tax was not paid within ten days after the expiration of this notice, the collector was authorized to give ten days written or printed notice, that is personal notice, to the owner or agent of the property assessed; and if the tax was not paid at the expiration of this delay, the collector was authorized to make a seizure by recording a description of the property, with the amount due, in the mortgage-book of the parish : and, on the fourth day of such recordation “he shall procéed to sell, without legal process, after advertising three times within ten days, in the official journal ; and, in the country parishes, where such publications cannot be made, by public notice for such ten days.” See act of 1871, p. 120, section 57 ; act of 1873, p. 98, section 1. — 235 — The law also required, where the owner was unknown or absent,, that the collector should apply to the parish or district judge, and have a ourator ad hoc appointed, and to serve the ten-days notice on him prior to the seizure. Act of 1873, p. 100, section 5. The records of Bossier parish furnish no evidence that any such application or appointment was made in this case ; and Person was absent, and was a nonresident, having resided in the State of Arkansas for many years. The-appointment of a curator ad hoc is a judicial proceeding, in a court of record; and, while we may admit that parol testimony may be resorted to to prove the loss of a record, and the contents, such testimony is-clearly not admissible to prove a judicial proceeding until it has first been shown that such proceeding was had, and that the record evidence-of it has been, lost or destroyed. No witness proves that the collector-applied for appointment, or that the appointment was made in this case. There is proof tending to show that notice was served on a person who was appointed curator in some forty cases of tax-sales ; but O’Neal, the-defendant, testifies that he made thorough search, and could find no-trace, in the records of the parish, of any such application or appointment in this case. The law required that land assessed should be designated by name, if it have a known name, by the name of the owner, if he be known, and by the boundaries ; or by the boundaries alone, if the other particulars be not known. Act of 1871, p. 114, section 32. The tax-sale is fatally defective. 1. The land described exceeded by more than 300 acres the quantity owned by Person. The description omitted 150 50-100 acres, which constituted part of the tract allotted to him, and it included the parts of four sections which fell to Irwin in the judicial partition. There was not, either in the assessment, or the seizure, or in the deeds of the collector and the Auditor, any description by which the parts of the government subdivisions which belonged to Person' could have been ascertained or separated from the parts of the same subdivisions which belonged to the succession of Hart. Of course defendant cannot pretend to claim title under this sale to the southeast fractional quarter of section twenty-three, which was wholly omitted in the assessment, in the seizure, and in the deeds. 2. The seizure having been made on the 12th June, conceding that the previous notices had been given, which is not proven, the collector had no authority to proceed further until the fourth day, the 16th of June. The advertisement on the 14th was premature ; and the sale on the 25th was also premature. 3. The Bossier Banner being a weekly paper, notice by publication,, three times in ten days, could not have been given in the regular issues236 •of that paper ; but the law, anticipating this, required the collector, in ■■such cases, to give public notice for ten days, that is, by posting. The record furnishes no evidence of notice, except that published on the 14th and 21st June. The assessment, the seizure, the sale, were nullities for want of a proper description of the land : for want of personal notice: for prematurity of the advertisement on the second day after the recording of the seizure; and for want of the three publications, or posting for ten days, as required by the statute. See Renshaw vs. Imboden, 31 A. 661. As to the plea of want of tender, the proof is that plaintiff did, in 1874 or 1875, at the office of defendant, tender to him $200 in order to redeem his land. Manifestly, plaintiff was under no obligation to tender so large a sum. The taxes for which the sale was made amounted to $34 '75, and they were assessed oñ more than 300 acres which did not belong to plaintiff. The price was $52 45, which paid the entire tax, costs, and penalties on the whole body of land. There was no means by which plaintiff or defendant could have ascertained what part of this sum was due by plaintiff, because the assessment, the seizure, and the sale included such a quantity of land which did not belong to him, and which was, probably, more valuable than his. In 1856 the 475 acres which fell to Irwin were valued by the experts as being equal to the 645 acres which fell to plaintiff. The whole of that which fell to Irwin -was included, while only 495 acres of the 645 which belonged to Person were assessed; and there is no proof of any change in the relative values •since 1856. It is urged that the constitution of 1868, art. 118, made the deeds of tax collectors prima facie evidence of valid sales. That is true; but the prima facie evidence in this case is contradicted by the positive proof that the sale was not in accordance with the requirements of the law. It is also urged that, by the act of 1874, p. 155, section 5, any action to invalidate the title to any property purchased at tax-sale under or by virtue of any law of this State shall be prescribed by the lapse of three years from the date of such sale. But in all forced alienations it must . appear, prima facie, by the recitals in the deed, pr aliunde, that the sale was made in accordance with the law. Without citation, a judgment is void. Without a description of the taxpayer’s property, by which it ■can be distinguished and taxed separately from the property of others, there can be no legal assessment; and a valid assessment is as essential to a sale for taxes as a valid judgment is to a sale under fieri facias. Without the previous personal notice to the former, or his agent, or the curator ad hoc lawfully appointed to represent him, there can be no valid seizure for the taxes ; and without the delays, and publications or — 237 — posting, no valid sale can be made. Whatever defects in a tax-sale may be cured by the lapse of three years, the want of personal notice to the-owner, or his agent or curator cannot be, because such notice is a condition precedent to the seizure, without which there could be no sale. Defendant also invokes the prescription of five years, established by the Act of 1834, re-enacted in 1855, and again in Rev. Stats, of 1870,. section 2809. This statute cures informalities not radical defects in. public sales, Woolfolk vs. Fonbene, 15 An. 15 ; and an illegal or insufficient assessment is a radical defect.- Thibodeaux vs. Keller, 29 An. 510.. Besides, on the 5th February, 1877, defendant addressed a letter to plaintiff, in which he offered to find a purchaser for the land if plaintiff would-sell at a satisfactory price. This was an acknowledgment of plaintiff’s right, and an interruption of prescription. R. C. 0. art. 3520. Defendant also claims in virtue of the sale in June, 1875, for the taxes of 1874. On the roll of 1874 certain land is assessed as the property of “unknown No. 2.” The quantity is 1327 acres, in sections 12,13,. 14, 22, 23, 24, 25. No part of this land belonged to plaintiff, except that which is described as the N. J, and the N. W. \ of the S. W. J, and the N. E. J of the S. W. J, and the S. E. J of section 23 : and of these subdivisions of this section all were included in the seizure in 1873, and were actually claimed by O’Neal, except the southeast quarter, containing 150 50-100 acres. The total tax on this large body of land amounted to $26 15 ; and it was adjudicated to O’Neal for $43 14, which sufficed to pay the entire tax and costs. The greater part of this land belonged to the succession of Hart; and, on the 27th September, 1877, in consideration of the payment to him by Mrs. Hart of this sum, O’Neal renounced in her favor all claim to the land which fell to Irwin in the partition of 1856, and to 480 acres in sections 13 and 24. Having received from Mrs. Hart all that he paid for the taxes on 1327 acres, O’Neal demands with a bad grace the re-imbursement by plaintiff of any sum on account of the small portion of land belonging to him included in the assessment, seizure, and sale of the 1327 acres. The titles to the land assessed in 1872 as the property of Person, and to the lands assessed in 1877 as the property of “unknown No. 2,” were public, of record, and of long standing ; and the tax collectors do not discharge the duties incumbent on them when they describe for assessment, as the property of " unknown,” lands which belong to several different persons, whose titles are accessible in the records of the parish. It is their special duty and business to examine the public records, and to ascertain the names of the owners, and proper descriptions of all taxable lands. We should not be inclined to treat as valid a sale for taxes of land assessed as the property of " unknown,” when the ownership could be so easily ascertained ; nor to sanction an assess — 238 — ment as the property of such “ unknown,” of an entire body of 1327 ■acres belonging to different proprietors. But there is a cause of nullity in this case which is patent and incurable, as we had occasion to decide in the Workingmen’s Bank vs. Lannes, 30 An. 871. By the act of 1875, p. 106, a delay until the first of November was granted to all taxpayers throughout the State. It was therefore unlawful for the collectors to enforce payment of the taxes before the expiration of that delay ; and a sale in the meantime was a trespass and a nullity. The plaintiff is dearly entitled to recover the lands described in his petition ; and the only remaining question is as to the rents and revenues, and the claim of defendant for expenditures for taxes and improvements. The evidence shows that many years since Person removed to Arkansas, and that he has not cultivated this land since 1868, and has not seen it since 1869 or 1870. It is a low place, subject to overflow. The houses were in a dilapidated condition in 1873 : the greater part of the fencing was gone : there were some breaks in the levee ; and much of the land which had been cultivated was grown up in brush and cotton wood. It was a waste ; and could have had no great rental value in the condition in which it was in 1873. O’Neal caused a part of the land to be cleared and fenced, and some of the cabins were repaired and made habitable. The fencing was of a very inferior character, partly of cotton-wood poles; and the clearing of the land which had been cultivated up to 1868 could not have been very difficult or expensive. The evidence does, not show, satisfactorily, what part of the improvements was on Person’s land, in 1877 O’Neal Sold to Boone 100 acres in section 24, which never belonged to Person. Boone lived on this land, and he cleared and cultivated about twenty acres, and put up a dwelling, a stable and crib, and a log cabin there. We think the district judge erred in considering the tender made by Person as fixing his liability to O’Neal for the amount tendered, $200, for taxes up to the date of the tender. There is an admission that the taxes on plaintiff’s land were about $10 . On the whole, our conclusion is that the claim for improvements and taxes is fairly compensated by the use and occupation of the land ; and that the pecuniary demands of plaintiff for rents, revenues, and damages, and of defendant for taxes paid by him and for improvements, are extinguished, the one by the other. The judgment appealed from is therefore annulled, avoided, and reversed; and it is now ordered, adjudged, and decreed that plaintiff be recognized and declared to be the owner, and be put in possession of the land described and claimed in his petition; that is, of the parts of sec — 239 — tions fourteen, twenty-two, and twenty-three, in township seventeen, range thirteen, Northwest Louisiana, lying on the south or lower side of the division line established in the judicial partition between Jacob Irwin & Levin K. Person, in the suit No. 611 of the docket of the district court oE Bossier parish; and that Benjamin F. O’Neal, defendant and appellee, pay all the costs in this court and in the district court.