Seixas v. Citizens' Bank

The opinion of the Court was delivered by Todd, J. This is a suit brought by the syndic of the insolvent firm of A. Carriére & Sons to recover of the Citizens’ Bank a large number of securities which, it is alleged, were illegally acquired by the bank, and to have the transfers of the same declared null, as having been made in fraud of the creditors of the said insolvents. Some of these transfers are sought to be annulled under the revocatory action, proper, as provided by the Civil Code, and others are assailed as coming under the operation of Section 1808 R. S., relative to contracts made by insolvents within three months next preceding-failure. The answer is a general denial, a special denial that, at the date of the several transactions, the bank knew of the insolvency and a further averment in substance, that the transactions attacked were legal and valid, and for no cause subject to be annulled. The judgment of the lower court was in favor of the plaintiff for the larger part of the securities and assets claimed in the suit, and also for $83,063.50 for assets collected by the bank. From this judgment the bank has appealed. A. Carriére & Sons were private bankers in the city of New Orleans. They did an extensive business for many years, and enjoyed the very highest credit throughout this country and Europe, up to the time of their failure. The firm went to protest on the 10th of June, 1884, and on the 18th of July following, made a cession of their property under the insolvent laws of the State. — 429 — Emile Carriére, one of the members of the Arm of Carriére & Sons, was, up to the 9th of March, 1884, and many years prior thereto, president of the Citizens’ Bank, and it was during his presidency that several of the'transactions between the bank and his said Arm took place, which are attacked in this suit. For a long time prior to the failure of A. Carriére & Sons, their account with the Citizens’ Bank had been largely overdrawn, the overdraft amounting at times to several hundred thousand dollars; and it is charged that the transfers of the securities by that Arm to the bank, against which this action is directed, were illegal preferences given by the firm to the bank, when in a condition of hopeless insolvency, and that insolvency at the time known to the bank, in the payment or reduction of that large overdraft or pre-existing indebtedness. Some of these transfers were made more than three months before the failure and others within the three months next preceding that event. The nullity of the former is sought to be declared under the revocatory action and of the latter under the provisions of Sec. 1808 of the Revised Statutes. I. We wall Arst direct our attention to the consideration of those transactions sought to be reached by the revocatory action. This well known action is that given by Art. 1969 of the Civil Code for avoiding “ all acts done by a debtor with the intent of depriving his creditors of the eventual rights they have on the property of such debtor.” It is requisite to maintain this action that three things be shown— fraud on the part of vendor; knowledge on the part of the vendee, and actual injury to the other creditors. C. C. 1984; 3 M. 605; 4 R. 408. The evidence leaves no doubt that, at the dates of these several transfers, Carriére & Sons were insolvents; in fact, they were in a state of insolvency long prior thereto. It moreover appears, however, that they had so well succeeded in keeping their condition a secret, that their insolvency was known to no one, not even to those having the most intimate business relations with thorn until about the time their notes were protested, 10th of June, 1884, and as stated before, up to that time they enjoyed the very highest credit both at home and abroad. There is nothing in the record to show that, at that date, the insolvency of the Arm was known to or even suspected by any officers of the bank then exercising their functions in its control and administration. There was no express notice to the bank of the insolvency of -the Arm. — 430 — At the dates, however, that the overdrafts of Carriére & Sons were made and some of the subsequent transactions took place, by which, it is alleged, these overdrafts or the antecedent indebtedness of the firm evidenced thereby, was affected or reduced, Emile Carriére, the leading member and manager of the business of Carriére .& Sons, was president of the bank, and the insolvency of his firm was known to him; and it is urged that his knowledge of this fact was constructive notice to the bank, by which the bank was bound; and that such notice invalidated all the transactions by which the bank received the assets or securities embraced in these transactions entered into whilst Carriére was president of the bank and afterwards. We do not, however, propose to discuss this question of knowledge or constructive knowledge here, but will reserve it for another part of this opinion. As stated before, the bank expressly denies that any of the several transactions assailed were transfers, made to secure an antecedent indebtedness, but avers that they were all made in the usual course of their business and for a valid, present or contemporaneous consideration, and therefore do not come within the scope of the revocatory action or of Section 1808, Revised Statutes. We prefer, therefore, to address ourselves first to the determination of the real character of the transactions assailed, and if we find one or all of them do not meet the conditions asserted by the bank for its protection and above set forth, the legal principles interposed by the bank for its further protection will then be considered. On the 19th of March, 1883, A. Carriére & Sons borrowed from the bank $60,000, and pledged certain collaterals as security for the loan, which was evidenced by a pledge note, on the back of which were enumerated the collaterals pledged. At that time their account with the bank was overdrawn $179,384.76. They at the same date made deposits to the amount of $113,564.18; and immediately checked out $91,158.79, the amount thus cheeked out ■exceeding their loan by $22,400. Payments were made on the note amounting to $10,000, and for the balance of $50,000 they drew their check on the bank on the 24th of April, 1884, which amount was credited on their overdrawn account, and the collaterals pledged retained by the bank. Tt is urged by plaintiff’s counsel that this check discharged the debt for which these securities were pledged. No claim was made for the collaterals by the Garrieres, and they have since remained in possession of the bank. — 431 — The money paid out by the bank on the faith of these collaterals, was never, in fact, repaid to the bank. The cheek on the overdrawn account cannot be considered as a payment extinguishing the obligations, but should rather be viewed as merely changing the evidence of the debt for which the pledge note was given. This was the view of the matter taken by the judge of the first instance, and his judgment rejecting the plaintiff’s demand for these securities was correct; and the amendment asked by the plaintiff changing the judgment in this respect cannot be allowed. II. On the 15th of February, 1884, A. Camére & Sons received $50,000 more from the bank, for wdiich they gave their two notes of $25,000 each, secured by a pledge of collaterals. The pledge reads as follows: “ City or New Oxíleans, February 15, 1885. “Whereas, the Citizens’ Bank of Louisiana has discounted certain promissory notes for the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars each, made by A. Garriere & Sons, to the order of the Citizens’ Bank, dated on the 15th day of February, 3884, payable 75 and 90 days after date thereof; “Now, in order to secure the full payment of said promissory notes at maturity, the undersigned, A. Carri&re & Sons, do hereby pledge to said Citizens’ Bank of Louisiana the following property, to-wit: [Here follows a list and description of the securities pledged]. “And it is hereby agreed, that in the event of the non-payment of said note at its maturity, the president and cashier of said bank are hereby authorized, jointly or separately, as agents of the undersigned and of the bank, to cause said pledged property to be disposed of for cash, at pxxblic or private sale, at the optioxi. of said bank, without recourse to legal proceedings, and to this end to sign on the books of the corporations or companies, whose shares are hereby hypothecated as above, any and all transfers of said stock that may be necessary in the premises, in accordance with the rules and regulation of said corporate bodies or companies, and the proceeds of said sale shall be appropriated to the payment of the aforesaid notes, with interest accrued thereon, if any, and all commissions, costs and charges attending said sale. (P. 418). [Signed] A. CARRIÉRE & SONS.” The collaterals pledged for this loan amounted to $57,354.38, and on the same day the Carriéres checked out $57,012.54. The lower court maintained the validity of this transaction, and no amendment is asked for by the plaintiff. — 432 — III. On the 12th of March, there purports to.be another loan by the bank to the Carrieres of $100,000. Notes were executed by A. Carriére & Sons for said amount, and collaterals pledged in the same manner and form as before to secure their payment. The notes were then discounted and the proceeds placed to their credit and checked out by the firm. It was, undoubtedly, a real loan. There is nothing to distinguish this transaction from that of the 15th of February previous, except that in that case the amount planed to the credit of the Carrieres, (proceeds of discount) was checked out by the Carrieres on the same day, and in this instance several days elapsed before the amount was entirely drawn from the bank. This circumstance, in our opinion, makes no difference as to the legal effect of the transaction. It is contended that the amount derived from the discount was compensated by the prior indebtedness resulting from the overdraft. If such was the case, why did not the same principle or effect apply to the previous loan ? If compensation did take place, it took idace at the very instant the amount was placed to the credit of the Carriéres, and it was not a question of a day or a week or even an hour. In fact, however, compensation does not result in such case. Application for a loan was made by Carriére, which was granted; promissory notes for amount of same were executed by him and collaterals pledged to secure them; the notes were discounted and the proceeds placed to the credit of his firm, and when this was done, the amount so placed stood as a sum deposited by or for the firm. Such a deposit cannot be compensated by a previous debt without the consent of the depositor, and here there was no consent. This principle is well settled. 6 Ann. 46; 7 Ann. 53; 12 Ann. 257; 32 Ann. 590. The judge a quo thought, from the fact that the amount was not checked out for several days, and from the further supposed fact that the transactions took place after Emile Carriére’s attention had been drawn to his overdraft by Mr. Miller, the acting president of the bank, that the loan was a simulation, and that the collaterals were turned over to the bank really on account of the antecedent debt. In regard to the latter fact, the judge was mistaken, since the evidence shows that it was not till the last week, in March, that Mr. Miller spoke to Carriére respecting the overdrafts, and this affair, as stated, occurred on the twelfth of that month, and at that time, and even when mention was made to Carriére of the overdraft, not the slightest suspicion was entertained by Mr. Miller of .the entire solvency of the — 433 — firm. It. was evidently regarded and intended by both parties as a loan and the judge was in error in holding otherwise. What strengthens this conclusion is the fact that the money was borrowed by the bank in New York to raise the funds for the Carriéres, and their notes indorsed by the bank, negotiated there for that purpose, and one of the notes at least was subsequently paid by the bank. There is not a particle of evidence that any part of the money received under this loan was ever repaid the bank. For the purpose of showing such repayment a number of checks drawn by the Carriéres in favor of the bank were introduced in evidence. Three only of these checks were dated in March, and they are shown to have related to other and different matters, and-were in no way connected with the affairs in question. IV. On the 16th of May, 1884, the Carriéres borrowed from the bank $20,000, and' on the 19th of same month $21,000, aud on the 31st of same month $15,500 — all secured by pledges. The securities pledged for these loans were, at the respective dates of the several loans, already in possession of the bank. Some, under the prior pledges of the 19th of March, 1883, and the 15th of February, 1884. The securities belonging to the prior pledges and repledged for the loans of May, were insufficient to pay the preceding pledges. We have held that their prior transactions were valid, and that the bank could legally hold the securities acquired under them. So far then as relates to these securities, that is, to those received under the pledges of the dates mentioned, and repledged in the May loans referred to, it is unnecessary to determine whether the bank derived any right to them under these last loans, since her title to them was perfect under the previous pledges. V. Next we will consider the alleged pledge of securities in January, 1884. The judge a quo held that there was no such pledge, and the bank was not therefore entitled to hold the securities claimed under it. We do not concur with the judge’s conclusion in this respect. It is certain that Emile Carriére did deliver to tiie cashier of the bank certain securities, with instructions to retain them for the bank; that they were placed by the cashier in an envelope, to themselves, properly marked, and he, acting for the bank in his official capacity, kept possession of them for the bank. If this transaction was not attended with all the formalities observed in the other pledges above mentioned,.still it was — 434 — substantially a pledge, and fully authorized the bank to retain the securities unless invalidated for some other cause than the lack of form. ■ Tlie confusion on this point doubtless arose from a statement made by Mr/Carriel e about the same time when his attention was called to the overdraft of his firm by the cashier. It was to the effect that all he had in the bank was security for his overdraft, which, of course, would include the claims of the firm in the bank for collection, which were entirely at his (Carribre’s) disposal, and to withdraw at his pleasure, and which could not therefore be the subject of a pledge. But still, it is beyond question that Mr. Carribre did, deliver to the cashier, as stated, certain designated securities with the positive instruction to retain them for the bank on account of or as security for the overdraft. It is contended by the counsel for the bank that the “overdraft” mentioned or alluded to in this transaction, and which the securities pledged were designed to secure, did not refer to the past or then existing overdraft, but to future overdrafts by the firm. And the fact that Carribre’s overdrafts rapidly increased after this affair up to March following, nntil it even exceeded in amount the securities pledged, lends some color to the contention. But another consideration makes it a matter of no importance whether the pledge was for the one purpose or the other; and this brings us to the discussion of a legal principle which is, in itself, a potent factor in the decision of the case, viz: the question of knowledge on the part, of che bank touching the insolvency or insolvent condition of the Carribres at that time. This point has been elaborately argued by counsel on both sides, and they have brought a vast array of authorities to support their respective contentions. It is plain that, if these collaterals were pledged to secure the past overdraft of A. Carribre & Sons, representing their antecedent indebtedness to the bank, and the bank knew at the time of the insolvency of tiie firm, the transaction could be reached and avoided by the revocatory action. We have no doubt but, at that date and long prior thereto, the condition of the Carribres was one of complete insolvency. We are equally as well satisfied that up to that time the bank, its officers,-and we might say “all the world,” was in entire ignorance, of .that fact.. It is urged, however, that, as Emile Carribre was at the time of this transaction the-president of the bank — -and was of course thoroughly cognizant of the insolvency of' his firm, of which he was the leading and. managing member — his ( Carribre’s ) knowledge was — 435 — the knowledge of the bank and operated as constructive notice of the fact of insolvency of the firm. We have weighed with care and deliberation the able argument of counsel on this point, and have studied diligently and exhaustively the numerous authorities cited by them, and our conclusion is this: That, as a general rule, the knowledge of an agent is the knowledge of the principal. And even where an agent deals in a double capacity for his principal and himself at the same time, and where his acts are evidently designed and intended to benefit or favor the principal to his own prejudice or that of his creditors, even in such case his knowledge of his condition or other material fact will be regarded as the knowledge of the principal. But where such agent seeks his own personal interest or advantage in the affair, without benefit to his principal, then his knowledge cannot be held to he the knowledge of the principal. Let us test these rules by the facts, circumstances and surroundings of this transaction and see how it results. The evidence makes plain that the firm was at the time wholly insolvent, and had been so for several years; that this insolvency had been carefully and successfully concealed, and in consequence the vast credit the firm enjoyed at home and abroad remained unimpaired. The business of the firm mainly was dealing in exchange, domestic and foreign, and its large credit was the foundation upon which it acted. It was in truth the very life of the firm, without which it could scarcely exist for a day. Under this state of things, Carriére’s prime motive was to continue to conceal his unfortunate condition and maintain his credit. His only hope of succeeding in this rested on the Citizens’ Bank. If he maintained his credit with that institution, he could still retain the presidency of it, and thereby avail himself of the opportunity that such a position afforded to draw on its resources and obtain its money to prop up the sinking condition of his firm and perhaps retrieve its desperate fortunes. It is not at all evident that at that time Carriére contemplated failure. He or his firm had so long subsisted on credit only, that he evidently believed that by the ingenious methods pursued in the past it could continue to do so, and with the help of the bank’s means within his reach he might weather the storm and come' out finally all right. The necessity was upon him, therefore, to make some show to the bank to avert any suspicion of his real condition that might be deduced from his heavy overdrafts, not only with this bank but in nearly every — 436 — other bank in the city and in seveial of the largest banking establishments of the old world. In this great crisis, can we readily believe that Garriere placed those January securities with the bank to benefit the bank alone, by paying-in part his existing debt to it, without ulterior purpose in view looking to Ms own advantage? We cannot reasonably so conclude. The heavy drafting that followed this transaction, and the salient fact that after this he succeeded in obtaining some $200,000 from the bank, affords confirmation strong of the wholly selfish purpose that actuated him in this transaction. He was driving a bargain for himself alone. Under these circumstances, we are forced to the conclusion that the bank should not be held to a constructive knowledge of the insolvent condition of A. Garriere & Sons at that time and in the affair in question, and that this want of knowledge protected the bank as relates to this transaction; and the same must be held valid and the bank entitled to keep the securities then received. In re European Bank, 5 Chancery Appeal Cases (Law Reports), p. 358; Lucas vs. Bank of Darien, 1 Stew. (Ala.) 280, 295; Winchester vs. Railroad Co., 4 Md. 231; Barnes vs. Trenton Gas-light Co., 27 N. J. Eq. 33; Peckham vs. Hendren, 76 Ind. On the — day of January, 1884, the bank made a loan of $6,600 to one H. Lange. Lange gave his note for the amount and pledged certain State bonds as security for the loan. Emile Garriere, without authority so far as the record discloses, withdrew these, bonds from the bank and substituted for them two promissory notes called and described as the Benachi notes. Mr. Lange made no complaint of this substitution, so far as we can discover. The bank has never been paid this loan. The plaintiff seeks to recover the notes deposited in lieu of the State bonds. Lange got full value for the bonds, and the bank security was weakened or impaired by the substitution. We conclude from all the evidence touching1 this matter, that it was a bona fide loan and that the plaintiff could not legally have deprived the bank of the State bonds originally pledged and cannot reach the notes substituted therefor. The substitution or its validity is settled by the Brugier case, 37 Ann. 509. VI — DeSmet Transaction. On the 20th of January, 1884, the account of one Emile DeSmet with the Citizens’ Bank was overdrawn to the amount of about one hundred thousand dollars. This overdraft was by the permission of Emile Garriere, then .president of the bank, and who acknowledged himself responsible for the same. — 437 — This indebtedness was evidenced by eight promissory notes of De-Smet, secured by a mortgage on certain saw-mills at Moss Point, Miss., and a pledge of a number of collaterals. These collaterals were held by the bank from the time of their delivery to the 12th of May following. On that day they were given up to DeSmet, in order that he might transfer the mills to Carriére & Sons with the understanding that they were to remortgage the property to the bank on receiving title thereto from DeSmet. This understanding wascarriedoutonthellthof the same month the. transfer was made and the new mortgage executed. This arrangement was made at the request of Mr. Miller, the president pro tem of the bank, who preferred the obligation and mortgage of the Carriéres to that of DeSmet Besides the mortgage on the mills given by DeSmet, the bank held DeSmet’s note for $41,111 due on the 28th of January, 1884. In part settlement of this note on the same day that it matured the bank acquired from DeSmet notes amounting to $38,000, and for the difference between the discount of their notes, and note owing by DeSmet he gave his check in payment. • These notes or collaterals were handed by E. Carriére to the cashier of the bank, who received them as coming from and belonging to DeSmet, and there is no satisfactory proof that the Carriéres had any interest in them. On the 9th of April, 1884, the overdraft of DeSmet amounted to $104,000, and on that day there was a partial settlement between the bank and DeSmet. The $38,000 of notes which had been discounted for DeSmet were charged back to him. This made DeSmet’s indebtedness, with interests, amount to $145,000, for which sum he gave his notes, indorsed by A. Carriére & Sons, secured by pledge of the mortgage notes for $100,000 already held by the bank and the $38,000 notes discounted in the previous January as stated, and on that day recharged to DeSmet’s account. To these notes was added a pledge of another note of $10,000, making $48,000 of notes held by the bank, these notes being known as logmen’s notes. After the transfer of the mills from DeSmet to the Carriéres on the 15th of May, already mentioned, a final settlement was made with DeSmet. His indebtedness then amounted to $195,000. The Carriéres assumed the payment of this entire sum, and gave a new mortgage on the mills to secure the same in lieu of the one previously given by DeSmet. There can be no question in our opinion that this mortgage was valid at least to the amount of $100,000, the amount of the prior mort — 438 — gage given by DeSmet on the same property. Beyond that sum, it is useless to inquire since the property sold for only $38,000. It is not pretended by the plaintiffs’ counsel that this mill property was worth more than $70,000. The mortgage given by DeSmet on this property was not assailed. The transfer to the Carrieres of the mills was, as stated, with the distinct understanding and agreement that they would assiime the debt of DeSmet, and mortgage anew the property, so soon as they received title, as security for the debt assumed. The affair cannot well be viewed in any other light than the substitution of one debtor and one mortgage for another. 1 It is, however, urged in opposition to this view of the matter, that all the securities connected with this debt of DeSmet did not belong to DeSmet, but to the Carrieres, and that the pledging of them to the hank was the act of the Carrieres as guarantors of the debt and not the act of DeSmet. DeSmet was the real debtor to the bank to the amount stated above, resulting from his overdraft, and notes of which he was the maker. The liability of the Carriéres for the debt was secondary or contingent, that of guarantors or indorsers. The collaterals pledged as additional security were notes payable to DeSmet, and the evidence of a title to any of these securities in the Carriéres is, by no means, satisfactory and it is incumbent on plaintiff to prove this. We think, therefore, that it is safe to conclude that the transaction touching this debt was the act of DeSmet, although made through and by Emile Carriére, who felt himself bound for its payment. But, suppose that we are mistaken in regard to this, and that all these securities belonged to the Carrieres, and that the debt for which they were pledged was their debt and in making the pledges of January and April, 1884, which embraced all these securities, the mortgage notes of DeSmet and the collaterals mentioned, Emile Carriére was acting for his firm and the pledge was made not for DeSmet’s debt bwj for the debt of the firm, would such considerations annul the pledge and entitle the plaintiff to recover the property and securities 7 At that time, (the 7th of April, 1884), Emile Carriére still remained as the managing partner of his firm, hut he had ceased to be president of the bank. Mr. Miller became acting president of that institution on the 9th of March, 1884, and permanent president on the 7th of June following. After the former date, Garriere had nothing whatever to do with the bank — he neither had unexercised any authority in its management or — 439 — administration. Now, were this affair of the 7th of April a.n undistinguished pledge or transfer of securities for the overdraft or antecedent debt of Carriére & Sons to the bank, there would be no cause to annul the transaction if the bank at the time had no knowledge of the insolvency of the firm and this settlement or partial settlement was made more than three months prior to th,e failure of the firm. In fact, the securities in which this affair of the 7th of April was founded, had been placed with the bank in the preceding January, as shown above, and this transaction as well as the subsequent ones of May mentioned, of the transfer of the mills to Carriere & Sons and the remortgaging them to the bank, related to the transaction in January. All these several acts were but parts or details of one transaction having its beginning and foundation in January, 1884. At the time of this settlement of the 7th of April, and its complete consummation in May, the situation in one very important respect had changed. Carriere was no longer president of the bank, and had nothing to do with its business or management. He was not acting in any double capacity in this affair, but represented himself or his firm alone. The bank acted through its then president, Mr. Mil ley Apart from the question of the insolvency of the Carriéres, the transaction relating to this DeSmet business was unassailable. As before stated, there was not then any suspicion of this insolvency on the part of the bank or its officers that we can discover from the evidence, but Carriere dealt and was dealt with as a solvent member of a solvent Arm, and from the circumstance of being then in no manner connected with the bank, he stood in the attitude of a stranger to it. VII. This brings us to another important question as to whether the 7th of April was within the three months next preceding the failure, for if it was, the want of knowledge touching the condition of the firm, could not save it from the operation of Sec. 1808, R. S.; and this necessitates another and further inquiry, and that is, when did the failure of A. Carriere & Sons take place? That question is, when did the failure of A. Carriere & Sons take place ? To determine this we must first refer to the law bearing on the disposition of property made by insolvents within three months preceding failure. That law in the section above mentioned, 1808 R. S., reads thus: “ That any debtor, who shall be convicted of having, at any time within the three months next preceding Ms failure, sold, engaged or — 440 — mortgaged any of his goods and effects, or of having otherwise disposed of the same, or confessed judgments in order to give an unjust preference to one or more of his creditors over the others, shall be debarred from the benefit of this Act. and the said deeds or acts shall be declared null and void; provided, however, that if the purchaser of such property shall prove that the said property was either sold or engaged to him for a true and just consideration, by him bona fide delivered at the time of such deed, then and in that case, the said sale and mortgages shall be declared valid.” Our first inquiry must be touching the meaning of the term or word “failure” as used in the section. The history of the legislation connected with this section is well calculated to throw some light on this point and will assist us at arriving at a proper conclusion touching the true meaning of the term referred to. As early as 1808, we find an act entitled : “An act for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors in Actual Custody, etc.” The 17th section of that act is identical with Sec. R. S. 1808.-above quoted, except that, instead of the words “ three months previous to his failure,” in the latter section, we read “three months previous to his arrest and imprisonment” in the former. In 1817, the legislature extended the benefit of voluntary surrender to debtors not imprisoned as well as to those who were, and passed a general insolvent law under the title of “an act relative to the voluntary surrender of property and to the mode of proceeding as well as for the disposal of the ‘debtor’s estates and for other purposes.’” This act was reproduced with but slight changes in 1855, and the 25th section of it ipsissimis verbis constituted the Sec. 1808 R. S. referred to. Thus it will be seen from the history of this legislation that, the provision of this section last named, (R. S. 1808) was originally, and all subsequent amendments and re-enactments, part of a statute the declared object of which was mainly to deal with the cession of property by insolvents, or judicial insolvency. This word “failure” is several times used in other sections of the act, and obviously with no other meaning than judicial failure or judicially declared insolvency. It is also used in the same sense in the articles of our codes. C. P. 165; C. C. 3027. All bankrupt laws contain a similar provision with our State insolvent laws prohibiting the giving'of preferences by the debtor within a stated period to the actual bankruptcy, and this period dates back from the commencement of the proceedings in bankruptcy — that is the — 441 — application of the insolvent debtor for the benefit of the bankrupt law. And in speaking of the importance of thus fixing a definite and known limitation in the bankrupt law, the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of Mayer vs. Hellman, 91 U. S. 501, uses this language: “There is sound policy in prescribing a limitatio i of this kind. It, would be iu the highest degree injurious to the community to have the validity of business transactions with debtors, in which it is interested, subject to the contingency of being assailed by subsequent proceedings in bankruptcy.” Apart from any legal authorities or precedents, reason and a consideration of the purposes of the statute would teach that the word “failure” as there used, does not siguify a condition of insolvency uncertain and undetermined, but refers to a fact authoritatively fixed, an event certain and determined. The statute otherwise would lead to the greatest confusion and embarrassment andoften to thegrossest injustice. It is what may be termed severe in its provisions, a harsh law, for it strikes with nullity all contracts giving a preference, although the creditor may have acted in the best of faith and in entire ignorance of the insolvency of his debtor. Such a provision should be rigidly construed, and the proscriptive term against the right to contract should be narrowed down to the shortest limit consistently with the language and plain intent of the law. It is, however, urged that we must accept in this instance the meaning of the word as declared in Art. 3556, Sec. 11, C. C., and failure is there defined to be “the situation of a debtor who finds himself in the impossibility of paying his debts.” This definition, if it be one, evidently refers not to an established fact or known event, but to a mere condition. There is a serious obstacle in the way of taking this meaning of the term failure used in the statute, as illustrated by the facts of this very case. The evidence shows that the Carriéres were in a situation to find themselves “in the impossibility of paying their debts” for months and even years before their declared failure. To take such condition as the statutory meaning of failure, would necessarily imply that contracts made in the course of their business, years before, their judicial or known insolvency, could be annulled so soon as this condition of insolvency and the commencement of it could be found out or disclosed. No such contention has ever been set up, and it is palpable that such a construction would do violence to the intent and meaning of the law. Another consideration presents itself to our minds as leading to the — 442 — same conclusion. This insolvent law, the section of which we are discussing, was a law of universal application, that is, it was applicable-to all persons in the condition described, without regard to their callings or pursuits, and whether they belonged to the commercial or npn-commercial class. Some circumstances — such for instance as a protest of Ins note— might be sufficient to make known a failure with respect to a banker or a merchant, or others engaged in a commercial business. Whilst a like circumstance would be without such significance with regard to a planter or others engaged in similar callings. An insolvency, judicially declared, would remove all doubt and uncertainty, and afford the very highest evidence of the fact of failure. It would place the initial point from which the prescribed term, the “tiempo inhábil,” of three months, was to be traced back, beyond all controversy. Then the contracts which, under the rigid provisions of the statute, were to be stricken with nullity, would be so completely hedged in by fixed boundaries as to be of easy ascertainment. We are not left alone to reason and conjecture on the rules of construction to guide our opinions on this point: the courts have not been altogether silent on the subject. The first case in point is that of Banduc vs. His Creditors, 4 La. 247. On the 17th of April, Banduc gave a special mortgage to secure an antecedent debt. On July 30, three and a half months afterwards, he made a cession of his property. It was claimed by some of his creditors that this mortgage should be annulled, as having been given within three months of his actual and known insolvency, though more than three months before his cession or judicial insolvency. The decision of the lower court sustained the mortgage. On appeal it was tried before Chief Justice Martin and Associate Justices Matthews and Porter. In the opinion of Justice Matthews we find the following emphatic declaration on this point. He said: “Whatever may be the doctrine established by the decisions of the tribunals in France, in relation to the time of failure, as recognized by the laws of that country, whether it be the period of the actual cession of property by an insolvent, or that of his inability to meet his engagements, as evidenced by the protest of his notes, etc., I consider it useless to inquire, believing, as I do, that the absolute nullity of contracts, made by a debtor, as fraudulent towards his creditors, and such as our insolvent laws declare to be void, are those contracts alone which are made within the three months preceding his actual failure and surrender of property.” P. 256. — 443 — It is, however, insisted by the counsel for plaintiff that this expression is the opinion of Judge Matthews alone, and should not be regarded as authority. Judge Martin also read an opinion in the ease, and whilst he does expressly announce his concurrence with Judge Matthews on this particular point, he must necessarily have concurred with him. Both judges agreed that the creditor did not know of the debtor’s insolvency, and Judge Martin must also have believed that “failure” meant judicial failure as announced by Judge Matthews, since, if he had counted the three months as beginning at an earlier date — that of the actual (though not declared) insolvency of the debtor, he must have set the contract aside on the ground that it was entered into within the three months in contravention of the prohibition in the statute. Judge Porter dissented on .the ground that, though the transaction took place more than three months before the cession, and though dissenting, he nevertheless, in the course of his opinion, stated that it had always been his impression that “failure” meant judicial failure, and was to date from the cession as declared by Judge Matthews, though the argument then heard had somewhat shaken his belief on this point. Since all three of the judges seemed to be in accord on this point, although it may not be held the strictest accord, we think the decision as relates to this point entitled to due weight. The case of Bank of Mobile vs. Harris, 6 Ann. 711, has a significant-bearing on this point-. Prom tire facts of that case the inference is plainly deducible that there was an entire acquiescence in the doctrine of the Bandue case. A party who was notoriously insolvent, but made no surrender of his property, executed a mortgage in favor of his brother to secure an existing debt after he had been protested. It was attacked on the ground that it gave a prefer ence. If the failure of the insolvent was to date from the protest of his draft — his actual insolvency — -then the mortgage was a nullity because given within the three months next preceding actual insolvency and protest. The opposing creditor was represented by the most learned and distinguished counsel — -Messrs. Benjamin & Micou — yet no suggestion by them, nor the slightest intimation from the court, that the contract was stricken with nullity, because made witliin the prohibited period. On the contrary, the discussion turned and the decision rested entirely on the knowledge and bona fides of the preferred creditor. — 444 — Again in the case of Martin vs. Drumm, 12 An. 494, the Court said with respect to this matter: “The presumption established by the Act. of 1817, re-enacted in .1855, (R. S. p. 257, 5 28), applies evidently only lo cases in which proceedings are instituted against the insolvent to deprive him of the benefit of the insolvent laws, on the ground of his having given an unjust preference to one or more of his creditors over the others.” We think we have said enough to make it apparent that the conclusion is well nigh irresistible from these various considerations, that failure is not to be taken in the true sense of the statute as dating from actual insolvency, protest or other like circumstance, but from actual cession or insolvency judicially recognized and declared. We have been referred to the recent case of Black, Syndie, vs. Richardson Savings Bank and Kennedy, and Seixas, Syndie, vs. Brugier, as opposed to the conclusion reached by us on this point. None of these cases have any direct hearing on this question, for in noue of them was there any issue raised as to the true meaning of the term as found in this section of the Revised Statutes. It is, however, urged that such a construction would be uufortunate, inasmuch as it would allow an insolvent debtor too much latitude in the disposition of his property and in fraudulent-contracts against his creditors, and that it would place it in his power to defeat even the main object of the law by delaying to make a cession of his property or refusing to make one altogether. This contention will lose its force when we consider that the creditors of an insolvent have the right, whenever a. state of insolvency exists, to compel him to make a cession or surrender. The insolvency of A. Carriére & Sons and their cession made on the 18th of July, 1884, and the conclusion reached on the point just discussed, would subject to the operation of the Statute just considered only those transactions between the Garrieres and the Citizens’ Bank, as occurred after the 18th of April, 1884, leaving those before that time subject only to the revocatory action. The DeSmet transaction having preceded the date above mentioned is excluded from the operation of the Statute, and is governed by aud subject to the revocatory action alone, and this includes the affairs connected with it of May, which, as we have shown, were but parts'of the same transaction and but the carrying out of the previous understandings or agreements of the previous January and April. VIII. Manuel Escobal pledged to the Citizens’ Bank certain collaterals and twenty-two bales of leaf tobacco to secure two notes given by him to — 445 — the hank for $8,000 and $5,000 respectively. The lower court maintained the bank’s title to the securities, and there has been no amendment of the judgment asked for in this respect, and we are therefore relieved of the further consideration of the transaction. 'Escobal bad overdrawn bis account with the bank for several years, with the permission of Emile Carriére. On the 29th of March, 1884, the overdraft amounted to $111,984, abd for which Emile Carriére acknowledged himself responsible, and Carriére & Sons furnished their four notes to the bank to cover said amount; securities were pledged and discounted as before, and a check drawn by the Carriéres in favor of the bank for the proceeds. Escobal’s account was thus closed. The Carriéres were to pay the debt and Escobal was released. The release of Escobal by the bank was a good and sufficient consideration for this transaction with the Carriéres. It does not require a moneyed consideration to protect the contract from the operation of Section 1808, R. S., or the reach of the revocatory action. Any legal consideration will suffice. Their assumption of Escobal’s debt, whereby the bank released him from liability, was a good and sufficient consideration for the contract, and we see no reason to question its validity or the title of the bank to the securities received under it. Even, however, if the consideration was not sufficient and contemporaneous, but was nothing more nor less than a transfer or pledge for an antecedent debt, it cannot he annulled for reasons given with respect to the DeSmet; affair. The same principles and reasons apply to all transactions between the parties occurring in tire interval preceding the 18th of April, 1884, and the 9th of March of tire same year, the date when Mr. E. Carriére retired from the presidency of the bank, which includes the pledges of the 12th of March, as well as those of the 29th of March aud 7th of April, specially mentioned above. IX. There is some mention made in the opinion of the judge a quo in tile record, of a pledge of the 7th of June, 1884. It does not seem to be an object, of much contention, since it is not mentioned in the brief of plaintiff’s counsel, and briefly referred to by one of defendant’s counsel. It consisted of the discounting of a number of collaterals received bj the bank under its several pledges, aud putting the proceeds to the credit of Carriére & Sons. This was done by direction of Mr. Miller, the president, as explained in his testimony after the death of Mr. A. Carriére, so as to close the account. It lias no significance or hearing whatever that we can see upon the issues in the case. — 446 — X. On the 23d of April, 1884, Mr. E. Carriere^by permission, withdrew some of the securities acquired by the previous pledges and substituted other paper in lieu of them. These substitutes are claimed by the syndic. We think the substitutes took the same status of the notes withdrawn, and the bank held them by a right equal to that entitled to hold the original. The substitution is covered by the Brugier case, 37 Ann. 509. This completes the review of all matters and issues presented in the case, the examination of which has consumed mm h time and involved great labor. It is therefore ordered, adjudged and decreed that the judgment of the lower court be affirmed in the following particulars, to wit: 1. In so far as it maintains the validity of the pledges executed by A. Carriére & Sons to the Citizens’ Bank of March 19, 1883, and February 15, 1884, and recognizes the title of bank to the securities received under them. 2. In so far as it maintains the right of the bank to hold and retain the other securities mentioned, designated and described in the opinion and judgment, whether embraced or included in said last mentioned pledges or not. 3. In so far as it rejects the demand of plaintiff to the bonds of the St. Louis, Atlantic, Canal and Transportation Company, and the disposition made in the decree respecting them. That in all other respects it is further ordered, adjudged and decreed that the judgment appealed from be annulled, avoided and reversed, and the plaintiff’s demand be rejected with costs of both courts. Bermudez, C. J. concurs in the decree.