United States v. DeLaurentis

OPINION OF THE COURT SCIRICA, Circuit Judge. Defendant James DeLaurentis appeals from a judgment of conviction and sentence for extortion under color of official right (in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1951(a), (b)(2), (b)(3)) and corrupt acceptance of money (in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(1)(B)). We will affirm. I. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. II. We review the denial of a motion for a new trial and the district court’s exclusion of evidence for abuse of discretion. United States v. Weaver, 267 F.3d 231, 245 (3d Cir.2001); United States v. Parise, 159 F.3d 790, 803 (3d Cir.1998). When reviewing sentencing, we review findings of fact for clear error and application of the sentencing guidelines to facts with due deference. 18 U.S.C. § 3742; see also Buford v. United States, 532 U.S. 59, 121 S.Ct. 1276, 149 L.Ed.2d 197 (2001) (examining what kind of “deference” is “due” when a court of appeals reviews whether an offender’s prior convictions were “related” for purposes of sentencing).1 The deference that is “due” depends upon the nature of the question presented. United States v. Chau, 293 F.3d 96, 99 (3d Cir.2002) (quoting Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81, 99, 116 S.Ct. 2035, 135 L.Ed.2d 392 (1996)). A district court’s decision to depart from the Guidelines “will in most cases be due substantial deference, for it embodies the traditional exercise of discretion by a sentencing court.” Koon, 518 U.S. at 98. III. Defendant James DeLaurentis was an officer of the Hammonton, New Jersey Police Department. From June 1995 through May 1997, DeLaurentis was the “Supervisor of Detectives” and in 1995, was designated the “Alcoholic Beverage Control Officer” for the HPD. The Mayor and Town Council of Hammonton relied on DeLaurentis’s recommendations and inspection reports when deciding whether to impose fines or otherwise sanction liquor license holders for non-compliance with ABC laws. DeLaurentis used his position as a law enforcement officer to extort money from liquor license holders facing potential penalties. DeLaurentis transmitted extortionate demands to these license holders via Ronald Previte, a friend and an admitted organized crime figure. Unbeknownst to DeLaurentis, Previte became a government cooperating witness and secretly made recordings of their conversations regarding the extortions. Liquor license holders like Victor Oyóla of the Choris Bar were told that DeLaurentis would help them with their licensing prob — 172 — lems in return for cash payments. At trial, the government presented evidence that DeLaurentis orchestrated four such extortion schemes and collected payments totaling approximately $14,000. A six-count indictment charged DeLaurentis with extortion and the corrupt acceptance of money.2 A jury convicted DeLaurentis of Counts Five and Six. Adopting the factual findings and the guideline recommendations of the presentence report, the sentencing court concluded that DeLaurentis had a total offense level of 22 and sentenced him to concurrent 63-month prison terms for Counts 5 and 6.3 This included an upward departure because DeLaurentis’s conduct was part of “a systematic and pervasive corruption of government” that “caused a loss of public confidence in government” and another upward departure “to reflect the nature and circumstances of the offense” because the defendant’s conduct “endangered public safety.” This timely appeal followed. IV. DeLaurentis contends he is entitled to a new trial because the trial court erred in excluding William Hughes’s testimony that he overheard Previte making statements that allegedly demonstrated Previte’s bias against DeLaurentis. We disagree. Fed. R.Evid. 613(b) provides: Extrinsic evidence of a prior inconsistent statement by a witness is not admissible unless the witness is afforded an opportunity to explain or deny the same and the opposite party is afforded an opportunity to interrogate him thereon, or the interests of justice otherwise require. Accordingly, a trial judge can “refuse to permit extrinsic evidence of a prior statement showing bias when the witness was not afforded an opportunity to explain or deny the statement .... ” United States v. DiNapoli, 557 F.2d 962, 965 (2d Cir.1977) (Rule 613(b) not violated where it was “clear that DiNapoli’s counsel had every opportunity initially to lay a proper foundation and, despite his knowledge of the forthcoming testimony of Mrs. Montello, nonetheless inexplicably failed to raise the issue at what was unquestionably the proper time”). In this case, DeLaurentis cross-examined Previte for a full day but never asked Previte about the alleged “pri- or inconsistent” statement. DeLaurentis later sought to submit this statement through the testimony of Willaim Hughes. Relying on DiNapoli, the trial court ruled that this extrinsic evidence should not be admitted unless DeLaurentis first confronted Previte on cross-examination about the alleged “inconsistent” statement. The government subsequently provided De-Laurentis with the opportunity to recall Previte, but DeLaurentis did not do so. DeLaurentis was, however, permitted to present other substantial evidence of Previte’s alleged bias. In these circumstances, we see no prejudice and no abuse of discretion. — 173 — v. DeLaurentis contends it was error to consider conduct underlying acquitted Counts 1 through 4 in enhancing his sentence under U.S.S.G. § 201.1(b)(1) (requiring an increase of two levels if the offense involved more than one extortion). This assertion is contrary to U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2)4 and United States v. Watts, 519 U.S. 148, 157, 117 S.Ct. 633, 136 L.Ed.2d 554 (1997) (per curiam) (holding that “a jury’s verdict of acquittal does not prevent the sentencing court from considering conduct underlying the acquitted charge, so long as that conduct has been proved by a preponderance of the evidence”); see also United States v. Ryan, 866 F.2d 604, 609 (3d Cir.1989). Here, the government presented letters and tape recordings demonstrating De-Laurentis orchestrated other similar extortion schemes. The sentencing court stated it was “clear” that “the evidence overwhelmingly supports the conclusion that the conduct engaged in by the defendant falls within the common scheme or plan as defined in Application Note 9 to Guideline 1B1.3 ... and that the government has proven the relevant conduct by a preponderance of the evidence which is all that is required under United States v. Watts .... ” We see no error. VI. DeLaurentis also contends it was error to consider conduct underlying acquitted Counts 1 through 4 in enhancing his sentence under U.S.S.G. § 2C1.1(b)(2)(B) (requiring an increase of 8 levels if the offense involved a payment for the purpose of influencing an elected official or a “supervisory law enforcement officer”). As we have already noted, a court may consider conduct underlying an acquitted charge in sentencing. Watts, 519 U.S. at 157. The sentencing court found DeLaurentis was a “supervisory law enforcement officer” because he supervised the detective bureau and held himself out as a supervisory officer. Furthermore, DeLaurentis was the police department’s ABC officer. There was uncontradicted testimony that the Mayor and Town Council of Hammonton relied on DeLaurentis’s recommendations when deciding on sanctions for non-compliant liquor license holders. Hence, we see no error. VII. Nor do we see merit in defendant’s alternative contention that the sentencing court should have applied a “clear and convincing evidence” standard in enhancing his sentence. See United States v. Kikumura, 918 F.2d 1084, 1100 (3d Cir.1990) (stating the preponderance of evidence is appropriate for “run-of-the-mill sentencing cases” but not in an “extreme context” where the “tail” wags the “dog” of the substantive offense). In Kikumura we applied a “clear and convincing standard” because the defendant was facing a twenty-two-level increase. Here, the sentencing court increased DeLaurentis’s offense score by two levels under U.S.S.G. § 201.1(b)(1) and eight levels under U.S.S.G. § 2C1.1(b)(2)(3). The increase here was significant but it did not approach the “extreme” level in Kikumura. Although the issue is not free from doubt, we believe the court properly held that the preponderance of the evidence standard applied. Nonetheless, the court appeared to have made its findings under the clear — 174 — and convincing standard.5 Regardless, the evidence adduced at trial satisfied either the preponderance of the evidence standard or the clear and convincing standard. VIII. Finally, we see no abuse of discretion in granting upward departures under U.S.S.G. §§ 5K2.06 and 5K2.14. Compare Koon, 518 U.S. at 98. The sentencing court departed upwards because the negative impact of DeLaurentis’s criminal conduct caused a loss of public confidence and trust in government and because the “nature and circumstances” of the offense endangered the public safety (e.g., enabling the Choris Bar to remain open even though it was the site of frequent fights and public disturbances). We see no abuse of discretion. IX. For these reasons, we will affirm the judgment of conviction and sentence. Footnotes [1] Although we have “generally assumed that our standard of review for the application of the Guidelines to facts is plenary/' the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Buford "prompts us to modify this position.” United States v. Zats, 298 F.3d 182, 185, 2002 U.S. App. LEXIS 15574 at *5 (3d Cir.2002). [2] Counts One and Two were for the alleged extortion of $5000 from Victor Oyóla for his Choris Bar license (in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1951(a), (b)(2), (b)(3) and 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(1)(B)). Count Three was for the extortion of $2,000 from Oyóla to prevent the shutdown of his bar after an alleged drug sale (in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1951(a), (b)(2), (b)(3)). Count Four was for the extortion of $1,000 from a food vendor (in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1951 b(a), (b)(2), (b)(3)). Counts Five and Six were for the extortion of another $6,000 from Oyóla (in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1951(a), (b)(2), (b)(3) and 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(1)(B)). [3] DeLaurentis was also ordered to pay a special assessment of $200.00. [4] U.S.S.G. § IB 1.3(a)(2) provides that sentencing shall be determined on the basis of "all acts and omissions described in subdivisions (1)(A) and (1)(B) above that were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction.” [5] At the sentencing hearing, the District Court found: There is no question in my mind, that the extortion payments in this case were made for the purpose of influencing elected officials ... I find that the evidence on that issue is simply overwhelming and I reject the defense's argument that the evidence does not support that conclusion. There is clearly a nexus between the conduct engaged in by the defendant as an effort to influence the elected officials of the Town of Hammonton.... And I think the evidence clearly supports the conclusion here that the defendant was a supervisory law enforcement officer ... And there’s no doubt that he held himself out as a supervisory law enforcement officer. And more importantly, he was clearly, and this is uncontradicted in the evidence, the ABC officer for the Town of Hammonton and that he was clearly acting in a supervisory capacity in that regard. [6] U.S.S.G. § 2C1.1 Application Note 5 refers to the possibility of an upward departure under Chapter 5, Part K where "the court finds that the defendant’s conduct was part of a systematic or pervasive corruption of a government function....”