Mellon v. International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery

ORDER GRANTING MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT SCOTT W. SKAVDAHL, District Judge. This matter comes before the Court on Defendants’ Motions for Summary Judgment as to Plaintiffs Claims for Negligent Misrepresentation and Fraud (ECF Nos. 46, 48). The Court, having considered the briefs and materials submitted in support of the motions and Plaintiffs opposition thereto, having heard oral argument of counsel, and being otherwise fully advised, FINDS and ORDERS as follows: [1280] BaCkground This action arises out of an expedition to investigate the disappearance of Amelia Earhart and search for the wreckage of the aircraft (a Lockheed Electra Model 10E) she was flying when she disappeared in 1937. Defendant The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery (“TIGHAR”), formed in 1985, is an organization that, in part, performs investigations, aviation archeology and historic preservation of rare and historic aircraft. Defendant Richard Gillespie is, and has always been, TIGHAR’s Executive Director. To help fund its efforts to investigate aircraft wreckage and accidents around the world, TIGHAR engages in fundraising through corporate sponsorships and private donors. Among the most prominent of its activities is TIG-HAR’s ongoing investigation into the disappearance of Amelia Earhart and her navigator Fred Noonan in the South Pacific. Operating on the hypothesis that Earhart and Noonan landed and perished on the island of Nikumaroro in the Republic of Kiribati, TIGHAR has launched a number of expeditions to the island and conducted numerous detailed surveys and searches of the island and its surrounding waters. Beginning with its first expedition in 1989, TIGHAR has made eleven trips to Nikumaroro. It is TIGHAR’s long-standing policy that it will only announce the discovery of Earhart wreckage or its belief that the mystery of the disappearance has been solved when it finds and positively identifies “conclusive, indisputable proof that recovered wreckage is that of the plane or DNA of Ms. Earhart or Mr. Noonan.” (Gillespie Aff. ¶ 8) (ECF No. 45-1). In May 2010, TIGHAR embarked on its tenth expedition to Nikumaroro island (known as “NIKU VI”). The stated objectives of the expedition included an underwater search of the reef slope along the island’s western shoreline, using a remote operated vehicle (“ROV”) equipped with both high definition and standard definition video cameras, to test the hypothesis that the area holds wreckage from the Earhart aircraft, as well as terrestrial archaeological exploration of the island. (PL’s Ex. 2) (“Niku VI Expedition Report”) (ECF No. 54-1); (Gillespie Dep. 160:4-17) (ECF No. 54-3). During the expedition, the ROV filmed some man-made objects, specifically a rope and what “kind of looks like a wire.” (Gillespie Dep. 122:15-123:22.) Members of the ROV crew determined the piece that looked like wire was actually whip coral. (Rodocker Dep. 46:4-22) (ECF No. 54-4). Still, Gillespie wanted to investigate further so the ROV tried to return to the area the next day to recover the object. (Gillespie Dep. 123:16-124:19, 126:2-16.) However, after spending a few hours looking, the area could not be relocated due to technical problems. (Id. 124:20-126:1; Rodocker Dep. 47:17-48:14.) Following the NIKU VI expedition, TIGHAR reported, focusing initially on the high definition video footage,1 “very little man-made material was identified and none was immediately identifiable as airplane debris.” ■ (Niku VI Expedition Report at 8.) Nevertheless, TIGHAR believed the information collected during the expedition supported the hypothesis that the wreckage is located in the area. Id. at 9. The Discovery Channel used the video segment showing the rope and “wire” in its documentary about TIGHAR’s quest to [1281] solve the “Earhart Mystery” which was later also available on YouTube.2 (Gillespie Dep. 123:10-14; 200:7-24.) In April of 2011, Gillespie realized additional underwater video from the standard definition video camera was available and forwarded the footage to certain individuals for further analysis, including Jeff. Glickman who has forensic imaging experience and expertise. (Pl.’s Ex. 5.) Gillespie had previously sent e-mails noting Glick-man found “suspicious objects” in other video clips and the “need to look closely at all of this stuff.” (Pl.’s Ex. 22.) Glickman’s review yielded the following interpretations of certain objects: Object 11: Probably whip coral Object 4: Possibly a broken shell Object 9: This image is too indistinct to support interpretation. Object 10: Rope with a splice. Object 5: Possibly a rod. Another possibility is that it could be a taught cable. Object 3: Insufficient context to support ' interpretation. Object 7: Probably coral. Object 6: Possibly a rod. Another possibility is that it could be taught cable. Object 8: Probably rope. It should be noted that imagery associated with Object 10, Rope with Splice, shows a metal hook attached to the loop formed by the rope looping back to the splice. (Pl.’s Ex. 3) (emphasis added). Discovery of the rope generated discussion at TIG-HAR about its possible connection to the Earhart plane, prompting one member to note the video of the rope “is something that would warrant the full brunt of TIG-HAR curiosity.” (Pl.’s Ex. 6.) Gillespie had earlier cautioned Glickman about publicizing his findings because “news like this is so good that it could prompt some hotshot millionaire glory hunter to decide to beat us to the ‘treasure.’ ”3 (Pl.’s Ex. 7.) In early 2012, TIGHAR received assistance from the. U.S. Government in reviewing and interpreting the “Bevington object.”4 In April 2010, Glickman had discovered the object in a 1937 photograph [1282] of Nikumaroro, and Gillespie published a research bulletin about the photograph on the TIGHAR website on April 20, 2010. (Gillespie Aff. ¶ 12.) TIGHAR believes the Bevington object is consistent with landing gear from the missing Lockheed Electra flown by Earhart. (Id. ¶ 13; Gillespie Dep. 115:2-7.) Gillespie asked Assistant Secretary of State Kurt Campbell to have the photo reviewed by government analysts for a second opinion. (Gillespie Dep. 115:8-12.) The government analysts agreed the object was “probabl[y]” from a Lockheed Electra. Id. 115:15-23. TIG-HAR then began to receive pressure from the U.S. Government to undertake another expedition to Nikumaroro that next summer in search of additional evidence and/or proof of the Earhart wreckage. (Gillespie Dep. 107:14-108:22, 116:10-22.) Although TIGHAR wanted more time to prepare and raise money for another expedition, the State Department offered significant publicity if they were able to “make it happen” in the summer of 2012. (Id. 107-108.) On March 20, 2012 TIGHAR, Secretary of State Clinton and U.S. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood held a press conference extolling TIGHAR’s efforts and promoting its next trip to Nikumaroro. (Gillespie Dep. 109.) During that event, Gillespie acknowledged TIGHAR has “compelling evidence” to support its theory about Earhart’s disappearance and the location of the wreckage. (http://www. youtube, com/watch ?v + WGbYeZAvTYIc.) Gillespie further characterized the evidence as “strong but circumstantial” and stated that finding the airplane would make it conclusive. Id. 21:50-22:15. Gillespie noted all they can do is make their best effort to search and see what they can find; “it is the searching that is important.” Id. 28:15-30. Gillespie admits these types of publicity events and press releases are part of their fundraising philosophy: “We build the expedition we feel needs to be done, and then we figure out how much that’s going to cost, and then we make known to the public what we want to do, how we want to do it, and how much it’s going to cost, and we’re not going to be able to do it if we don’t raise the money. And then we usually stand by and let people come to us.” (Gillespie Dep. 144:4-18.) Following that press conference, the Casper [Wyoming] Star Tribune printed a story discussing the “new clue” revealed by enhanced analysis of the Bevington photo. (PL’s Ex. 20.) The article reported TIGHAR’s intention to return to the island that summer “in the hope of finding the wreckage of Earhart’s plane and perhaps even the remains of the pilot and her navigator, Fred Noonan.” Id. The article further reported Gillespie’s acknowl-edgement that they had “circumstantial”, but “strong” evidence of the plane’s location. After reading the Tribune article, on March 22, 2012, Plaintiff contacted TIGHAR via e-mail expressing his interest in talking to Gillespie “about funding opportunities for [TIGHAR’s] Amelia Earhart and other projects.” (Pl.’s Ex. 11; Mellon Dep. 17:5-18.) Within days Plaintiff and Gillespie spoke by phone (at Plaintiffs request) and discussed Plaintiffs interest in the Earhart project, both in funding and participation. (Gillespie Dep. 109-110; Mellon Dep. 21.) Plaintiff offered to fund nearly half of the cost of the 2012 expedition, or around one million dollars.5 (Gillespie Dep. 110:11-14.) On his own volition, Gillespie forwarded [1283] Plaintiff a number of materials about TIGHAR’s quest to find the Earhart plane, including a DVD of the Discovery-Channel show. (PL’s Ex. 12.) Plaintiff did not undertake any independent investigation into TIGHAR or Gillespie prior to making his donation, nor did he solicit any additional information from TIGHAR before making his donation. (Mellon Dep. 22:16-25.) The NIKU VII expedition departed Hawaii on July 3, 2012, accompanied by Plaintiff as well as a documentary crew from the Discovery Channel and other supporters.6 This expedition again involved underwater imaging and sonar. Following the expedition, Gillespie immediately sent video footage to Jeff Glickman, hoping “something interesting” would be found before the Discovery show set to air on August 19, 2012. (PL’s Ex. 14.) Upon a “cursory review of less than 30% of the expedition’s video,” Glickman found a “debris field” in the area of the Bevington object. (Pl.’s Ex. 15.) Gillespie advised Discovery, “We have what appears to be a debris field just offshore where the ‘landing gear’ object appears in the 1937 Bev-ington Photo.” Id. Central to his case, Plaintiff has since become convinced (over the course of time and countless viewings) that the footage taken during the 2010 NIKU VI expedition reveals the wreckage of the Lockheed Electra flown by Amelia Earhart when she disappeared and various objects associated therewith,7 and that TIGHAR and Gillespie knew, or should have known, this to be true but concealed the discovery from Plaintiff and the world in order to raise money for additional expeditions. Plaintiff alleges he would not have made his donation but for the Defendants’ alleged misrepresentations. On June 3, 2013, Plaintiff filed this lawsuit against Defendants. Still pending before the Court are Plaintiffs claims for fraud and negligent misrepresentation. Standard of Review Summary judgment is appropriate where a movant shows “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a) (2010) (emphasis added). “A dispute is genuine if there is sufficient evidence so that a rational trier of fact could resolve the issue either way. A fact is material if under the substantive law it is essential to the proper disposition of the claim.” Crowe v. ADT Sec. Servs., Inc., 649 F.3d 1189, 1194 (10th Cir.2011) (internal quotations and citations omitted). “If a reasonable trier of fact could not return a verdict for the nonmov-ing party, summary judgment is proper.” White v. York Int’l Corp., 45 F.3d 357, 360 (10th Cir.1995). In reviewing a motion for summary judgment, the Court is to determine whether there is evidence to support a party’s factual claim, Jarvis v. Potter, 500 [1284] F.3d 1113, 1120 (10th Cir.2007), and, in doing so, must view the evidence and draw reasonable inferences therefrom in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party, E.E.O.C. v. C.R. England, Inc., 644 F.3d 1028, 1037 (10th Cir.2011). “However, unsupported conelusory allegations do not create a genuine issue of fact.” Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted). Similarly, “mere speculation unsupported by evidence is insufficient to resist summary judgment.” Martinez v. C02 Serv., Inc., 12 Fed.Appx. 689, 695 (10th Cir.2001) (citations omitted). Discussion In support of their summary judgment motions, Defendants contend both of Plaintiffs remaining claims fail for lack of any evidence, other than Plaintiffs own speculation and opinion, of any false representation made or information provided to Plaintiff prior to making his 2012 donation. In response, Plaintiff contends ample evidence exists to demonstrate TIGHAR knew, or should have known, of the presence of the Earhart wreckage from the 2010 expedition footage prior to discussing financial contributions with Plaintiff, yet Defendants misrepresented that the purpose of the 2012 expedition was to locate the wreckage they had already found. Negligent Misrepresentation “Under Wyoming law, the elements of negligent misrepresentation are as follows: (1) defendant gave plaintiff false information in a transaction in which defendant had a pecuniary interest; (2) defendant gave the false information to plaintiff for the guidance of plaintiff in plaintiffs business transactions; (3) defendant failed to use reasonable care in obtaining or communicating the information; (4) plaintiff justifiably relied on the false information supplied by defendant; and (5) as a result of plaintiffs reliance, plaintiff suffered economic damages.” Wyo. Sugar Growers, LCC v. Spreckels Sugar Co., Inc., 925 F.Supp.2d 1225, 1228 n. 2 (D.Wyo.2012) (citing Birt v. Wells Fargo Home Mortg., Inc., 75 P.3d 640, 656 (Wyo. 2003)). Foremost and fatal here, Plaintiff must provide evidence that the information given by the Defendants was false. What was affirmatively communicated to Plaintiff is that TIGHAR was planning another expedition in search of the Earhart plane. Certainly, on its face, this representation was and is not false, nor dees Plaintiff assert the materials provided to him by Defendants prior to his donation contained false information. Rather, Plaintiff contends the representation is false because it suggests the Earhart plane had not already been found. In support of his assertion that Defendants had found the Earhart wreckage during the NIKU VI expedition in 2010, Plaintiff cites to Glick-man’s April 2011 interpretations following his analysis of the standard definition video later discovered by Gillespie. (Pl.’s Ex. 3.) However, Glickman’s observations of rods (or maybe cable) and rope, excepting the “rope with a splice,” are couched in probabilities and possibilities — hardly conclusive evidence of the Earhart plane. Defendants believed these findings warranted further investigation and provided additional support for their hypothesis, but are not the kind of proof they are searching for.8 Following enhanced analysis of the Bev-ington object by the U.S. Government, [1285] Defendants very publicly announced their belief they had circumstantial but strong evidence reinforcing their theory about the location of the wreckage. (Gillespie Dep. 194:5-13.) Plaintiff himself agrees the Bevington object is not conclusive evidence of Earhart’s plane. (Mellon Dep. 89:16-90:8.) Plaintiffs experts’ opinion, formed after having the benefit of viewing video from both the 2010 and 2012 expeditions, likewise falls short of establishing the falsity of Defendants’ representation that they had not found the airplane. Rather, the experts simply opine that the 2010 video footage depicts man-made objects “consistent with parts of the Earhart Lockheed Electra Model 10,” leading them to the conclusion that the identified objects “are likely to have originated from Earhart’s Electra.” (ECF No. 54-1) (emphasis added). To be sure, there is dispute about what can be seen in the 2010 expedition footage and the source of any man-made objects identified.9 And whether Defendants found the wreckage in 2010 is disputed. However, there is no evidence in the record that, in fact, the Earhart wreckage lies on the ocean floor off of Nikumaroro and Defendants knew, or should have known, that fact upon review of footage from NIKU VI. That a jury would be asked to decide these issues defeats Plaintiffs assertion that Defendants misrepresented anything. Ultimately, Plaintiffs theory is based on his opinion that the video footage reveals the Earhart wreckage, ápparently believing that the proof is self-evident in the footage.10 Defendants’ representation that they were planning another expedition to find the wreckage was based on their opinion they had not yet found it. “[Negligent misrepresentation does not apply to ... statements of opinion.” Birt, 75 P.3d at 657-58. Rather, the tort of negligent misrepresentation “applies only to misrepresentations of facts.” ’ Id. at 658. “The question of whether the alleged misrepresentation was one of present fact or of opinion ... is a question of law.” Id. The Court finds Defendants’ representation that they were still searching for the plane (thereby implying they had not yet found it) is simply one of opinion; there is no evidence to support a finding that at the time Defendants made the alleged misrepresentation they had, in fact, found Amelia Earhart’s plane. . Neither has Plaintiff ■ submitted evidence to support a finding that Defendants failed to exercise reasonable care or competence in obtaining, reviewing or communicating the information. Despite acknowledging the need for utilizing a scientific methodology, none of Plaintiff’s experts opine about the standard of care Defendants should have used when viewing and analyzing the 2010 expedition footage or reaching conclusions therefrom.11 [1286] Nowhere in the expert reports do the experts definitively state that the objects which they observed in the 2010 footage are, in fact, from Earhart’s plane. Further, the reports are devoid of any conclusion that Defendants’ failure to identify these objects “consistent with” parts of Earhart’s plane was negligent. When asked what he believes Defendants should have done differently in analyzing the 2010 footage, Plaintiff states, in conclusory fashion, they should have used a different analyst with “sufficient expertise.” (Mellon Dep. 75:9-19, 77:7-22.) However, Plaintiff never states what kind of expert the Defendants should have hired, what constitutes “sufficient expertise,” or what analysis should have been done. Plaintiff has submitted insufficient evidence to establish what Defendants should have known or done based upon the 2010 expedition findings and footage.12 Finally, the Court has doubts about whether Plaintiffs reliance on the alleged misrepresentation was justified. Footage from the 2010 expedition was publicly available, as was the Bevington photo, many months prior to Plaintiffs contribution to Defendants. Further, it was no secret Defendants believed they had strong evidence that the Earhart wreckage was located in the waters off the island of Nikumaroro and intended to return to the island in the hopes of finding the airplane. There is simply no evidence Defendants misrepresented their mission or the status of the search for the Earhart wreckage. The Court finds, based upon the evidence presented, Plaintiff cannot establish the necessary elements of a negligent misrepresentation claim. “Unsupported allegations without any significant probative evidence tending to support the [claim] are insufficient ... as are conclusory assertions that factual disputes exist.” Shively v. Rock, No. 09-cv-826, 2011 WL 1060305, *3 (D.Colo. Feb. 18, 2011) (quoting Southway v. Central Bank of Nigeria, 149 F.Supp.2d 1268, 1273 (D.Colo.2001)) (internal quotations omitted). Fraud The lack of evidence establishing the falsity of Defendants’ representation is similarly fatal to Plaintiffs fraud claim. In order to prevail on a claim for intentional misrepresentation or fraud under Wyoming law, a plaintiff must show: “(1) the defendant made a false representation intended to induce action by the plaintiff; (2) the plaintiff reasonably believed the representation to be true; and (3) the plaintiff relied on the false representation and suffered damages.” Excel Constr., Inc. v. HKM Eng’g, Inc., 228 P.3d 40, 48 (Wyo.2010) (citing Birt, 75 P.3d at 656). “In order to prove intentional misrepresentation, the plaintiff must show that the misrepresentation was made intentionally, with knowledge of its falsity, or that the maker of the misrepresentation was at least aware that he did not have a basis for making the statement.” Id. at [1287] 48-49. Further, “[f]raud must be proven by clear and convincing evidence, as opposed to by a preponderance of the evidence for negligent misrepresentation claims.” Id. at 49. As discussed above, Plaintiff has failed to offer evidence which would show, by even a preponderance of the evidence, that Defendants’ representation they had not yet found the Earhart plane was false. Moreover, even accepting Plaintiff’s experts’ non-definitive conclusion that the objects depicted in the 2010 expedition footage are from Earhart’s plane, Plaintiff must show Defendants had actual knowledge they had found the Earhart wreckage and intentionally misrepresented that fact to Plaintiff. “[0]ne cannot be guilty of fraudulently or intentionally concealing or misrepresenting facts of which he is not aware.” Throckmartin v. Century 21 Top Realty, 226 P.3d 793, 809 (Wyo.2010). There is absolutely no evidence Defendants knew the 2010 footage depicted anything more than rods (or maybe cables) and a rope in the area where they believe the Earhart wreckage to be. At best, Defendants knew they had strong evidence in support of their hypothesis which warranted further investigation. “When a party accused of fraud has presented facts, in support of a motion for summary judgment, that refute the allegations of fraud, the party relying upon the fraud claims then must demonstrate the existence of genuine issues of material fact by clear, unequivocal and convincing evidence.” Phillips v. Toner, 133 P.3d 987, 996 (Wyo.2006). The record is completely devoid of such evidence here. Plaintiff has no more than theories and opinions that Earhart’s plane, or parts of it, are depicted in the 2010 footage. Defendants disagree. As stated previously, expressions of opinion are not representations of fact and, therefore, cannot form the basis of a fraud claim. See Birt, 75 P.3d at 658; Davis v. Schiess, 417 P.2d 19, 21 (Wyo.1966) (“a statement which is but an expression of opinion is generally not held to be the representation of a fact” supporting fraud). There is no proof in the record that the objects Plaintiff and his experts observe in the 2010 NIKÜ VI footage are from Earhart’s plane. If a genuine dispute of fact exists as to whether Defendants found the Earhart wreckage in 2010, there can be no finding Defendants falsely represented they had not found it (absent evidence Defendants indeed believed they had). The Court finds Plaintiff’s claim lacks the requisite evidentiary support. Conclusion Defendants represented to Plaintiff they were planning another expedition in their continued quest to find the wreckage of Amelia Earhart’s airplane. Upon reading about Defendants’ efforts, Plaintiff contacted Defendants and expressed his interest in supporting the expedition with a monetary contribution. That’s exactly what the parties then did. No false representations were made. The lost had not been found ... or maybe it had. Regardless, no rational trier of fact could find Defendants falsely represented they had not found Earhart’s plane by embarking on another expedition in hopes of finding conclusive evidence to prove it. No matter how convinced or sincere Plaintiff is in his subjective belief and opinion that Amelia Earhart’s airplane was or should have been discovered prior to the making of his donation, that belief and opinion is insufficient to create a genuine dispute of material fact. See Rice v. U.S., 166 F.3d 1088, 1092 (10th Cir.1999). The Court finds no genuine dispute of material fact and Defendants are entitled to judgment as a [1288] matter of law. THEREFORE, it is hereby ORDERED that Defendants’ Motions for Summary Judgment as to Plaintiff’s Claims for Negligent Misrepresentation and Fraud (ECF Nos. 46, 48) are GRANTED. Footnotes [1] In an e-mail dated April 10, 2011, Gillespie indicated he had been "focusing on the [¶] imagery” not realizing there was significant footage available from the standard definition camera. (Pl.’s Ex. 5.) [2] TIGHAR entered into an Exclusive Expedition Agreement with Discovery Communications that covered the 2010 expedition. (Pl.’s Ex. 10.) As part of that Agreement, Discovery was given exclusive rights regarding the announcement and publication of any “conclusive discoveries” as defined by the Agreement. Id. at 8. Also pursuant to the Agreement, all of the video footage from NIKU VI was turned over to Discovery Communications. [3] Plaintiff alleges that one important motivation for TIGHAR's decision to conceal their discovery was so it could first obtain an exclusive agreement with the Republic of Kiribati that would protect TIGHAR’s rights to discovered artifacts. (PL's Mem. in Opp’n at 5.) The March 20, 2012 Agreement between TIGHAR and the Republic of Kiribati gave TIGHAR an exclusive license to search for, recover and preserve artifacts relating to the Earhart wreckage; however, Kiribati retained ownership and all legal rights to all artifacts removed from Kiribati, including Amelia Earhart's plane, wreckage or parts thereof. (Hr’g Ex. 1.) Prior to this Agreement, TIG-HAR had only an Agreement covering certain artifacts collected from Nikumaroro in 1989. (PL’s Ex. 8.) TIGHAR recognized the need for a more expansive agreement as "[t]he stronger the evidence becomes that the wreckage of the plane is in the waters adjacent to Nikuma-roro, the greater the danger of an unauthorized attempt to find and recover it.” (Pl.’s Ex. 9; see also Gillespie Dep. 153:21-154:25.) The desire to have an agreement and plan in place for protection of any artifacts, in anticipation of finding proof of the Earhart wreckage, does not suggest TIGHAR knew it had indeed found the Earhart wreckage. [4] References to the "Bevington object” refer to an object that appears in a later 1937 photograph of Nikumaroro taken by an English Colonial Administrator, Eric Bevington, who was surveying islands in the area. (Gillespie Aff. ¶ 11.) [5] The actual gift to TIGHAR came in the form of stock with a value of $1,046,843.00. (PL’s Ex. 13.) [6] In addressing the difference between the 2010 and 2012 expeditions, Gillespie stated "in 2010 underwater search for airplane wreckage was a component of the expedition," in 2012 "it was the dominant, by far, activity." (Gillespie Dep. 257:8-11.) [7] Some of the items Plaintiff believes are depicted in the 2010 video footage are: components of the Lockheed Electra plane (including the plane cockpit and landing gear, wing sections, engine & propeller, tailwheel, and fuel tank), headset and wires, skeletal remains of Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan, cellophane bags wrapped around the skulls of Ms. Earhart and Mr. Noonan with tubes running to a bottle of nitrogen (Plaintiff believes the two committed suicide in this fashion), shoes, banjo and case, violin and case, guitar, severed hand, camera, toilet compartment and toilet paper rolls, flyswatter, bracelet, binoculars and field glasses. (Mellon Dep. 41, 43, 78-79; Mellon Dep. Ex. 11 (ECF No. 47-2).) [8] Gillespie believes that “to solve the Earhart mystery, you have to have a smoking gun.” (Gillespie Dep. 113:20-21.) In his view, "that's going to be DNA or identifiable airplane wreckage. Something with a serial number, a part number, something that's [] incontrovertibly [] from Earhart’s airplane.” Id. 114:5-8. [9] Plaintiff admits others have seen a particular object in the video that he does not, and he has seen objects that he later determined weren't there or were something different. (Mellon Dep. 30:22-31:5, 33:8-16, 34:20-25, 78:9-22, 79:15-20.) [10] Despite Plaintiff's belief that he himself can see objects associated with the Earhart wreckage in the 2010 video footage, Plaintiff's experts’ report notes, “Positively identifying wreckage of historical significance, located in a remote area of the planet and under hundreds of feet of ocean waters is challenging and requires a scientific approach to methodology.” (ECF No. 54-1.) Plaintiff states he is "self-taught” in the methodology for identifying airplane wreckage underwater. (Mellon Dep. 80:2-7.) Plaintiff admits he does not have the expertise to scientifically prove the existence of what he sees in the video. Id. 59:4-9, 60:1-12, 92:16-21. [11] Plaintiff's argument regarding Defendants' failure to use reasonable care in conducting the NIKU VI expedition misses the point. [1286] (Pl.'s Mem. in Opp'n at 17.) Plaintiff himself alleges the video footage from NIKU VI clearly depicts the Earhart wreckage, and Plaintiff’s negligent misrepresentation claim is based on Defendants’ alleged incompetence in failing to identify the wreckage in the 2010 footage. [12] In cases involving a specialized field, such as architecture or engineering, testimony about the standard of care applicable to the defendant’s conduct and the defendant’s compliance with that standard of care must be provided by an expert in that particular specialized field. See Garaman, Inc. v. Williams, 912 P.2d 1121, 1123-24 (Wyo.1996). Such expert testimony is required where "the common sense and experience of a layperson are [not] sufficient to establish the standard of care.” Rino v. Mead, 55 P.3d 13, 19 (Wyo.2002).