United States v. Deantoni

MEMORANDUM OPINION James C. Cacheris, UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT JUDGE This matter is before the Court on the Defendant’s Motion to Exclude All Evidence Related to Plea Negotiations, or in the Alternative, Dismiss the Indictment. [Dkt. 23] Specifically, the Defendant seeks to exclude “statements made during the proffer session on December 12, 2014, statements provided during debriefings session (sic) with attorneys for the Government on January 14 and 15, 2015, Mr. DeAntoni’s grand jury testimony on January 15, 2015, and the draft plea agreement and the statement of facts signed by Mr. DeAntoni on February 6, 2015.” (Def.’s Mem. [Dkt. 24] at 1.) For the reasons set forth below, the Defendant’s motion is denied in part and granted in part. I. Background On December 3, 2014, Department of Homeland Security agents executed a search warrant on Defendant Donnetto Antonio DeAntoni’s (“Defendant” or “DeAntoni”) residence. (Id.) The search warrant authorized the seizure of evidence relating to criminal copyright infringement, trafficking in counterfeit goods, conspiracy to commit money .laundering, wire fraud, and smuggling goods from the United States. (Id. at 2.). Similar search warrants were executed at three locations in California owned by or associated with Defendant’s brother, Deonnetti DeAntoni. (Id.) On December 8, 2014, the Defendant retained the services of attorneys Marsh Halberg and Eric Nelson of Halberg Criminal Defense in Minnesota. (Id.) On December 9, 2014, Mr. Halberg and Assistant United States’ Attorney (“AUSA”) Alex Nguyen exchanged e-mails discussing the possibility of a video conference proffer session. (Id.) Defendant’s attorney explained at the time that he “understand^] there are no promises or guarantees from the Government,” but he “hope[s] at a future time [the government] will consider a favorable [plea] offer and 5K motion.” (Def.’s Mot. Ex. 2 [Dkt. 24-2].) AUSA Nguyen forwarded a copy of a proffer letter, and a proffer session took place via video conference on December 12, 2014. (Def.’s Mem. at 2.) Eventually, a proffer letter was signed on December 18, 2014. (Id. at 3.) As part of the Defendant’s continuing cooperation, the Government asked him to testify before the grand jury investigating him and his brother, and emailed his counsel on December 12, 2014 to schedule a time to appear before the grand jury in January 2015. (Def.’s Mot. Ex. 4 [Dkt. 24-4].) In that same email, the Government expressed a desire to “discuss a resolution to the case” “between now and the GJ date.” (Id.) On December 17, 2014, the government emailed defense counsel suggesting that “it may make sense” for the Defendant, a resident of Minnesota, “to testify [in the grand jury] and plead guilty during the same trip to avoid additional travel.” (Def.’s Mot. Ex. 7 [Dkt. 24-7].) Defense counsel was amenable to “[c]om-bining tasks,” so the Government followed up with a plea offer on December 23, 2014. (Def.’s Mot. Ex. 6 [Dkt. 24-6], Ex. 11 [Dkt. 24-11].) In response to that plea offer, defense counsel asked if they could “not do — 481 — the plea so quickly”, and asked to wait until the holidays had passed and the Defendant had time “to process all the nuances” of the proposed plea. (Def.’s Mot. Ex. 12 [Dkt. 24-12].) In that same e-mail, defense counsel stated that his client “will still fly in for the grand jury and also meet.. .in person to talk about possible refinements” to the proposed plea. (Id.) On January 15, 2015, the Defendant testified before the grand jury. (Def.’s Mem. at 4.) During his grand jury testimony, the following questions and answers took place: Q: You may refuse to answer any question if a truthful answer to the question would tend to incriminate you. Do you understand that? A: Yes. Q: Have you received any promises from the Government in exchange for cooperating? A: No Q: Mr. DeAntoni, do you understand that anything you say may be used against you by the grand jury or in a later legal proceeding? A: Yes. (Gov. Ex. 1, G.J. Tr. [Dkt. 31-1] 2:25-3:14 (emphasis added).) Mr. DeAntoni then went on to admit that he and his brother had knowingly sold millions of dollars’ worth of pirated software. (See id. at 5:15-6:3.) After the prosecutor had finished her examination of the Defendant, the grand jury questioned the Defendant directly. One juror pressed the issue of whether the Defendant was aware he was selling an illegal product, and the Defendant responded “just bluntly, I covered my eyes and denied the obvious.” (Id. at 37:1-2.) After Mr. DeAntoni’s appearance before the grand jury, the Government and defense counsel continued to discuss the proposed plea agreement via email communication for several weeks. (Def.’s Mem. at 4.) On February 6, 2015, the Defendant signed a plea agreement and statement of facts. (Def.’s Mot. Ex. 21 [Dkt. 24-21].) That same day, defense counsel emailed the Government plea agreement signed by the Defendant and explained that defense counsel would sign the documents after he was admitted pro hac vice to the Eastern District of Virginia. (Id.) Subsequently, a minor change was made to the plea agreement, and the parties agreed that a new copy would be written and executed. (Def.’s Mem. at 5.) Before the new plea agreement could be executed, the Defeh-dant terminated Mr. Halberg and Mr. Nelson as his attorneys on March 2, 2015. (Def.’s Mot. Ex. 36 [Dkt. 24-36].) Defendant’s new attorneys informed the Government that he no longer intended to plead guilty, and a plea hearing scheduled for March 5, 2015 was removed from the Court’s docket. (Def.’s Mem. at 6.) On October 14, 2015, the grand jury returned a four count Indictment charging Mr. DeAntoni with Conspiracy, Criminal Infringement of a Copyright, Trafficking in Counterfeit Goods, and Conspiracy to Commit Money Laundering. (Id.) Defendant now moves pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 410 and Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(f), seeking to: exclude from trial all evidence related to, and all information obtained as a result of plea negotiations between the Accused and the Government, including, but not limited to, statements made during the proffer session on December 12, 2014, statements provided during debriefings session with attorneys for the Government on January 14 and 15, 2015, Mr. DeAntoni’s grand jury testimony on January 15, 2015, and the draft plea agreement and the statement of facts signed by Mr. DeAntoni on February 6, 2015. — 482 — (Id. at 1.) Defendant also requests that the Court dismiss the indictment if the grand jury which returned his indictment heard evidence against him which was inadmissible under Rule 410. (Id. at 23.) The Government contests the admissibility of the Defendant’s grand fury testimony generally, and the admissibility of the defendant’s proffer session interviews with the Government for the limited purpose of impeachment. (Gov.’s Mem. in Opp. at 3, 10.) The Government also contends that while the indicting grand jury received only the transcript of the Defendant’s previous grand jury testimony, Rule 410 does not apply to grand jury proceedings and dismissal of the indictment would be inappropriate under Rule 410. (Id. at 12.) II. Legal Standard Federal Rule of Evidence 410 bars the admission of “statement[s] made during plea discussions with an attorney for the prosecuting authority.” Fed. R. Evid. 410(a)(4). Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(f) incorporates Federal Rule of Evidence, and provides that it shall govern “admissibility or inadmissibility of a plea, plea discussion, and any related statement.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(f). “Because Rule 410 is an exception to the general principle that all relevant evidence is admissible at trial, its limitations are to be construed narrowly.” United States v. Stevens, 455 Fed.Appx. 343, 345 (4th Cir.2011). A defendant’s statements “do not constitute plea discussions unless the defendant exhibits a subjective belief that he is negotiating a plea, and that belief is reasonable under the circumstances.” United States v. Cowan, 96 F.3d 1439, 1996 WL 521049, at *5 (4th Cir.1996)(ta-ble)(internal quotations omitted). Additionally, “the primary concern of the draftsmen [of Rule 410] was with fairly formal plea bargaining between the United States Attorney and counsel for defendant.” United States v. Stirling, 571 F.2d 708, 731 (2d Cir.1978). III. Analysis A. Defendant’s Grand Jury Testimony The Defendant argues that his grand jury testimony should be excluded under Rule 410 because it took place at the urging of the Government and occurred while negotiations between his attorneys and the Government were ongoing. (Def.’s Mem. at 20.) However, given the context of the Defendant’s grand jury testimony, the Defendant cannot plausibly maintain that he subjectively believed that he was negotiating a plea at that point in time, much less that such a belief was reasonable. Accordingly, the Court finds that under the facts presented here, the Defendant’s grand jury testimony falls outside the realm of Rule 410. Courts have been unwilling to find any grand jury testimony protected under Rule 410. See Stirling, 571 F.2d at 731 (refusing to exclude grand jury testimony under Rule 410 because “[i]t simply cannot be said that [the defendant] was engaged in a ‘discussion’ with the Grand Jury in an attempt to obtain concessions from the Government in exchange for his plea”); United States v. Davis, 617 F.2d 677, 683 (D.C.Cir.1979)(refusing to exclude grand jury testimony under Rule 410 because that would not serve the rule’s purpose of protecting “free and open discussion between the prosecution and the defense during attempts to reach a compromise”); United States v. Nemetz, No. 87-196-C 1987 WL 17543 at *4 (D.Mass. Sept. 21, 1987)(rejecting Rule 410 claim because “the statements were made to a grand jury rather than an attorney for the government” and Rule 410 “does not protect all statements made prior to the time that the defendant’s plea is accepted by the Court”). Stirling and Davis contain dicta — 483 — suggesting that Rule 410 could be read to protect grand jury testimony if the testimony took place after plea negotiations had begun but prior to the entry of a guilty plea. However, neither court was willing to take the extra step of holding that Rule 410 protected grand jury testimony given after initiation of plea negotiations but before their conclusions. Moreover, both Stirling and Davis dealt with an older version of Rule 410 which barred admission of any “statement made in connection with, and relevant to, any plea offers.” Fed. R. Evid. 410 (1975). In 1979, Rule 410 and Criminal Rule of Civil Procedure 11(e)(6) were amended to cover only those statements made “during plea discussions”. Fed. R. Evid. 410. These changes were brought about to narrow what “Congress thought a too-broad view of the plea negotiation process.” United States v. Marks, 209 F.3d 577, 582 (6th Cir.2000). In keeping with this narrower focus, courts have eschewed bright line time limits on Rule 410’s applicability in favor of a fact specific inquiry into both the defendant’s subjective expectations “at the time of the discussion” and the reasonableness of those expectations “given the totality of the objective circumstances.” United States v. Merrill, 685 F.3d 1002, 1013 (11th Cir.2012)(quoting United States v. Robertson, 582 F.2d 1356, 1366 (5th Cir.1978). Based on the record here, the Defendant cannot plausibly maintain that he exhibited a subjective belief that he was negotiating a plea when he testified before the grand jury, and any such subjective belief would certainly have been unreasonable. First, the nature of the grand jury proceeding itself advises against finding that the Defendant had a subjective and objectively reasonable belief that he was negotiating a plea agreement while testifying there. The grand jury is “an investigative body acting independently of either prosecuting attorney or judge.” United States v. Williams, 504 U.S. 36, 49, 112 S.Ct. 1735, 118 L.Ed.2d 352 (1992). All grand jury proceedings are recorded, and attorneys may not accompany witness-clients into the grand jury room. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 6(e)(1); Fed. R. Crim. P. 6(d). The grand jury exists to gather evidence of crime and to determine whether there are grounds for criminal charges. See United States v. Mandujano, 425 U.S. 564, 573, 96 S.Ct. 1768, 48 L.Ed.2d 212 (1976). Federal Rule of Evidence 410 was designed to foster “free communication” and provide “security against having an offer of compromise or related statement admitted in evidence.” Fed. R. Evid. 410, Advisory Committee’s Notes. The grand jury, an independent investigative body where everything is on the record, is almost uniquely ill-suited to serving as a venue for inadmissible, confidential plea negotiations between the prosecuting authority and the defendant. It is not surprising, then, that courts have routinely declined to extend Rule 410 protection to statements made before a grand jury. See Stirling, 571 F.2d at 731; Davis, 617 F.2d at 683; Nemetz, 1987 WL 17543 at *4. The Court fails to see how the Defendant could have reasonably believed he was negotiating a plea “at the time of the discussion” while testifying, on the record and without his attorney present, before the grand jury. Merrill, 685 F.3d at 1013. Nor was the Defendant in any doubt as to the nature of the grand jury proceeding. The Defendant’s grand jury testimony clearly demonstrates that he was aware anything he said before the grand jury could be used against him by the grand jury or at later criminal proceedings. At the grand jury proceeding, the prosecutor asked the Defendant, “Have you received any promises from the Government in exchange for cooperating?” (Gov. Ex. 1, G.J. Tr. 3:8-9.) The Defendant — 484 — responded, “[n]o.” (Id. at 3:10.) Immediately after that, the Prosecutor asked, “Mr. DeAntoni, do you understand that anything you say may be used against you by the grand jury or in a later legal proceeding?’ (Id. at 3:11-13 (emphasis added).) The Defendant responded, “[y]es.” (Id. at 3:14.) The Defendant clearly acknowledged that his testimony before the grand jury was not part of a negotiation or a quid pro quo arrangement with the Government. He further clearly acknowledged and accepted that his testimony was being recorded and could be used against him either by the grand jury or at a later criminal proceeding. The Defendant’s own testimony before the grand jury therefore indicates that he did not believe his testimony in front of the grand jury was part of any negotiations towards a plea agreement. At least where the nature of the grand jury proceeding is explained to the defendant and the defendant proceeds to testify before the grand jury of his own volition, the defendant cannot maintain that he has “exhibited a subjective belief that he [was] negotiating a plea” when he testified before the grand jury, nor could any such belief be reasonable. Cowan, 96 F.3d at 1439. This result is in accord with both Rule 410’s goal of promoting the “free and open discussion between the prosecution and the defense during attempts to reach a compromise,” Davis, 617 F.2d at 683, and the draftsmen’s primary concern of “fairly formal plea bargaining between the United States Attorney and counsel for defendant,” Stirling, .517 F.2d at 731. Holding that a defendant’s testimony before the grand jury is not protected by Rule 410 even where that testimony occurs prior to execution of a finalized plea agreement poses little risk of chilling free and open negotiations between prosecuting attorneys and defendants. In a typical case, when a defendant considers appearing before a grand jury as part of a plea bargain, some sort of immunity agreement or other “plea bargain agreement is usually reached prior to the defendant’s testimony before the grand jury.” Nemetz, 1987 WL 17643 at *4 (citing Davis, 617 F.2d at 683; in turn citing Stirling, 571 F.2d at 732). It is the defendant who is best placed to avoid the negative ramifications of testifying in front of the grand jury prior to the entry of a guilty plea or execution of an immunity agreement. As the Defendant here was advised, if he did not want to testify before the grand jury prior to working the details of a plea bargain or immunity agreement, he could have “refuse[d] to answer any question if a truthful question would tend to incriminate [him].” (Gov. Ex. 1, G.J. Tr. 2:25-3:2.) The Defendant was likewise advised that he could terminate his testimony before the grand jury and talk to his lawyers at any time if he wanted to do so. (Id. at 3:23-25.) Allowing the admission of a defendant’s grand jury testimony will not undermine the ability of prosecutors and defendants to negotiate openly and honestly, even where that testimony took place prior to execution of a plea agreement. Defendants remain free to invoke their Fifth Amendment rights and refuse to testify before a grand jury until they finalize a plea agreement or negotiate some other immunity deal limiting the use of their grand jury testimony. The Defendant argues that his appearance before the grand jury was compelled by the Government “as a condition of continued plea negotiations.” (Def.’s Rep. at 7.) If the prosecuting attorney were to require a defendant to testify before the grand jury as a prerequisite to continued plea negotiations, it would raise serious concerns about the voluntariness of a defendant’s testimony, and may render the testimony before the grand jury coerced. However, no such situation appears here. The record reveals that the Defendant’s — 485 — attorneys suggested proceeding with the Defendant’s grand jury testimony prior to execution of a plea agreement. (See Def.’s Ex. 12 [Dkt. 24-12].) The prosecuting attorneys were amenable to this idea, but they never expressed that the Defendant needed to appear before the grand jury on any specific date or prior to the execution of a guilty plea as a perquisite to continued plea negotiations. (See Def.’s Ex. 13 [Dkt. 24-13].) The Defendant argues that he was obliged to appear before the grand jury at this time because a draft plea agreement under consideration at the time of the Defendant’s grand jury testimony included a clause providing, “[t]he defendant agrees to testify truthfully and completely at any grand juries, trials, or other proceedings.” (Draft Plea Agreement § 10(a) [Dkt. 33-1].) When interpreting a plea agreement or determining whether a plea agreement has been formed, the Court draws upon the law “pertaining to the formation and interpretation of commercial contracts.” United States v. Harvey, 791 F.2d 294, 300 (4th Cir.1986). The draft plea agreement would have required the Defendant to cooperate fully and testify truthfully at a grand jury or any other proceeding once the parties finalized and executed the plea agreement. However, the draft agreement was never executed. Accordingly, the draft plea agreement was not a binding agreement on either the Government or the Defendant. It was, as its name implies, a draft, subject to further negotiation. The Defendant was not required to appear before the grand jury when he did so simply because the draft plea agreement would have required the Defendant to testify truthfully and cooperate fully once the contemplated plea agreement was executed. Finally, even if the Defendant were able to show that he subjectively believed he was negotiating a plea deal as he was testifying before the grand jury and that this belief was objectively reasonable, his testimony definitively establishes that he waived any Rule 410 protection before the grand jury. “Absent some affirmative indication that the agreement was entered into unknowingly or involuntarily, an agreement to waive the exclusionary provisions of the plea-statement Rules is valid and enforceable.” United States v. Mezzanatto, 513 U.S. 196, 210, 115 S.Ct. 797, 130 L.Ed.2d 697 (1995). “A knowing waiver is one ’made with a full awareness of both the nature of the right being abandoned and the consequences of the decision to abandon it.” United States v. Young, 223 F.3d 905, 909 (8th Cir.2000)(quoting Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 421, 106 S.Ct. 1135, 89 L.Ed.2d 410 (1986)). In Young, the Eighth Circuit held that a waiver need not reference Rule 410 by name or “include a rote recitation of the rules” in order to be a knowing and voluntary waiver of Rule 410’s exclusionary provisions. Id. at 911. Here, the Defendant was asked “Mr. DeAntoni, do you understand that anything you say may be used against you by the grand jury or in a later legal proceeding'?” (Gov. Ex. 1, G.J. Tr. at 3:11-13 (emphasis added).) Mr. DeAntoni responded, “[y]es.” (Id. at 3:14.) Although the Government’s attorney did not invoke Rule 410 by name, the attorney clearly explained that the Defendant was waiving any right to prevent the use of his grand jury testimony against him by either the grand jury or at a later legal proceeding. The right to prevent later use at a legal proceeding is the sine qua non of Rule 410. The Court concludes that the Defendant was fully aware of the nature of the right he was waiving, and the consequences of the decision to abandon it. Accordingly, even if Rules 410 and 11(f) were construed to cover the Defendant’s voluntary grand jury testimony, the Defendant knowingly and voluntarily waived the exclusionary — 486 — provisions of those rules with respect to his grand jury testimony. The Court therefore finds that the Defendant’s voluntary grand jury testimony does not fall within the scope of Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(f) or Federal Rule of Evidence 410 notwithstanding the fact that the testimony took place after the initiation of plea negotiations and before their conclusion. The Court further finds that even if Rules 410 and 11(f) were applicable to this context, the Defendant’s grand jury testimony included a knowing and voluntary waiver of the exclusionary provisions of those Rules. Accordingly, the Court denies the Defendant’s motion to exclude with respect to the Defendant’s grand jury testimony. B. Government Use of Defendant’s Interviews for Impeachment Purposes The Defendant also moves to exclude any reference to his statements made during voluntary interviews with the Government pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 410 and Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(f). Prior to the first video conference between the Defendant and the prosecuting attorneys on December 12, 2014, the Government sent the Defendant a standard proffer letter laying out the proposed terms of that meeting. That proffer letter provided that the Defendant’s statements would not be used in the Government’s case-in-chief, but could be used for cross-examination or rebuttal if the Defendant testified inconsistently at trial. (Gov.’s Mem. Ex. 2 at 1.) It further provided that if Mr. DeAntoni’s proffer session with the Government was “construed to have been an instance of compromise negotiations or plea discussions, [the Defendant] knowingly and voluntarily waives all rights [the Defendant] has pursuant to Federal Rules of Evidence 408 and 410 and Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(f) that would otherwise prohibit the use against [the Defendant] of statements made during such negotiations or discussions.” (Id. at 2.) The Defendant and his attorney at the time, Mr. Halberg, did not sign and return the proffer agreement until December 18, 2014, six days after the video conference with the prosecuting attorneys had taken place. Proffer agreements, like plea agreements, are interpreted primarily according to the principles of contract law while holding the Government “to a greater degree of responsibility than the defendant (or possibly than would be either of the parties to a commercial contract) for imprecisions or ambiguities.” United States v. Lewis, 633 F.3d 262, 269 (4th Cir.2011)(quoting United States v. Wood, 378 F.3d 342, 348 (4th Cir.2004)). Additionally, when the contract involves the waiver of rights by a defendant and concerns about “public confidence in the fair administration of justice,” agreements between prosecuting attorneys and a defendant are analyzed with special scrutiny. United States v. Carter, 454 F.2d 426, 428 (4th Cir.1972). Because the proffer letter, like a plea agreement, involves the waiver of certain protections and raises concerns about fairness in interactions between prosecuting attorneys and the public, the Court will interpret the proffer letter according to the same “amalgam of constitutional, supervisory, and private law concerns” that governs the interpretation of plea agreements. Id. “One of contract law’s fundamental doctrines is that there can be no agreement unless there is a ‘meeting of the minds.’ ” United States v. White, No. 14-4678, 628 Fed.Appx. 848, 852 (4th Cir.2015)(citing Charbonnages de France v. Smith, 597 F.2d 406, 414 (4th Cir.1979). “Where ‘substantial confusion’ calls into mind whether there has been such a meeting of the minds over a plea bargain, there is no valid agreement to be enforced.” Id. — 487 — (quoting Houmis v. United States, 558 F.2d 182, 188 (3d Cir.1977)). Here, the proffer letter’s language is unambiguous in contemplating one specific interview session with repeated reference to “the interview session.” (Gov.’s Mem. Ex. 2 (emphasis added).) However, the proffer letter does not contain any language referencing subsequent interview sessions, prior interview sessions, all interview sessions, or referring to any specific interview session by date. The proffer letter is therefore ambiguous as to which interview session the parties contemplated. Generally, when a proffer letter is properly executed immediately prior to an interview or proffer session, the proffer letter is held to be effective with respect to that interview or proffer session. See, e.g., United States v. Smith, 770 F.3d 628, 639-40 (7th Cir.2014)(waiver was effective where defendant signed proffer letter “prior to the beginning” of his proffer interviews); United States v. Adejumo, 772 F.3d 513, 525 (8th Cir.2014)(waiver was effective where proffer letter was signed “prior to the session,” after review by defendant, his counsel, and explanation by the prosecuting attorney); United States v. Parra, 302 F.Supp.2d 226, 231 (S.D.N.Y.2004)(waiver effective where defendant “signed the Proffer Agreement at the initial session, and initialed the same Agreement at the two subsequent proffer sessions”). The proffer letter at issue here was not signed and returned until December 18, 2014, well after the proffer session had already taken place. Accordingly, the Court finds that the proffer letter is fatally ambiguous as to which proffer session or interview it contemplated. Simply put, the Government cannot clearly establish whether the Defendant believed the proffer letter applied to the interview which took place on December 12, 2014, prior to execution of the proffer letter; the interview sessions which took place after execution of the proffer letter; or all of the defendant’s interviews with the prosecuting attorneys. The Court’s supervisory role in regulating plea negotiations counsels this result. Whereas the defendant is best placed to avoid the potential negative ramifications of testifying before a grand jury without an immunity agreement, the prosecuting attorney is best placed to avoid issues arising from ambiguity in proffer agreements. If the prosecuting attorney wants to be sure that the proffer agreement applied to any of the specific proffer sessions or interviews, they need only either ensure the defendant executes the agreement at the beginning of the proffer session or include clear language explaining that the proffer agreement applies to “all interviews” or referencing specific interviews by date. Because the proffer letter must be construed severely against the Government, and its language regarding the extent of the waiver is too vague to demonstrate a meeting of the minds, the Court finds the proffer letter was not effective. Thus, the contents of any proffer sessions or interviews between the Defendant and the prosecuting attorneys which were conducted for the purpose of negotiating a plea agreement must be excluded under Federal Rule of Evidence 410 and Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(f). C. Request for Dismissal of Indictment Finally, the Defendant requests dismissal of the indictment if the indicting grand jury saw any evidence which was inadmissible under Rules 410 and 11(f). Certainly dismissal of the indictment can be an appropriate remedy where a defendant’s immunized statement, or evidence derived from an immunized statement, makes its way into a grand jury proceeding against the defendant. United States v. Harris, 973 F.2d 333, 338 (4th Cir.1992); United States v. Pielago, 135 — 488 — F.3d 703, 707-08 (11th Cir.1998). The Defendant cites to United States v. Rasco, 262 F.R.D. 682 (S.D.Ga.2009) as support for the proposition that an indictment ought to be dismissed if the grand jury was presented with statements which would have been inadmissible at trial under Rule 410. However, Rasco involved a situation where the defendant’s first interview with the prosecuting attorneys was not governed by any written agreement, but his second interview session with the prosecuting attorneys was covered by a written agreement granting limited immunity against direct use of his testimony. Rasco, 262 F.R.D. at 690-91. Insofar as Rasco stands for the proposition that Federal Rule of Evidence 410 applies to grand jury proceedings or requires automatic dismissal of indictments returned by a grand jury which was presented with statements protected by Federal Rule of Evidence 410, this Court disagrees. “[A]s a general matter, a district court may not dismiss an indictment for errors in grand jury proceedings unless such errors prejudiced the defendants.” Bank of Nova Scotia v. United States, 487 U.S. 250, 254, 108 S.Ct. 2369, 101 L.Ed.2d 228 (1988). While Rule 410 creates, “in effect, a privilege of the defendant,” it is not a constitutional right. Mezzanatto, 513 U.S. at 205, 115 S.Ct. 797. Because Rule 410 does not create a constitutional right, dismissal of the indictment is appropriate only if “it is established that the violation substantially influenced the grand jury’s decision to indict.” Bank of Nova Scotia, 487 U.S. at 251, 108 S.Ct. 2369 (quoting United States v. Mechanik, 475 U.S. 66, 78, 106 S.Ct. 938, 89 L.Ed.2d 50, (1986)(0’Connor, J., concurring)). The Court has ruled above that the Defendant’s testimony before the earlier grand jury was not protected by Rule 410. Given the content of that testimony, the Court finds that even if the indicting grand jury was presented with any statements protected by Rule 410, those protected statements could not possibly have substantially influenced the grand jury’s decision to indict. Any error was certainly harmless. Accordingly, the Court denies the Defendant’s motion to dismiss the indictment. IY. Conclusion For the foregoing reasons, the Court denies the Defendant’s Motion to Exclude with respect to the Defendant’s grand jury testimony and denies the Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss the indictment. However, the Court grants the Defendant’s Motion to Exclude with respect to the contents of Defendant’s interviews and proffer sessions conducted for the purpose of negotiating a plea agreement. An appropriate order will issue. ORDER In accordance with the accompanying Memorandum Opinion, and for reasons stated in open court, it is HEREBY ORDERED: (1) that the Defendant’s Motion to Exclude All Evidence Related to Plea Negotiations [Dkt. 23] is DENIED as to Defendant’s testimony before the grand jury; (2) that the Defendant’s Motion to Exclude All Evidence Related to Plea Negotiations [Dkt. 23] is GRANTED as to statements made during the proffer session on December 12, 2014, statements provided during interviews with the Government on January 14, 2015, and the draft plea agreement and statement of facts signed by Defendant on February 6, 2015; (3) that the Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss the Indictment [Dkt. 23] is DENIED; and (4) that the Clerk of Court shall forward copies of this Order and the accompanying — 489 — Memorandum Opinion to all counsel of record.