Moore v. Pywell

Mr. Justice McComas delivered the opinion of the Court: There are two assignments of error. We decide upon the first in favor of the appellant, and therefore need not discuss the second. We think the court below erred in directing the jury, upon the case as presented by the pleadings and evidence, to return a verdict for the defendant, the appellee here, and that the-court should have followed the rule of the Supreme Court concerning statutes authorizing an action for death by wrongful act, and that court’s interpretation of our own statutes, chapter-45 of the District Code, and of the Maryland statutes mentioned. In Stewart v. Baltimore & O. R. Co. 168 D. S. 445, 42 L. ed. 537, 18 Sup. Ct. Rep. 105, 6 App. D. C. 56, Stewart, administrator, filed a declaration in two counts, both alleging that plaintiff’s intestate, Casey, was killed through the negligence of the defendant company in the State of Maryland, and that the action was brought for the benefit of intestate’s wife, there being no parent or child of intestate. The first count claimed relief under the act of February 17, 1885 (23 Stat. at L. 307, chapter 126), now chapter 45, District Code. The second count, in addition to the same matter set out in the first, set forth the provisions of art. 67 of the Maryland Code, and claimed recovery thereunder. The court below had sustained — 319 — a demurrer to this declaration, both upon the ground that the plaintiff could not recover in this District for the alleged death of plaintiff’s intestate by wrongful act of defendant in the State of Maryland, and, second, that the provisions of the Maryland Code could not be enforced in the District of Columbia. This court concurred with the court below but the Supreme Court reversed the judgment. Mr. Justice Brewer, in stating the case, remarked that the statute in force in this District (Code, chapter 45) “provides for recovery in case the act causing death is done within the limits of the District of Columbia,” and sets forth our statute and the provisions of the Maryland Code, art. 6J, relating to negligence causing death (p. 446, L. ed. p. 538, Sup. Ct. Rep. p. 105), and in his opinion observes that this court held that the action could not be maintained under the District statute, because that authorizes recovery only in case the injury causing death is done within the limits of the District, nor under the Maryland statute, because of the peculiar form of remedy prescribed therein; that the Maryland statute not only created a liability, but prescribed a particular remedy, and that no action could be maintained in Maryland or elsewhere unless that special remedy was pursued. The Supreme Court rejected these views. Mr. Justice Brewer said: “A negligent act causing death is in itself a tort, and, were it not for the rule founded on the maxim, Actio personalis moritur cum persona, damages therefor could have been recovered in an action at common law. * * * The purpose of the several statutes passed in the States, in more or less conformity to what is known as Lord Campbell’s act, is to provide the means for recovering the damages caused by that which is essentially and in its nature a tort. Such statutes are not penal, but remedial, for the benefit of the persons injured by the death. An action to recover damages for a tort is not local, but transitory, and can, as a general rule, be maintained wherever the wrongdoer can be found. Dennick v. Central R. Co. 103 U. S. 11, 26 L. ed. 439. * * * Where the statute simply takes away a common-law obstacle to a recovery for an admitted tort, it would seem not unreasonable to — 320 — hold, that an action for that tort can be maintained in any State in which that common-law obstacle has been removed.” Justice Brewer proceeds to say that both statutes disclose the purpose to do away with the obstacle to a recovery, caused by the death of the party injured; that the statutes differ as to the party to bring the suit, but that the plaintiff under either is only a nominal plaintiff, and, according to each, the damages to be recovered are to be distributed among certain heirs of the deceased; that the Federal courts regard not the nominal, but the real, party in interest, who is the party for whose benefit recovery is sought, and it is evident the courts of either jurisdiction will see that the damages- awarded pass to such party. After determining that the different mode of apportioning damages in the two statutes discussed is not of controlling importance, Justice Brewer held that the plaintiff Stewart could maintain this action in the District court for the benefit of the person designated in the Maryland statute. Pp. 447 — 450, L. ed. pp. 538, 539, Sup. Ct. Rep. p. 106. So, in the case before us, we hold that the negligent act causing death as alleged in the declaration is in itself a tort for which damages are recoverable if the plaintiff’s claim be sustained by the evidence; that both statutes are remedial and for the benefit of the persons injured by the death; that in Maryland and in this District the common-law obstacle to an action for the tort alleged in this declaration has been removed. The court below erred in concluding that either of the statutes here considered created the cause of action for an admitted tort, since both statutes disclosed the purpose to do away with the common-law obstacle to recovery therefor. The action in this case is for such a tort. The elements of every tort are damnum and injuria. This declaration disclosed both elements. The effect of the death of the party injured, on the consequences of such a tort, as restricted by the common-law maxim, Actio personalis moritur cum persona, has been so qualified by the statutes we are here considering that for the tort set out in this declaration this administrator may maintain this action under his present declaration. See Piggott, Torts, pp. 11 & 20. — 321 — We are of opinion that, since a tort like that here declared includes both the act which caused the injury and the damage consequent thereon, in view of the two statutes we have discussed, the action may be maintained in this District, where the negligence which caused the death of appellant’s intestate happened. Said Chief Justice Gray in Le Forest v. Tolman, 117 Mass. 109, 19 Am. Rep. 400: “In order to maintain an action of tort founded upon an injury to person or property, and not upon a breach of contract, the act which is the cause of the injury and the foundation of the action must at least be actionable or punishable by the law of the place in which it is done, if not also by the law of the place in which redress is sought.” In that case the action was brought by the person injured, but since these two statutes remove the common-law obstacle to recovery in this District and in Maryland, we are of opinion that the wrongful act alleged to have been committed in this District, and to have resulted in death therefrom in Maryland, is actionable in this District, in which the wrongful act was committed. While the action lies to recover damages for death, the gist of this action for the tort is the wrongful act itself result-, ing in death. The place of death ought not to determine the existence or nonexistence of a cause of action. See Van Doren v. Pennsylvania R. Co. 35 C. C. A. 282, 93 Fed. 264. The equivalent Wisconsin statute gave a right of action “whenever the death of a person shall be caused by a wrongful act, neglect, or default,” with a proviso that “such action shall be brought for a death caused in this State, in some court established by the Constitution and laws of the same,” and the Wisconsin court, after saying that the 'cause of action was obviously the wrongful act, observed: “It is not made of the substance of the right of action that the death should have occurred within the state, but the gist and substance of the provision is that the death shall have been caused by a wrongful a.ct, neglect, or default occurring in this State; but in what State the damages ensued thereon was not, we think, intended to be made material. * * * The foundation of the action is obviously the wrongful or negligent act or default which caused the injury, and — 322 — wbicb is in contravention of the law of the State. This, as we have said, is the substantive ground of action.” Rudiger v. Chicago, St. P. M. & O. R. Co. 94 Wis. 194, 196, 68 N. W. 661. In an ingenious argument which is not convincing, appellees’ counsel contend that since chap. 45 of the District Code applies only to a case of “an injury done or happening within the limits of the District of Columbia [whereby] the death of a person shall be caused by the wrongful act, neglect, or default of any person,” two things must concur; first, an injury done or happening within the limits of the District, and, second, an injury caused by the wrongful act of a person, and that “an injury” in this statute means some hurt done to the person of the decedent within the District causing his death, and gives the remedy wherever in such case the injury was caused by the wrongful act of the defendant. The case of Stewart v. Baltimore & O. R. Co. 168 U. S. 445, 42 L. ed. 537, 18 Sup. Ct. Rep. 105, decides this contention against the appellee. In that case the plaintiff sued for damages for the death of his intestate, who had suffered both the injury and the death in Maryland and Mr. Justice Brewer, in his statement of the case, construes chap. 45 of the District Code, saying “it provides for recovery in case the act causing death is done within the limits of the District of Columbia,” and in the opinion proceeds to say that the purpose of these statutes “is to provide the means for recovering the damages caused by that which is essentially and in its nature a. tort,” and, apparently because both the injury and the death in that case happened in Maryland, while the action was brought in this District, added: “An action to recover damages for a. tort is not local,, but transitory, and can, as a general rule, be maintained wherever the wrongdoer can be found. Dennick v. Central R. Co. 103 U. S. 11, 26 L. ed. 439.” In the last-mentioned case the plaintiff brought suit in a State court of New York, against a railroad incorporated in New Jersey, to recover damages for the death of her husband in a case where the-injury and death both happened in New Jersey; and, this case: having been removed to the circuit court of the United States; for the northern district of New York, the Supreme Court held — 323 — the action properly brought, Justice Miller remarking that, as the character of the action is transitory, and not local, “it is difficult to understand how the nature of the remedy or the jurisdiction of the courts to enforce it is in any manner dependent on the question whether it is a statutory right or a common-law right.” The New York and New Jersey statutes gave the remedy for death by wrongful act, and the court below had held that the remedy could be enforced only by an administrator of the deceased appointed by the authority of New Jersey under the relevant statute of that State; and the Supreme Court held that the defendant corporation was liable in any court to whose jurisdiction it could be subjected. In Stewart’s Case Justice Brewer in effect held that the Maryland statute simply took away the common-law obstacle to a recovery for an admitted tort, and that an action for that tort could be maintained in this District by Stewart, administrator, although committed upon his intestate in Maryland, resulting in the death of his intestate in that State, in which the same obstacle has been removed. In the case before us the declaration alleges that only the wrongful act was committed in this District, and that only the death resulting therefrom happened in Maryland. Inasmuch as in the Stewart Case both the injury and the death happened in Maryland, and the Supreme Court held that the action in that case could be maintained in this District, and also remarked that the statute in force here provides for recovery in case the act causing death is done within the limits of this District, we repeat the Supreme Court has decided adversely to the contention of appellants’ counsel, which was affirmed by the court below. If the prescription had been filled in Maryland, and the medicine had been given there and had caused the death there, and yet under the principle announced in the Stewart Case this plaintiff could have maintained his action for- such tort here, what reason of public policy, what principle of law, should lead us to deny the benefit of these remedial statutes solely because the prescription was filled here, negligently, and carried to Maryland, and, when the medicine was taken there, it caused the death of plaintiff’s intestate in that State ? We are convinced — 324 — that if the wrongful act alleged to have been done here caused the death in Maryland, that circumstance not only does not forbid a recovery, but affords an additional ground for maintaining such action in this District. In Foot v. Edwards, 3 Blatchf. 310, Fed. Cas. No. 4,908, it appeared that the plaintiff owned a mill in Massachusetts, near the Connecticut State line, on a stream rising in the latter State; and in Connecticut the defendant diverted the water so that it ceased to flow to the plaintiff’s mill; and the plaintiff sued the defendant in Connecticut, in the United States circuit court, which held that it had jurisdiction of an action by the Massachusetts plaintiff against the Connecticut defendant. The court said: “The commission or omission of an act by the defendant, and damage to the plaintiff in consequence thereof, must unite to give him a good cause of action. No one of these facts by itself is a cause of action against the defendant. The wrongful diversion, then, of the water of the stream, in Connecticut, by the defendant, and the consequent damage which the plaintiff’s mill in Massachusetts has sustained, constitute the cause of action. A part of that which is essential to the plaintiff’s right to recover took place in Connecticut. Without the commission of the act of diversion in Connecticut, there would have been no good cause of action. With it, there is a sufficient cause of action. The act of diversion, which arose in Connecticut, and the other facts existing, give to the plaintiffs a cause of action. That which is essential, therefore, to the plaintiffs’ right of recovery against anyone, or their cause of action, arose where the suit has been brought.” Another question must be considered. The appellee contends that, if the appellant could recover under the declaration upon the grounds we have discussed, the declaration was fatally defective because it neither pleaded the Maryland act nor any facts or circumstances bringing the appellant’s case within it. Sec. 61 of the Code of the District [31 Stat. at L. 1199, chap. 854] declares that the supreme court of the District “shall possess the same powers and exercise the same jurisdiction as the circuit and district courts of the United States, and shall be — 325 — deemed a court of the United States.” See Benson v. Henkel, 198 U. S. 1, 14, 49 L. ed. 919, 924, 25 Sup. Ct. Rep. 569. In Owings v. Hull, 9 Pet. 607, 625, 9 L. ed. 246, 253, Justice Story said: “The circuit courts of the United States are created by Congress, not for the purpose of administering the local law of a single State alone, but to administer the laws of all the States in the Union, in cases to which they respectively apply. The judicial power conferred on the general government, by the Constitution, extends to many cases arising under the laws of the different States. * * * That jurisprudence is, then, * * * to be judicially taken notice of, in the same manner as the laws of the United States are taken notice of by these courts.” In Pennington v. Gibson, 16 How. 65, 81, 14 L. ed. 847, 854, it is said: “We hold that the courts of the United States can and should take notice of the laws and judicial decisions of the several States of this Union, and that, with respect to these, nothing is required to be specially averred in pleading which would not be so required by the tribunals of those States respectively.” See United States v. Turner, 11 How. 663, 667, 13 L. ed. 857, 859. In Cheever v. Wilson, 9 Wall. 108, 121, 19 L. ed. 604, 607, a case going up from the supreme court of this District, the court said: “The courts of the United States take judicial notice of the laws and judicial decisions of the several States.” And in Hanley v. Donoghue, 116 U. S. 1, 5, 29 L. ed. 535, 537, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 242, the court said: “When exercising an original jurisdiction under the Constitution and laws of the United States, this court, as well as every other court of the national government, doubtless takes notice, without proof, of the laws of each of the United States. * * * In the exorcise of its general appellate jurisdiction from a lower court of the United States, this court takes judicial notice of the laws of every State of the Union, because those laws are known to the court below as laws alone, needing no averment or proof.” And the court then proceeds to say that, upon writ of error to the highest court of the State, the Supreme Court does not take judi — 326 — cial notice of the law of another State not proved in that court and made part of the record sent up, unless by the local law that court takes judicial notice of it. In Lamar v. Micou, 114 U. S. 218, 223, 29 L. ed. 94, 96, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 857, the court said: “The law of any State of the Union, whether depending upon statutes or upon judicial opinions, is a matter of which the courts of the United States are bound to take judicial notice, without plea or proof.” In Fourth Nat. Bank v. Francklyn, 120 U. S. 747, 751, 30 L. ed. 825, 827, 7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 757, Justice Gray remarked: “In the court below, statutes and decisions of Khode Island were agreed or proved and found as facts, in seeming forgetfulness of the settled rule that the circuit court of the United States, as well as this court on appeal or error from that court, takes judicial notice of the laws of every State of the Union.” This contention of appellants’ counsel ignores the careful discrimination which the Supreme Court exercises in cases coming from a State involving the statute of a sister State, which usually must be proved like any other matter of fact, as in the State court the laws of another State are but facts required to be proved in order to be considered. Therefore the Supreme Court does not take judicial notice of them. See Hanley v. Donoghue, supra; Green v. Van Buskirk, 7 Wall. 139, 19 L. ed. 109. In Union P. R. Co. v. Wyler, 158 U. S. 285, 39 L. ed. 983, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 877, which began by the plaintiff’s suit brought in the State court of Missouri to recover damages for a personal injury he had suffered in Kansas, which suit was removed to the United States circuit court, where the plaintiff amended his petition so as to change the nature of his claim and base it upon a statute of Kansas giving a railroad employee s.uch as plaintiff was, in such a case, a right of action against the railroad company in derogation of the general law, — since the plaintiff’s petition claimed recovery upon the general law, and as amended claimed under the Kansas statute, the Supreme Court concluded that herein was a departure from the common law to the statute law, and that to the new cause of action the statute of limitations — 327 — applied. The suit was brought in a Missouri court, and was necessarily controlled by the law of that State, and it was broug’ht under the general laws of that State, and as amended became by the departure a suit under a Kansas statute. The court principally determined that the plaintiff in the Missouri court could not amend his common-law declaration founded upon a common-law right, into an action upon a Kansas statute in derogation of the law of Missouri, without a departure from law to law, and thereby to the new statutory cause of action limitations applied. The doctrine of that case cannot be applied to the declaration filed in the case before us. This declaration bases the right of the plaintiff to recover “upon the statutes in such case made and provided,” and the court below should take judicial notice of the Maryland and District statute giving a remedy to the plaintiff in such alleged case of death by negligence; and we think the tort for which recovery is claimed is sufficiently described, and it was not necessary to allege that plaintiff’s intestate died in Maryland. The judgment in this case must be reversed, and the cause remanded to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia for a new trial and for further proceedings therein not inconsistent with this opinion. The judgment is reversed, with costs, and the cause remanded for a new trial and further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.