Lockwood v. Rucker

Mr. Justice Van Orsdel delivered the opinion of the Court: There are a number of assignments of error upon which counsel for appellant rely for a reversal, but we think the consideration of one will be sufficient to dispose of this appeal. Two sons of the decedent testified upon the trial that they were present at an interview between the decedent and appellant at Muskogee, Indian Territory, on the 17th day of November, 1906, in which the appellant informed the decedent that she had advanced him $1,000 after the decree of the court, and, as soon as the court paid her the fee allowed, she would remit the balance of his share amounting to $8,000. By way of rebuttal to this evidence, appellant offered to testify that she did not make [380] these statements. Objection was made and sustained by the court, as to the admissibility of this evidence, to which ruling an exception was taken. The objection was based upon § 1064 of the Code of the District of Columbia [31 Stat. at L. 1357, chap. 854], which provides, among other things: “If one of the original parties to a transaction or contract has, since the date thereof, died * * *, the other party thereto shall not be allowed to testify as to any transaction with or declaration or admission of the said deceased * * * party in any action between said other party * * * and the executors * * * representing the deceased * * * , unless he be first called upon to testify in relation to said transaction or declaration or admission by the other party, or the opposite party first testify in relation to the same.” It is clear that the above statute prohibits the appellant from testifying as to three things if they relate directly to the issues involved in this suit: First, as to any transaction with the decedent; second, as to any declaration of the decedent, and third, as to any admission of the decedent. The evidence, in question does not relate to either a declaration, or an admission by the decedent, as no statement of the decedent is testified to as having been made at the time of the alleged interview. The evidence sought to be adduced on behalf of the appellant was not a denial of the meeting of the parties at the time and place stated by the two witnesses, but a denial of having made the statement of which they testified. It was not sought to prove by the evidence of appellant anything in relation to the contract between her and the decedent. Neither was she asked to explain anything in relation to the business transactions between them. She was simply asked in regard to the truth or falsity of the testimony of the two witnesses as to her having made the statement that she had earned certain fees and her agreement to forward a portion of the same to the decedent. This, we think, does not come within the inhibition of the statute. The evidence in question does not relate to the substance of the transaction,—the existence of a contract between the [381] parties. Appellant was not called upon to testify as to -the existence of a contract, or as to the rights of appellee under said contract, or as to any declaration or admission of the deceased, but to a statement alleged to have been, made by appellant, which, if scrutinized carefully, can only be distorted into an implied admission of liability under the contract. It did not involve the right of recovery under the express contract by appellee; it, at most, involved an admission by appellant of Taylor’s interest in a portion of a fund which he claimed was embraced in the contract. The principal question in this case was not as to the existence of a contract between appellant and deceased,—this was conceded,—but whether, under a proper construction of that contract, appellee could recover a portion of the fee awarded appellant. The construction of the written contract, which constituted the sole transaction between the parties, did not depend upon the collateral admission here sought to be established against the - appellant. The contract speaks for itself. Its proper construction is the principal question involved in this case. It may be suggested that, were the question essential to a determination of this appeal, we think it very doubtful whether the language of this contract can be extended to embrace a claim upon the funds here in controversy. However, we are not called upon to express an opinion on that point. The purpose of the statute under consideration is to preserve equality of rights. While, primarily, it is intended to prevent the estate of the dead from becoming the prey of unscrupulous and designing persons, it should be so construed as to equally protect the living from loss through lack of proof from the source most likely to possess knowledge of the facts. We think the statute should not be extended to prevent the living party from testifying to the truth or falsity of mere extraneous facts, which have been testified to by other witnesses, not involving declarations or admissions of the deceased party. In this instance, the truth or falsity of the evidence adduced, which does not involve a declaration or admission of the deceased, but is a matter extraneous to the real transaction between the parties, depends upon the testimony of two sons of the deceased, [382] -—-highly interested parties,—with not even a presumption that the father, if alive, would confirm' their statements. To seal the mouth of the appellant under such circumstances would be an unwarranted extension of the scope of the statute. In Lewis v. Merritt, 98 N. Y. 206, the court, considering a somewhat similar statute, broader in scope than ours (in that it included mere communications), which prohibited a party to an action from testifying on his own behalf against an executor of the deceased person concerning a personal transaction of communication between the witness and the deceased person, said: “The object and intent of the restriction placed upon the survivor of those engaged in personal dealings and transactions, from giving evidence in relation thereto, will be accomplished if it is limited to cases which preclude him from giving such evidence when it is offered for the purpose of establishing an affirmative cause of action or defense. It is difficult to lay down any general rule which shall cover all possible transactions, but it is safe to say when a party gives material evidence as to extraneous facts, which may or may not involve the negation or affirmation of the existence of a personal transaction or. communication with a deceased person, that the adverse party, although precluded from directly proving the existence of such communication or transaction, may give evidence of extraneous facts tending to controvert his adversary’s proof, although those facts may also incidentally involve the negation or affirmation of such personal communications or transactions.” The learned justice in the court below, in his opinion, cited the ease of Pinney v. Orth, 88 N. Y. 447, in support of his holding that the appellant in this case should not be permitted to testify as to the truth or falsity of the evidence in question. In Lewis v. Merritt, supra, the court, referring to the case of Pinney v. Orth, said: “There a witness had testified to certain interviews occurring between the defendant and the plaintiff’s intestate during his lifetime, and it was held competent for the defendant to testify that he never had interviews with the deceased person at the place and under the circumstances [383] described by the plaintiff’s witness. This decision proceeded, not upon the ground that the plaintiff had. given affirmative evidence of personal transactions or communications with the intestate, but upon the broad ground that the prohibition of §829 does not extend so far as to preclude a party from testifying to extraneous facts and circumstances tending to show that a witness for an adverse party has testified falsely, even though he is thereby called upon to negative the existence of personal transactions and' communications between himself and the deceased.” While this exact question has not been before presented in this jurisdiction, we think the above construction of the statute is in full accord with the views expressed by this court at length in Tuohy v. Trail, 19 App. D. C. 19. Though we attach little importance to this evidence in support of the right of appellee to recover upon the contract, since the contract seems to clearly speak for itself; yet it is not for us to say what effect it had upon the jury. In fact, appellee seems to have relied chiefly upon this testimony for a verdict. The judgment is reversed, with costs, and the court below is directed to grant a new trial. Reversed.