Dulany v. Morse

Mr. Justice Van Obsdel delivered the opinion of the Court: In equity it is within the power of the court to inquire, either by oral or written evidence, into the intent of the parties in making and delivering a deed. In this instance the deed was open to collateral attack to ascertain whether or not it was in — 526 — tended to operate as a mortgage to secure the payment of the note. Hughes v. Edwards, 9 Wheat. 489, 6 L. ed. 142; Peugh v. Davis, 96 U. S. 332, 24 L. ed. 775. The circumstances under which the deed was executed and held by Clarke, together with the collateral agreement, reduced the deed to the legal status of a mortgage, and, as such, merely a lien against the property. When Clarke filed the deed for record, he was a creditor of Waggaman, with notice, as the evidence discloses, of Waggaman’s impending bankruptcy. The mere act of recording the deed on the eve of Waggaman’s bankruptcy did not strengthen Clarke’s position as against the other creditors. All questions as to the good or bad faith of the parties at the date of the execution of the instrument, the sufficiency of the consideration, which was used by Waggaman to discharge outstanding indebtedness six years prior to the date of bankruptcy, and whether or not innocent persons were induced to extend credit to Waggaman in the belief that the unencumbered title to the property still remained in him, may be eliminated. It is the situation of the parties at the time the deed was recorded that becomes important. The case must stand or fall upon the single question, whether, by the delay in recording the deed, Clarke became a preferred creditor of Waggaman under the bankruptcy act. The issue presented is not one between the parties to the deed, but between appellant, as the representative of the creditors of Waggaman, and appellees, as the legal representatives of Clarke. The important inquiry, therefore, relates to the position in which Clarke placed himself with relation to the creditors of Waggaman by withholding the deed from record until the day before Waggaman went into bankruptcy. The act of June 30, 1902 (D. C. Code, sec. 499 [32 Stat. at L. 531, chap. 1329]), provides: “Any deed conveying real property in the District, or interest therein, or declaring or limiting any use or trust thereof, executed and acknowledged and certified as aforesaid and delivered to the person in whose favor the same is executed, shall be held to take effect from the date of the delivery thereof, except that as to creditors and subsequent bona fide purchasers and mortgagees without notice of — 527 — said deed, and others interested in said property, it shall only take effect from the time of its delivery to the recorder of deeds for record.” This applies also to mortgages and deeds, of trust. D. C. Code, sec. 521. Sec. 499 superseded the former-recording act of the District (Abert & Lovejoy’s Compilation, sec. 4, p. 498), and applied not only to instruments that might be executed subsequently, but to those in existence at the time-of its passage but not recorded. It is clear that the statute places no obligation upon the grantee to record a deed or mortgage for his own protection against the grantor or persons with notice, but, as suggested, it is the creditors of Waggaman without notice who are assailing Clarke’s title. Against such,, Clarke’s only protection lay in strict compliance with the requirements of the recording act. The unrecorded deed in Clarke’s possession only operated as a mortgage against Waggaman and those persons who might have become his creditors or taken title from him with notice. As to all others, the deed was of no effect. Since, therefore, the deed could only become-effective against the creditors of Waggaman without notice from the date of its record, the law in force at that date, not only as-to the recording of instruments, but in all other respects affecting such creditors, must be considered as governing this case. Sec. 60 of the bankruptcy act of July 1, 1898 (30 Stat. at. L. 562, chap. 541), as amended by sec. 13 of the act of February 5, 1903 (32 Stat, at L. 797, chap. 487, U. S. Comp. Stat. Supp. 1911, p. 1506), provides: “a. A person shall be deemed to have given a preference if, being insolvent, he has, within four months before the filing of the petition, or after the filing of the petition and before the adjudication, procured or suffered a judgment to be entered against himself in favor of any person, or made a transfer of any of his property, and the effect of the enforcement of such judgment or transfer will be to enable any one of his creditors to obtain a greater percentage of his debt than any other of such creditors of the same class. Where the preference consists in a transfer, such period of four months shall not expire until four months after the date of the — 528 — recording or registering of the transfer, if by law such recording or registering is required.” In considering whether or not Clarke was a preferred creditor, we think his status in relation to the other creditors immediately at and before the recording of the deed becomes important. It is immaterial whether or not the bankruptcy of Waggaman was considered at the time of the execution of the deed. It was intended to secure Clarke against the creditors of Waggaman up to the date of its record, and Clarke elected, to withhold it from record until the day before the Waggaman petition in bankruptcy was filed. The enactment of statutes requiring deeds and other instruments of conveyance to be recorded is prompted in response to the highest demands of public policy. As was said by Chief Justice Alvey in Fitzgerald v. Wynne, 1 App. D. C. 107, 121: “The great object of the statutes in requiring deeds of conveyance to be acknowledged and recorded is to prevent the practice of fraud upon creditors and purchasers; to furnish the means of notice and protection .to innocent third parties.” The requirement consists in the duty imposed upon the grantee to record, or suffer the penalty prescribed by the statute of having the instrument of conveyance declared a nullity in the interest of creditors or purchasers without notice. Though optional with the grantee as to certain parties, as to innocent purchasers and creditors it is required for his protection. At bar, great stress was laid upon the distinction made by Congress in the enactment of the bankruptcy act of 1903. It appears that as the bill passed the House it read: “If by law such recording or registering is required or permitted.” In the Senate the words “or permitted” were stricken out; hence it was argued by counsel for appellees that the recording statute of this District is not within the provision of the bankruptcy act, but is a mere permissive act to be availed of or not at the option of the grantee. We view the words “required” and “permitted” in the connection used in the bankruptcy act as legally synonymous, since the duty is imposed by the act upon the grantee, not for his protection alone, but for the protection of — 529 — the creditors of the grantor. Hence, whether the local statute be construed to “require” or “permit” recording, when construed in connection with the bankruptcy act, it, in either instance, becomes a legal requirement. In Loeser v. Savings Deposit Bank & T. Co. 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1233, 78 C. C. A. 597, 148 Fed. 975, Judge Lurton, delivering the opinion of the court, said: “Some effect should be given to the amendment of sec. 60a if the language of the provision will permit. If ‘required’ be construed as applying only to a law which makes every such transfer absolutely void as to all persons, the amendment will be of no effect; for no recording statute, of which we have any knowledge, makes void transfers or conveyances as between the parties, and all of them give effect to such instruments as against .some classes of persons having actual notice. The amendment would be idle, and the evil sought to be remedied would flourish .•as before, and the legislative purpose be frustrated. * * * The word ‘required,’ as used in the amendment, refers to the •character of the instrument giving the preference or making the transfer, without reference to the fact that as to certain per.sons or classes of persons it may be good or bad according to •circumstances. If to be valid against certain classes of persons, the law of the State ‘requires’ the constructive notice of registration, it is a transfer which under the amendment is ‘required’ to be recorded. This takes account of the purpose and policy •of recording acts, remedies the evil which flourished under the law before the amendment, gives effect to the plain purpose of Congress, and gives some effect and force to a provision which would otherwise be meaningless. * * * If the instrument giving the preference is one which is ‘permitted’ to be recorded in order to give it validity as against certain classes of persons, though perfectly valid without record as to other classes, it is an instrument ‘required’ to be recorded within the meaning of the word as there used. The words ‘required’ and ‘permitted’ in the connection used are of synonymous legal meaning.” The recording act of this District is not different from similar acts in most of the States. Where the requirement consists in a provision that, for failure to record, the conveyance shall — 530 — be void as to purchasers and creditors without notice, it has been held to come within the terms of the bankruptcy act. First Nat. Bank v. Connett, 5 L.R.A.(N.S.) 148, 13 C. C. A. 219, 142 Fed. 33; Re Klingaman, 101 Fed. 691; Re Shirley, 50 C. C. A. 252, 112 Fed. 301. The bankruptcy act, taken as a whole, must be construed in view of the evil it was sought to remedy. Congress had in mind not only the speedy and inexpensive winding up of the bankrupt’s estate, both for his benefit and the benefit of his creditors, but more especially to prevent the bankrupt from creating a preference in favor of one or more creditors, whereby they could secure more than their pro rata share of the proceeds of the assets, and thereby prevent a just distribution among the other creditors. It was with this in view that the provision forbidding preferences was inserted. The law would be a nullity if a person on the verge of bankruptcy could have outstanding secret, unrecorded conveyances, of which his general creditors had no notice, and, by simply executing such conveyances more than four months prior to his going into bankruptcy, escape the penalty imposed by the act for failure to record. As was said by the court in Re Dismal Swamp Contracting Co. 135 Fed. 415: “Once let it be understood that conveyances made within four months of bankruptcy can be successfully attacked, while those-made in pursuance of a pre-existing bona fide agreement will be upheld, and the entire policy of the bankrupt law, in so far as-it undertakes to specify the time within which preferences can and cannot be assailed, will be frustrated and destroyed. The-door for fraud would be left wide open, and creditors would never know when they were safe in dealing with the estates of their debtors. A condition, alike destructive of the interest of' creditors and bankrupts, would be brought about, and a harvest, for dishonest debtors afforded.” We are of opinion that the withholding of the deed from, record until the day before the petition in bankruptcy was filed' created a preference under the act of 1903. The deed had no more effect than a mortgage. Until recorded, it was void as to-the creditors of Waggaman without notice, and the filing of it — 531 — for record the day before the petition in bankruptcy was filed did not validate it as to the creditors, or affect their rights. Be Beede, 138 Fed. 441. The requirement, however, in the bankruptcy act of 1903, that conveyances shall be recorded more than four months prior to the bankruptcy of the grantor in order to successfully escape the doom of the preferred creditor, applied equally to the bankruptcy act of 1898, of which the present law is amendatory. Re Great Western Mfg. Co. 81 C. C. A. 341, 152 Fed. 123; Re Ronk, 111 Fed. 154; Morgan v. First Nat. Bank, 76 C. C. A. 236, 145 Fed. 466. This brings us to the last material contention of appellees, which is, that the trustee in bankruptcy is without standing in court to assail the invalidity of this conveyance in the interest of the creditors. It is urged that the trustee simply stands in the place of the bankrupt; hence, as the conveyance in question could not have been assailed by Waggaman, its validity cannot be questioned by the trustee. The bankruptcy act, as well as the decisions interpreting it, are against the contention. Sec. 70e of the original act imposes upon the trustee the power and duty of avoiding “any transfer by the bankrupt of his property which any creditor of such bankrupt might have avoided.” Sec. 67a provides that “claims which, for want of record or for other reasons, would not have been valid liens as against the claims; of the creditors of the bankrupt, shall not be liens against his; estate;” and sec. 67b, “whenever a creditor is prevented from enforcing his rights as against a lien created, or attempted to. be created, by his debtor, who afterwards becomes a bankrupt,, the trustee of the estate of such bankrupt shall be subrogated to and may enforce such rights of such creditor for the benefit of the estate.” Unless the express terms of the act are to be disregarded, the trustee is made the representative of the creditors, and may call in question any transaction which might be assailed by the creditors. Indeed, if it is not so, the plight of the creditors in bankrputcy is worse under the supposed protection afforded by the act than without it, for many of the avenues of relief which the law affords a creditor against a debtor are closed when the assets of the debtor pass into the hands of his. — 532 — trustee in bankruptcy. While it is undoubtedly true that “the trustee takes the property, in cases unaffected by fraud, in the same plight and condition that the bankrupt himself held it,” and that he ' “simply stands in the shoes of the bankrupt” (Thompson v. Fairbanks, 196 U. S. 516, 49 L. ed. 577, 25 Sup. Ct. Rep. 306; York Mfg. Co. v. Cassell 201 U. S. 344, 50 L. ed. 782, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 481), it is equally true that he is vested with power to contest liens and conveyances which are void as to creditors, although they may be valid as against the bankrupt. First Nat. Bank v. Staake, 202 U. S. 141, 50 L. ed. 967, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 580. The court, in interpreting the scope of sec. 70 of the bankruptcy act of 1898, as amended by the act of 1903, in the case of Security Warehousing Co. v. Hand, 206 U. S. 415, 51 L. ed. 1117, 27 Sup. Ct. Rep. 720, 11 Ann. Cas. 789, said: “By sec. 70a, the trustee in bankruptcy is vested by operation of law with the title of the bankrupt to all property transferred by him in fraud of his creditors, and to all property which, prior to the filing of the petition, might have been levied upon and sold by Judicial process against him; and by subdivision (e) of the same section the trustee in bankruptcy may avoid any transfer by the bankrupt of his property, which any creditor of the bankrupt might avoid, and may recover the property so transferred, or its value. Here are special provisions placing the title to the property transferred by fraud, or otherwise as mentioned, in the trustee in bankruptcy, and giving him the power to avoid the same.” The court in its opinion in this case distinguished the cases of Thompson v. Fairbanks and York Mfg. Co. v. Cassell, supra, and applied the law relative to the duty of a trustee in bankruptcy to a state of facts apposite to those in the case at bar, leaving no doubt as to the duty and authority • of the trustee to. prosecute actions in behalf of the creditors to set aside conveyances or transfers of property by the bankrupt wherein a preference in fraud of creditors has been created. We are therefore of opinion that the conveyance in question ■operated only as a mortgage; and though the element of bad — 533 — faith did not- enter into its execution, it stood, within the period of four months before the bankruptcy of Waggaman, merely as. an unrecorded lien upon the property described therein, still in the possession of Waggaman, and, as such, constituted in law a preference in fraud of the other creditors. Though valid as between the parties it was void as to the creditors, and the trustee was the proper party to bring this action to establish its invalidity. Knapp v. Milwaukee Trust Co. 216 U. S. 545, 54 L. ed. 610, 30 Sup. Ct. Rep. 412. The decree is reversed, with costs, and the cause remanded with instructions to enter a decree as prayed for in the bill. Reversed. Motion made J anuary 23, 1913, to continue receivership and stay the issuance of mandate, was granted February 3, 1913,. Mr. Justice Van Orsdel delivering the opinion of the Oourt. It is ordered by the court that the decree of this court entered herein on January 6, 1913, be, and the same is hereby, modified so as to require the continuance of the receivership below, pursuant to the consent decree of J anuary 18, 1901, pending any appeal herein to the Supreme Court of the United States. And it is further ordered that the issuance of the mandate in this cause be, and the same-is hereby, stayed until further order of court. On February 4, 1913, and on application of appellees, an appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States was allowed.