Field v. Colman

Mr. Justice Van Oksdel delivered the opinion of the Court: This appeal turns upon two questions: Can the principle of continuity among successive applications be applied to the three separate applications filed by appellee, so as to permit him to claim the date of filing the first application as his date of constructive reduction to practice? Did the Commissioner — 605 — have legal authority, under sec. 4894 of the Revised Statutes, IT. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 3384, to make the order reviving appellee’s second application? It should be remembered that at all times between the date of filing the first application, in 1894, and the declaration of the interference, appellee had an application for this invention pending in the Patent Office. The second application, of 1902, was filed before the first one was abandoned, and the third application, of 1906, was filed before the second was abandoned. In each instance it was alleged that the new application embodied the same subject-matter as the one for which it was •substituted. This we deem of some importance as indicating the intention on the part of appellee to abandon nothing, but to make every step taken by him relate back to the original date of filing the 1894 application. The whole question of continuity is involved in appellee’s 1894 and 1902 applications, since the 1902 and 1906 applications and drawings are exact duplicates, excepting that the 1906 application contained one amendment to the second application which had not been acted on by the Patent Office. No new or difficult question of law is here presented. The •doctrine of continuity in successive applications for the same invention is well settled. Counsel for appellant, in applying ■ the rule of law as to continuity of applications, seem to confuse “specific disclosure” with “invention.” The right of an applicant, by substituted application, to relate back to the date of filing the first application for reduction to practice, broadly depends upon whether the substituted application is for the same invention as that disclosed in the original application; not that the specific disclosure of the first and second applications may be different, or even patentably different, if generically they relate to the same invention. This interference is to determine who is the prior inventor of the invention in issue. The difference between the specifications and drawings of appellant and appellee is much greater than between the speeifi-cations and drawings of appellee’s 1894 and 1902 applications. The invention in interference is defined by the counts of — 606 — the issue. These counts were formulated by the Examiner for the purpose of describing and limiting the invention claimed by the parties to the interference. They relate to the-respective embodiments as they existed at the date of the declaration of the interference. It is not material then, as affecting the rule of continuity, if appellee’s device in interference is not the specific embodiment of the device of the 1894 application, or that there may be changes in mechanism, or even patentable improvements in the later device, if it relates to-the same invention, and the counts of the issue can be read into the original invention as disclosed by the 1894 drawings. That unity of invention lies at the foundation of the doctrine of continuity as applied to a series of applications is well settled in the early case of Godfrey v. Eames, 1 Wall. 317, 17 L. ed. 684, where the court said: “A change in the specification as filed in the first instance, or the subsequent filing of a new one, whereby a patent is still sought for the substaneeof the invention as originally claimed, or a part of it, cannot in any wise affect the sufficiency of the original application or the legal consequences flowing from it. To produce that result, the new or amended specification must be intended to serve as the basis of a patent for a distinct and different invention, and one not contemplated by the specification as sribmitted at the outset. * * * In our judgment, if a party choose to withdraw his application for a patent, and pay the forfeit, intending at the time of such withdrawal to file a new petition, and he accordingly do so, the two petitions are to be considered as parts of the same transaction, and both as constituting one continuous application, within the meaning of the law.” The issue here in applying the rule of continuity is one of invention, and not one of specific embodiment. Reissue decisions cited by counsel for appellant have little application,, since an application for reissue must not only be for the same invention as in the original patent, but for the same embodiment of the invention. That the rule of continuity rests broadly upon the subject-matter of the invention, and not specific — 607 — embodiment, is sustained by this court in the interference case of Lotterhand v. Hanson, 23 App. D. C. 372, where it appears, from an inspection of the record that Hanson, after his first application for a patent on an adding mechanism embodied in the Remington typewriter had become forfeited, filed a new application for a specifically different mechanism embodied in the Blickensderfer typewriter, which was the invention in interference. The court, holding that the second application was a continuation of the first, entitling Hanson to go back to the disclosure in the first application for constructive reduction to practice, said: “When an application for a patent has been allowed, and then abandoned, and subsequently, before the forfeiture has become complete, another application is filed in which substantially the same invention is described and claimed, we cannot, since the decision in the case of Cain v. Park, 14 App. D. C. 42, regard it as an open question in this court that the applicant is entitled to the filing date of his first application as that of his constructive reduction to practice.” Counsel for appellant challenge the operativeness of the device disclosed in appellee’s 1894 application. This contention exists more vividly in the mind of counsel than in the record. No evidence was taken by appellant upon this point, or, in fact, upon any other, and we are unable to find anything in the record which would justify us in overruling the contrary holding of the experts of the Patent Office. Nowhere has it been found, or even intimated, that appellee’s earlier mechanism was inoperative. It is also urged by counsel for appellant that certain of the' claims of appellee’s second application, of September 6, 1902, cannot be read upon the construction disclosed in his 1894 application. Matters not involved in this interference, or variations in the specific embodiment of the invention, are not material, if the counts of the interference can be read into the' 1894 invention. The machine in issue is a most complicated piece of mechanism, one difficult for the average judicial mind to grasp from mere drawings and specifications, illuminated — 608 — by the conflicting statements of counsel. In the absence of testimony to guide our investigations, we must depend largely upon the conclusions reached by the experts of the Patent Office. On this point the Commissioner of Patents said: “Colman’s 1894 application is for a machine specifically and structurally different from the machine of the 1902-1906 applications. The operative principle, the thirteen combined elements which together make up the invention of the issue, as it was and as it may be amended, the definite idea of means claimed to reach the new and useful result sought, both in general and in particular, are common to those machines and the applications representing them.” Applying the counts of the issue to the structure disclosed, as best we can in the light of the record, we agree with the tribunals of the Patent Office that the invention of the issue was disclosed in both the 1894 and 1902 applications of appellee. Appellee’s 1902 application, being a continuation of the 1894 application, entitles him to relate back to the earlier date for his constructive reduction to practice. Weston v. White, 18 Blatchf. 447, Fed. Cas. No. 17,459; Howes v. McNeal, 15 Blatchf. 103, Fed. Cas. No. 6,789; Dental Vulcanite Co. v. Wetherbee, 2 Cliff. 555, Fed. Cas. No. 3,810; Graham v. McCormick, 10 Biss. 39, 11 Fed. 859; Badische Anilin & Soda Fabrik v. A. Klipstein & Co. 125 Fed. 543; Ligowski Clay-Pigeon Co. v. American Clay-Bird Co. 34 Fed. 328; Henry v. Francestown Soap-Stone Stove Co. 2 Bann. & Ard. 221, Fed. Cas. No. 6,382; Victor Talking Mach. Co. v. American Graphophone Co. 76 C. C. A. 180, 145 Fed. 350; Union Carbide Co. v. American Carbide Co. 172 Fed. 120; Clarke Blade & Razor Co. v. Gillette Safety Razor Co. 114 C. C. A. 383, 194 Fed. 421; Smith v. Goodyear Dental Vulcanite Co. 93 U. S. 486, 23 L. ed. 952. It appears that certain claims in appellee’s second application were, on December 8, 1902, rejected by the Primary Examiner. No action was taken by appellee until January 11, 1904, when, in response to the action of the Examiner, he filed an amendment accompanied by a petition to revive the appli — 609 — ■cation, which was supported by the affidavit of his attorney setting forth facts tending to show unavoidable delay. Upon this showing the Commissioner entered an order reviving the application. It is now contended that the Commissioner ■exceeded his authority in reviving the application after the time for amendment had expired. Section 4894, Rev. Stat. U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 3384, as amended, provides that, upon failure of an applicant to take action on a pending application for a period of more than one year, it “shall be regarded as abandoned by the parties thereto, unless it be shown to the satisfaction of the Commissioner of Patents that such delay was unavoidable.” The question of abandonment under this statute, where the application has heen rejected, is a proper one for review on .appeal. Re Selden, 36 App. D. C. 428; Re Mattullalh, 38 App. D. C. 491. Those, however, were cases where the inventor was prosecuting his ex parle application, and the adverse ruling of the Commissioner was equivalent to a rejection of the application. From such rejection we held that appeal would lie. Here we are confronted with a different situation. At the time the order of revival, was made, appellee was prosecuting his ex parte application, and we think it is now too late to hold that the ruling can be collaterally attacked, and appellee deprived of the rights conferred by the favorable ruling of the Commissioner upon a question which the law expressly confided to his discretion. Had the showing made by appellee been insufficient in the opinion of the Commissioner to warrant the revival of the application, appellee would have been en-titled to a hearing, with the right to make a further showing and to submit proofs to establish the fact that the delay was unavoidable. The favorable ruling of the Commissioner upon the mere affidavit of the attorney necessitated no further action by appellee. To now permit the ruling to be assailed in this proceeding, when the opportunity for defense has passed, would be an unwarranted perversion of justice. At the time this interference was declared, appellee had an allowable application. The examiner presented issues for in — 610 — terferéhce involving only those matters common to the structures of the conflicting parties. The interference could only search the record of each party to the extent of determining the question of priority of invention. The review of the ruling of the Commissioner on the question of unavoidable delay is no more competent in an interference proceeding than in a suit for infringement. In both cases the law considers only the status of vthe parties and their respective inventions at the time the cause of action accrued. In McDuffee v. Heslonville, M. & F. Pass. R. Co. 181 Fed. 503, where the Commissioner held a delay of seven years unavoidable, the court, refusing a review of the action in an infringement suit involving the patent issued upon the revived application, said: “This finding is conclusive upon this court, and establishes the fact that the application for the patent in suit had not been abandoned.”' It is finally urged that the interference should be dissolved as to counts 12, 13, 11, and 16. The contention as to count 12 is raised for the first time in this court, and will not therefore, under the rule, be considered. Hendley v. Clark, 8 App. D. C. 165; Knight v. Herriman, 37 App. D. C. 236. An examination of the drawings, models, and the machine of appellee, as exhibited in court, discloses that the similarity of mechanism described in these counts consists broadly in the function to' seize the first thread of the warp and insert it in the proper place in what is called the harness and reed. The only difference between the two mechanisms provided to perform this function is that, in appellant’s machine, the harness and reed are stationary, and the operating mechanism moves; while in appellee’s machine, the operating mechanism is stationary, and the harness and reed move. The essential function in both means is the relative movement of these parts. It is immaterial in this case whether the operating mechanism be held stationary and the harness traversed, or vice versa. On this point the Primary Examiner stated:' “Since both parties have agreed that,' for the purposes of this interference there is no invention in electing to traverse the harness and hold the operating mechanism stationary, as in the Colman machine, instead of traversing the operating mechanism past the — 611 — rigidly held harness, as in the Field machine, and since generic claims covering this relative movement, together with the compensating movement of the warp frame, have already been included as counts in the interference, it is evident that claims of either party, which differ from these broad counts of the-issue merely in specifying - the movement of one of the relatively moving elements, are not patentable over the issue. As long as the relative movements of the co-operating elements-defining the real invention are clearly set forth in a claim, it matters not whether the carriag-e is claimed as traversing or stationary. In fact-, any definition of this kind can be eliminated, and the claim still define the invention.” A similar question arose in the case of Reece Button-Hole Mach. Co. v. Globe Button-Hole Mach. Co. 10 C. C. A. 194, 21 U. S. App. 244, 61 Fed. 958, where an automatic relative movement between the stitching mechanism and the plate was disclosed. The court held that claims describing a movement or traveling of the stitching mechanism only applied also to a machine which accomplished the same result by moving the-plate while the stitching mechanism remained stationary. On. this contention the court said: “Therefore we find nothing in these words which restricts this claim to a machine in which the frame moves. To give such an effect to the word ‘carries’ as is claimed is more for the pundit than for the courts. It-is as commonly used in all kindred matters to mean supporting withotit movement as supporting with it. We are not required to give it a narrow interpretation for the purpose of depriving the inventor of any part of his invention. Nor are we constrained by any well-settled or just rule of construction to import phraseology from other claims for the same purpose.” The differences in appellee’s two machines consist in mere details of mechanism which do not affect the substance of the invention. The case has been considered with ability by each tribunal of the Patent Office. The ruling in each instance has-been in favor of appellee, a conclusion justified by the record.. The decision of the Commissioner of Patents is affirmed,’ and the clerk is directed to certify these proceedings as by law-required. Affirmed.