In re the Will of Straub

The Ordinary. The single question presented upon this appeal is whether an orphans court, upon a direct application to it, can set aside a surrogate’s probate after the time limited by statute for appeal to it has expired. The surrogate’s probate was a judicial act, and, as such, is conclusive until it shall be vacated, either through appeal or by proceedings in direct attack upon it. Quidort’s Admr. v. Pergeaux, 3 C. E. Gr. 472, 477; Ryno’s Exr. v. Ryno’s Admr., 12 C. E. Gr. 522. It is urged that this application to the orphans court [265] ’is a direct attack upon the probate; that it offers a dispute; that the surrogate is without jurisdiction when disputes respecting wills arise (Rev. p. 755 § 14), and hence that it is properly made 'to the orphans court. I do not think that this is a correct exposition of the meaning •of our law. The orphans court has general jurisdiction over subjects pre- ; scribed by the statutes of which it is the creature (Den. v. Hammel, 3 Harr. 73; Pyatt v. Pyatt, 1 Dick. Ch. Rep. 285); but control of judgments of the surrogate is not one of those subjects except it be accomplished through review upon appeal. When the time within which appeal may be taken has elapsed, the judgment is a finality until it be disturbed by a direct attack upon it, which should originate before the surrogate. In re Evans, 2 Stew. Eq. 571, 574. Any other construction than this would render that provision of the statute which limits the time within which an appeal must be taken, meaningless; for, if at any time application might be made to the orphans court to set the surrogate’s probate aside because of fraud or undue influence upon the testator, what use would there be for appeal ? Such an application would effectuate all the purposes of an appeal. There are two methods of obtaining probate known to the practice of the English ecclesiastical courts — one in common form, and the other in solemn form or per testes. The proof is -said to be in common form when the executor presents the will for probate in absence of the parties in interest (to be affected by fhe probate), and, without citing them, proceeds ex parte with his proof, and it is said' to be in solemn form when those in interest are cited to be present at the probation or approbation of the will. When a will is proved in common form, the court, at any time within thirty years' after probate, may require the executor, of its own motion or at the instance of the next of kin or other person interested, to prove the will in solemn form. 1 Wms. Exrs. 334 et seq.; Waters v. Stickney, 12 Allen 4. This practice is not a hardship upon the executor, for it is within his power, and a dictate of ordinary prudence, in the first instance, if there ibe doubt as to the propriety or security of probate in common [266] form, to seek probate in solemn ibrm, causing those in interest to be cited and therefore bound by the adjudication. If it was-the appellant’s design to pursue this practice in the application’ now reviewed, and have the will of Mr. Straub proved in solemn form, she has failed. Her application should have been made to the surrogate, for it is substantially an application to reprove the will •) a method of direct attack upon a probate previously had by proof in common form. Over such an application .the orphans-court obtains its jurisdiction through the surrogate. Such jurisdiction springs from an issue suggested in a proceeding which-originates before the surrogate. The statute does not contemplate that application for probate shall in any case be made to the orphans court. That court, so far at least as matters of probate-are concerned, is merely the trial tribunal of issues suggested before the. surrogate. The petition should not be to set aside the probate, but to reprove the will in solemn form. Such proof is denominated, in the books, “ contentious business.” It premises controversy, and, upon the presentation of a petition for it to the surrogate, a controversy would arise, and then, under our statute, it would become the duty of the surrogate to cite the parties in interest, including the executor, to appear before the orphans court in order that the executor might there proceed, in the presence of the parties cited, if they should appear in answer to the citation, to prove the will in solemn form. .1 think this application is erroneous, and that the order to discharge the order to-show cause was properly made. I will affirm the order.