Peirsol v. Roop

Grey, V. C. By the terms of the testator’s will, after the payment of his debts, he gives all his estate of every character to his executors and trustees upon a trust expressed in the will, by which he directs the trustees “ to' place and continue the personal estate thereof at interest,” Ac., and to pay the income therefrom and also “ the net rents, issues and profits of the real estate thereof” to his wife during the term of her natural life, so long as she — 744 — remains his widow, and to her care and guidance he entrusts the care and maintenance of his children. The first disposition of the testator gives the residue of his estate, real and personal, to the trustees, to secure to his wife the income thereof during her life or widowhood, thus indicating the dominant purpose in the will, namely, the support of the widow and children. Though his residuary estate included both real and personal, he does not use any words which give a fee to the trustees. But on the widow’s death the testator gives the whole residue, real and personal, in fee, by apt words, to such of his children as may then be living, and, per stirpes, to the issue of those who may have precedently died, their heirs, executors, administrators and assigns, as tenants in common, in equal shares. This gift to his children generally and to the issue of any deceased child of the residue of his real and personal estate, if not modified elsewhere in the will, would have vested in the daughters as well as in the sons who survived their mother an absolute estate in fee-simple in their several shares, in both the residuary real and personal estate. It should be noted that the period when the estate of the children of the testator vested was at the time of the death of their mother, and that those of them then took, who then survived. In actual fact they all then survived, so that the gift to the issue of any deceased child did not operate. Theu testator then’ expresses his will and wish that the share of the daughters shall be invested by the executors and trustees on bond and mortgage or in city or state loans, and that the interest and income therefrom shall be paid to the daughters for their separate use, during their lives, free from any husband’s control. This clause can only apply to that portion of the residuary estate which can be invested. In the next clause the will refers to “ the principal sum” of such shares. By these expressions the testator must be understood to intend an investment and care-taking of the personalty portion of the residuary estate, and not of the real estate portion, for the words of the •will .show that he knew the different characteristics of real and personal property, and that he intelligently used words apt to describe — 745 — them. These directions for investment and for payment of principal sums are not such as would have been used by the testator if he had the disposition of real estate in his mind, for though they are forceful when referring to personalty, they are senseless if applied to real estate. Town lots could not be invested, nor could- they be paid over in principal sums. The direction that the trustees should invest must, therefore, be held to apply only to the personalty portion of the daughters’ shares. The testator makes no further reference to the portions of his estate which he gives to his sons, but after expressing his wish that the trustees should control the personalty of his daughter’s share, as above shown, he again deals with the daughters’ shares, as follows: “Prom and immediately upon the decease of such daughter or daughters, I do give * * * the principal sum of such share of my residuary estate * * * unto * * * the child or children of such deceased daughter or daughters, their * * * heirs * * * and assigns forever.” Further defining the share of the child to be such as the deceased parent was entitled to, and providing that “ in case any of my said daughters should die unmarried, and without leaving lawful issue her or them surviving” he gives the share of' the deceased daughter to her surviving brothers and sisters, in fee, in equal portions. I have indicated my view that the absolute gift on the death of the wife of the residue of the children then surviving passed title to the daughters in both the real and personal portions of the residue, but that the direction for investment by the trustees applied only to the personal portion. The gift of the “ principal sum of such share ” of the daughters applied only to the personal part of the daughters’ portions, and it is only with this personal part that the testator deals in his subsequent disposition of the daughters’ shares. The above-quoted absolute gift of the principal sum or personal portion of the daughters’ shares to their children, is a bequest apparently repugnant to ’ the first absolute gift to the daughters themselves. This first gift to the daughters and the — 746 — subsequent limitation over to the surviving brothers and sisters in case any daughter should die unmarried and without issue her surviving, would indicate that the testator intended the daughters to have a vested estate in the principal sum referred to, but subject to be defeated as to each daughter in case she should not during her life marry (Maberly v. Strode, 3 Ves. Jr. 454), and should not leave any issue surviving at the time of her death. These latter words, used in the will, would mean a definite failure of issue, even without the operation of the statute of 1851. Gen. Stat. p. 3761 § 25. Such limitations over of personal property upon a definite failure of issue have been recognized and enforced. Porter v. Bradley, 3 T. R. 146; Ackerman v. Vreeland, 1 McCart. 25; Hull v. Eddy, 2 Gr. 170; Holcomb v. Lake, 1 Dutch. 613; Rowe v. White, 1 C. E. Gr. 411. If the daughters took a fee, subject to be defeated upon the conditions subsequent above stated, their performance of those conditions would give them an absolute estate. If the daughters should not perform the conditions, the will gives an absolute estate over to the surviving brothers and sisters. In either case nothing would remain to be given over to the children of the daughters. The gift to the children of the daughters is not expressed to depend upon any condition or contingency, but is an absolute gift over upon the daughters’ death, of the principal sum of the share which has been just as absolutely given to the daughters themselves upon performance of the conditions. Upon this construction it is impossible that both these gifts should stand. Either this second absolute gift to the children must be wholly rejected because inconsistent with the previous absolute gift, or it must be so construed as to modify the previous absolute gift and turn it into a life estate in the daughters. In Jones’ Executors v. Stites, 4 C. E. Gr. 326, in construing a will having two successive absolute bequests of the same portion, Chancellor Zabriskie declared it to be well- settled that “ a devise of lands or bequest of-chattels by words which would clearly give an absolute estate will be construed into a devise or bequest for life only, if the will contains words giving it to another — 747 — upon the death of the first taker. If the gift is absolute in terms, and not at all events limited over at the death of the first taker, but only on a certain contingency, as dying without issue living, then the title vests in the legatee absolutely, subject to be defeated on the happening of the contingency.” In order to give effect to the whole will, the chancellor held the first gift to be of a life estate only. In Akers’ Executors v. Akers, 8 C. E. Gr. 26, the words of the first bequest to the testator’s daughters were sufficient to vest an absolute estate in the corpus of the fund. There was also a provision directing the payment of interest on the fund to them, and the second gift to their children of the same fund was also an absolute bequest. The same learned chancellor held that the testator intended the principal of each daughter’s share be invested during her life, and the interest only to -be paid to her half yearly, and that at her death the principal share should go according to the second gift.,. . , In the case under consideration, though the testator gave the daughters who survived their mother an absolute estate, yet he in express terms provides that the trustees shall invest and care for the fund and pay over the net interest: to the daughters for their sole use during their lives. Considering this direction with the subsequent gift of the daughters’ shares, upon their death, to their children, I think the construction given by Chancellor Zabriskie in Jones’ Executors v. Stites should, control the present case, and that the bequest to the daughters should he held to be a life estate, the custody and investment of the fund to remain in the hands of the trustee, who should pay to each daughter the interest on her share during her life, and on her death the principal to her children if she leaves any; but if any daughter should die not having married or leaving no issue her surviving at the time of her death, then to pay the principal to the surviving brothers and sisters of such daughter. There is an inquiry in the bill touching the authority of the executors and trustees to exercise the power of sale. There is no other power of sale given in the will than that which is prescribed to be exercised by the executors and trustees with the — 748 — consent of the wife, signified by her joining in the deed. The assent of the wife and her joining in the deed were conditions necessary to the exercise of the power. Her death before it was exercised has made an end of the power, and no authority remains in the executors and trustees to make sale of the real estate. Sugd. Pow. 319. The will of the testator should be decreed to have the meaning above indicated. The trustees should be instructed that they have no power, and have had none, since the death of the widow, to make sale of the land to convey a fee-simple or any other estate therein; that the title of the trustees in the residuary real estate terminated at the death of the widow, and then passed in fee-simple to the sons and daughters then surviving, as above stated; that the trustees have no duty to convey the shares of the daughters in the land, the will being self-executing and having vested a fee-simple in them by the operation of the devise therein expressed; that the title of the sons who survived their mother in the personal portion of the residuary shares vested in them absolutely at the death of their mother; that it is the duty of the trustees to invest the personal portion of the daughters’ shares as directed by the will and to pay each daughter, during her life, the net interest of her share in the manner prescribed by the will, and the principal of any daughter’s share, upon her death leaving children, to such children, and if she die without having married, or leaving no issue her surviving, then to pay over the principal of her share in equal portions among those of her brothers and sisters who survive her. I will advise a decree in accordance with the above views.