Schoemer v. United States

DUHÉ, Circuit Judge: Jens and Shirre Schoemer appeal the district court’s dismissal of their suit against the United States. Jens Schoemer sought recovery for alleged medical malpractice under the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA), 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346(b), 2671-2680 (1988), and his wife Shirre Schoemer sought damages for loss of her husband’s income, support, and consortium. The court dismissed the case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction based on Feres v. United States, 340 U.S. 135, 71 S.Ct. 153, 95 L.Ed. 152 (1950). We affirm. BACKGROUND Jens Schoemer enlisted in the United States Army in 1987 for an eight year term. After serving four years on active duty, Schoemer was assigned to the inactive reserves in August 1991. He decided to serve out his term in the Louisiana National Guard, which required him to undergo a preenlistment medical examination. In December 1991, Schoemer reported to the U.S. Military Entrance Processing Station in Houston for the examination. He alleges that Dr. Schnur diagnosed him as having acromegaly, an abnormality of the pituitary gland, and recommended that Schoemer be referred to an internal medicine clinic. Instead, Dr. Magliolo, the Chief Medical Officer, pronounced Schoemer eligible for duty and did not recommend any treatment. Schoemer was diagnosed as having acromegaly eleven months later. He alleges that the delay in treatment has caused him significant injury. 1 The Schoemers brought an FTCA suit against the United States which moved to dismiss citing Feres. Initially, the court denied the motion citing our decisions in Jones v. United States, 729 F.2d 326 (5th Cir.1984), and Adams v. United States, 728 F.2d 736 (5th Cir.1984). On cross motions for summary judgment, however, the court changed its mind and applied Feres. Consequently, the court did not consider the summary judgment motions because it dismissed the case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. DISCUSSION The Supreme Court created a judicial exception to the FTCA for injuries to servicemen that arise from the course of activity incident to service. Feres, 340 U.S. at 146, 71 S.Ct. at 159. Three rationales support the exception: (1) the “distinctively federal” relationship between a serviceman and his superiors; (2) the ability of servicemen to receive no-fault statutory disability and death benefits; and (3) the need to preserve military discipline and prevent judicial second guessing of military decisions. United States v. Johnson, 481 U.S. 681, 688-91, 107 S.Ct. 2063, 2067-69, 95 L.Ed.2d 648 (1987). Whether Feres applies to deprive a court of subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law, which we review de novo. Miller v. United States, 42 F.3d 297, 300 (5th Cir.1995). Feres applies if the serviceman’s injury was incident to military service. Johnson, 481 U.S. at 691, 107 S.Ct. at 2069. We examine the totality of the circumstances to determine whether a serviceman’s injury was incident to military service. Parker v. United States, 611 F.2d 1007, 1013 (5th Cir.1980). In particular, we consider: (1) the serviceman’s duty status; (2) the site of his injury; and (3) the activity he was performing. Id. at 1013-15. We often treat the serviceman’s duty status as the most important factor *29 because it indicates the nature of the nexus between the serviceman and the Government at the time of injury. Adams, 728 F.2d at 739. We view duty status as a continuum ranging from active duty to discharge. Cortez v. United States, 854 F.2d 723, 725 (5th Cir.1988). Duty status may be dispositive; Feres applies to a serviceman who is on active duty and has active status but not to one who has been discharged. Jones, 729 F.2d at 328; Adams, 728 F.2d at 739; see also United States v. Brown, 348 U.S. 110, 112, 75 S.Ct. 141, 143, 99 L.Ed. 139 (1954) (distinguishing servicemen who are on active duty and subject to military discipline from discharged servicemen who have civilian status). Nevertheless, if the serviceman’s duty status falls somewhere in the middle of the continuum, then duty status is less important and we look to the other factors. Kelly v. Panama Canal Comm’n, 26 F.3d 597, 600 (5th Cir.1994). 2 At the time of Schoemer’s examination, he had inactive status in the Army and was preparing to enter the Louisiana National Guard. Feres applies both to reservists and National Guardsmen. Stauber v. Cline, 837 F.2d 395, 399 (9th Cir.) cert. denied, 488 U.S. 817, 109 S.Ct. 55, 102 L.Ed.2d 33 (1988); Estate of Martinelli v. United States Dep’t of the Army, 812 F.2d 872, 873 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 822, 108 S.Ct. 82, 98 L.Ed.2d 44 (1987); Anderson v. United States, 724 F.2d 608, 610 (8th Cir.1983); Mattos v. United States, 412 F.2d 793, 794 (9th Cir.1969). Although Schoemer was no longer on active duty, he was still in the Army. Because Sehoemer’s duty status does not answer the Feres question dispositively, we consider the other Parker factors. In medical malpractice cases, however, the duty status inquiry subsumes the inquiry concerning the serviceman’s activity at the time of injury. Adams, 728 F.2d at 741. In place of Parker's third factor we inquire whether the serviceman’s treatment was intended to return him to military service. Id. Because the purpose of Schoemer’s medical examination was to allow him to enlist in the Louisiana National Guard, the examination was a prerequisite to his return to military service. 3 One court has applied Feres to bar an FTCA claim arising from a National Guard preenlistment medical examination. Hall v. United States, 528 F.Supp. 963, 967-68 (D.N.J.1981), aff'd, 688 F.2d 821 (3d Cir.1982). Other courts have reached the same result for medical examinations that are a prerequisite to active duty. See Bowers v. United States, 904 F.2d 450, 452 (8th Cir.1990); West v. United States, 729 F.2d 1120, 1122-23 (7th Cir.), aff'd en banc, 744 F.2d 1317 (7th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1053, 105 S.Ct. 2113, 85 L.Ed.2d 478 (1985); Yolken v. United States, 590 F.2d 1303, 1303 (4th Cir.1979) (per curiam); Calhoun v. United States, 475 F.Supp. 1, 3-4 (S.D.Cal.1977), aff 'd, 604 F.2d 647 (9th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1078, 100 S.Ct. 1029, 62 L.Ed.2d 761 (1980). In Bowers, after a medical examination Bowers was to serve five months in the Air Force Reserve and then go on active duty. The Eighth Circuit considered the three rationales supporting Feres in the context of the pre-induction medical examination. Bowers was not entitled to any statutory benefits because he had not served any time on active duty. Id. at 451. Nevertheless, the court noted that Bower’s relationship with the Air Force was distinctively federal, *30 and that a negligence action would have a direct effect on military judgments and decisions. Bowers, 904 F.2d at 452. Since two of the three rationales were relevant, the Eighth Circuit applied Feres because “there is no question that pre-induction physicals are activities incident to service.” Id. at 452. In this case, although Schoemer’s enlistment into the Louisiana National Guard adds a state flavor to his relationship with his superiors, 4 he is entitled to veteran’s benefits because of his stint on active duty. Furthermore, the availability of a negligence action would require the military to allocate its resources to prevent and compensate mistakes in pre-induction medical examinations. Bowers, 904 F.2d at 452. This third rationale is the overriding consideration in any single case. Scales, 685 F.2d at 973. Applying the three Parker factors, we conclude that Schoemer’s preenlistment medical examination was incident to military service. Furthermore, the policies behind Feres support its application to this ease. Having considered the totality of the circumstances, we conclude that the district court properly applied Feres and dismissed the Schoemers’ suit for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. 5 CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s dismissal of Appellants’ FTCA suit for lack of subject matter jurisdiction is AFFIRMED. Footnotes [1] Schoemer underwent two operations, one of which was intercranial. He has significant hormonal problems, loss of function in one eye, and a permanent scar. [2] Feres can apply to a serviceman who is not on active duty at the time of injury. Miller, 42 F.3d at 303. Jones and Adams do not counsel otherwise. Rather, we require application of Feres to medical malpractice cases when the serviceman is on active duty at the time of the alleged malpractice. Scales v. United States, 685 F.2d 970, 973 (5th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1082, 103 S.Ct. 1772, 76 L.Ed.2d 344 (1983). [3] Because Parker's third factor supports the application of Feres to this case, we distinguish two separate lines of cases that have allowed FTCA claims to proceed. First, when an active duty serviceman sustains an injury on leave or furlough, we focus on the serviceman’s activity to show that he was not acting incident to military service. See, e.g., Parker, 611 F.2d at 1015. Second, when a serviceman alleges medical malpractice at a time when he has not yet been discharged, we focus on the purpose of his treatment to show that his injury was not incident to military service. See, e.g., Cortez, 854 F.2d at 725; Adams, 728 F.2d at 741. [4] State National Guard members serve the state and the nation in a dual capacity. See Perpich v. Department of Defense, 496 U.S. 334, 345-46, 110 S.Ct. 2418, 2425-26, 110 L.Ed.2d 312 (1990). [5] Feres bars Shirre Schoemer's derivative claims as well. See Gaspard v. United States, 713 F.2d 1097, 1101-02 (5th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 466 U.S. 975, 104 S.Ct. 2354, 80 L.Ed.2d 826 (1984). The Schoemers ask us either to overrule Feres or to hold its judicially created FTCA exception unconstitutional by separation of powers. We leave these arguments for the Supreme Court.