Ossie v. State

TYSON, J. The appellant sued out a writ of habeas corpus before Hon. Samuel L. Weaver, associate judge of the criminal court of Jefferson county, complaining that he was unlawfully imprisoned or restrained of his liberty by the Sloss-Slieffield Steel & Iron Company, hereafter called the “Sloss Company.” On the hearing he was remanded to the custody of the Sloss Company, from which order this appeal is prosecuted. The case made is that appellant was convicted and sentenced in Mobile county to hard labor, and under a contract with the authorities was hired and delivered to the Sloss Company, and was in its custody under said contract working out his unexpired sentence when the writ was sued out. Pretermitting all consideration of the insistence that the contract was not made by the board of revenue and road commissioners because not fully and completely shown by the minutes of the board, and that the bond never went into effect because not actually approved by the judge- of probate,- we will consider only the construction of the statute (section 4525 of the code of — 155 — 1896) in respect to the annnllinent of the contract of hiring, as in our opinion it is decisive of the cause. After the delivery of the petitioner to the contractor, the judge of probate of Mobile county annulled the contract on two distinct grounds: One, that the bond “is insufficient” ; the other, that the convicts had been treated inhumanly; and also by general order not specifying any cause. One of the orders, however, was made after the writ was sued out, but before the trial — one on May 14th, the day of the date of the writ; the third on the 80th of April. After such annullment the board of revenue and road commissioners of Mobile county hired the convicts, including petitioner, to a third party. The trial judge, on the objection of the state and of the Sloss Company, excluded all evidence of the annullment of the contract by the judge of probate. This ruling of the court is sought to be justified on several grounds: First, that the orders were in two instances made by the judge after the institution of this proceeding; second, that the annullment on the ground of the insufficiency of the bond does not show that it' proceeded on the bond having become •insufficient since it was given, but on the ground that it was then insufficient; and, third, that the judge was without authority to annul contracts as to convicts worked out of the county on the ground of ill treatment except on the order of the governor, and that no such requisition was here shown. We shall consider the last point first. There can be no doubt of the general aversion of courts to summary proceedings, and especially where they are entirely ex parte. But necessity on principles of public policy may reasonably call for the application of such remedies, and, where they relate entirely to executory contracts, the clangers of application to property rights is minimized. When a continuous contract is entered into there can be no injustice in either or both parties reserving an unqualified right to put an end to' the contract in the future at pleasure. So here, the welfare of the convicts subjected to penal servitude, of whom the state is guardian as it were, could well dictate the policy of reserving the right to — 156 — terminate the contract for the employment of state criminals. Such matters, like many others, cannot await the tedious termination of ordinary adversary legal proceedings. The question then is: First, whether this right was reserved in this instance to be exercised by the judge qf probate; and, second, whether it has been duly exercised? As to convicts not sentenced to hard labor for the county, contracts for their hire may be terminated summarily and wholly ex parte, under section 4475 and section 4509 of the code of 1896, by the president of the board of inspectors, for cause, on the approval of the governor or by the governor “without assigning any reason therefor.” As to convicts sentenced to hard labor for the county, the system is somewhat different from that applicable to convicts in the penitentiary. As to the latter the county authorities have no authority or responsibility, but as. to the former there is a dual case. — Jefferson County v. Truss, 85 Ala. 486, 5 South. 86. Section 4523 of the code of 1896 prescribes that the inspectors of state convicts shall visit county convicts whenever they shall deem it necessary, and shall rigidly scrutinize and inquire into their treatment and management, .and report to the judge of probate, in writing, as to their condition and treatment. Then follows the provision that the contract of hiring by the county authorities must contain a provision “that the contract shall end- if the bond, in the opinion of the judge of probate, becomes insufficient, or if any convict is treated cruelly or inhumanely by the hirer or his employes.” Then follows another provision that: “Whenever the board of inspectors shall notify the governor that convicts-who- have been sentenced to hard labor for the county should be removed from the place where they are at work, or from the control of the person who has them hired, it shall be his duty to- order the judge of probate of the county where said convicts were convicted, to remove them from such place, or to annul such contract as the case may be,” etc. It thus appears that as to county convicts the president of the board of inspectors has no power to annul contracts, and — 157 — that the governor has the power only indirectly through the judge of probate. At the same time it appears that the board of inspectors must report the management to the probate judge. The question in construing the section is whether the judge of probate must be moved to the annulment of the contract by the order of the governor, dr may act voluntarily on the information furnished by reports made' to him, or otherwise obtained, on which to form an opinion. Does the fact that the governor is given the right to compel the judge of probate to annul the contract of hiring, in a subsequent clause, put a construction on,the previous clause so as to exclude the exercise of the power by the judge of probate without compulsion? Is there any incompatability in such a power being in the governor and at the same time an authority in the judge of probate to act without extraneous compulsion? We can see none. The clause of the section providing that the contract of hiring must contain a. stipulation “that the contract shall end if the bond, in the opinion of the judge of probate, becomes insufficient, or if any convict is treated cruelly or inhumanely by the hirer or his era-, ployes,” may be read with perfect consistency with the rules of rhetorical and grammatical expression,'by malting the clause “in the opinion of the judge of probate” applicable to each of the clauses — one relating to the bond, and the other to inhumane treatment. In the composition of compound sentences stipulating, as here, that the subject (“contract”) shall have a certain status (“end”) on the happening of one of two or more conditions or events connected by “or,” the subject and predicate are usually and naturally expressed in connection Avith the first alternative condition, and left to be supplied Avith the other. The first condition here is “if the bond becomes insufficient,” not, however, absolutely so, but qualifiedly ;that is, “in the opinion of the judge'of probate.” It can mate no> difference where this qualification, so far as the first condition is concerned, is placed, so it precedes “or.” In its relation as expressed it determines, limits, and defines the first alternative, by — 158 — pointing out how the fact which is to end the contract is to be determined. The first sentence can be read thus: “The contract shall end, if in the opinion of the judge of probate the bond becomes insufficient.” The question then is- whether in the next alternative introdu ced by the word “or” the qualifying clause used with reference, to the first condition is not to be supplied as to the second, just as the subject (“contract”) and the predicate (“shall end”) are supplied. It is just as grammatical and proper to carry forward the mode of determining the fact which is to end the contract, as it is to supply the subject and predicate in the several alternatives connected by “or.” And we think such is the meaning of the statute. Why are reports on the condition of the convicts to be. made to the judge of probate if he can act only on compulsion by the governor moved by the notice given by the inspectors to him? The power to compel action, lodged'in the. governor, by the judge of probate was not intended to give the judge jurisdiction to act, but to prevent his neglect to act voluntarily. The power to force the judge of probate to act is a “cumulative precaution, designed to better insure the humane treatment of convicts. It may have been supposed that local officers would sometimes neglect this duty.” — Jefferson County v. Truss, supra. This case expressly holds that section 4525 of the code of 1.896 applies “to all convicts hired out by the court of county commissioners.” Therefore no distinction can be drawn as to the power of the judge of probate in respect to convicts hired to work in or out of the county to terminate the contract of hiring. And we hold that under this section the judge had the right to annul the contract for either of the causes enumerated therein. The point that the annullment for the insufficiency of the bond must be confined to the case of a change in the sufficiency from what it was when originally made is entirely too narrow. It is the present state of insecurity for the future that justifies the act, and not a change from the original sufficiency. The law suposing and taking it for granted that a sufficient bond has been oris: — 159 — inally taken gives the judge of probate authority to judge of the sufficiency at any future time, and finding it then insufficient calls into existence the power of annulment. In habeas corpus proceedings the enquiry is as to the lawfulness of the detention. It is the status of the petitioner at the trial which determines his rights. As said by Mr. Church, in his most excellent work on Habeas Corpus: “On a habeas corpus, the decision should be made upon the actual status of the case at the time of the decisión, and not according to the state of things when the writ was allowed.” The detention may become lawful when originally unlawful, or unlawful when originally lawful ; and in such cases the court is bound to regulate its judgment according to the status at the trial. It would be preposterous to remand a prisoner to be hanged who has been pardoned after the date of the writ. In short, it is the status at the time of the trial which the court views and therefore it must receive proofs to that point, though it may involve a change of the original status. In this case, although the petition was sworn to on the 12th clay of May, the writ was not issued until two days thereafter and was not heard until the 11th day of June. On the 30th day of April, the probate judge made an order annulling the contract with the Sloss Company because of inhuman treatment of the convicts. On the 14th of May he made a similar order without specifying the grounds on which it was based, and on the 21st day of May a similar order was made on the ground that the bond of the hirer “is insufficient.” If the judge was authorized and empowered to make these orders, §nd we have shown that he was, they put an end to the contract with the Sloss Company, and the exercise of that authorization or power in the absence of fraud or collusion is final. — Jefferson, County v. Truss, supra; Lynde v. County, 16 Wall. (U. S.) 6, 21 L. Ed 272; Plock v. Cobb, 64 Ala. 127. After the making of these orders the Sloss Company ceased to be “the person authorized by law to detain” the appellant, and therefore he is enti tied to relief, but not to his discharge. On the evidence offered, but which the trial judge refused to admit, he — 160 — should, have been discharged from the custody of the Sloss Company and remanded to the custody of the jailer of Jefferson county until hired out or disposed of by the board of revenue and road commissioners of Mobile county. — §§ 4838, 4839, code 1896; White v. State, 134 Ala. 197, 32 South. 320; State v. Roberts, 126 Ala. 87, 28 South. 744; 15 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law (2d Ed.) p. 209. The order appealed from is reversed and the cause remanded for further proceeding in accordance with this opinion. Reversed and remanded. Weakley, C. J., and Simpson and Anderson, JJ., concur.