Gainer v. Southern Railway Co.

DENSON, J. This is an action by an employe against bis employer to recover damages on account of a personal injury suffered while engaged in the discharge of his duties as employe. The complaint contains three counts, based, respectively, on the first, second, and third subdivisions of the employer’s liability statute (Code 1896, § 1749). The cause was tried on the general issue and three special pleas of contributory — 188 — negligence, pleaded to all the counts. At the conclusion of the evidence the general affirmative charge with hypothesis was given at the request of the defendant. After a careful examination and consideration of the evidence, we have been unable to find that any one of the pleas of contributory negligence finds any support therein. Indeed, appellee’s counsel has not argued or briefed the cause here on the theory that contributory negligence, as pleaded was proved; but his insistence, in justification of the court’s ruling in giving the charge is, first, that the evidence failed to malee out a cause of action on any .one of the counts; and, second, that the evidence without conflict shows that the plaintiff assumed the risk which caused his injury. There is no plea of assumption of risk, and on this account counsel for appellant insists that the defendant should he cut off from availing itself of that defense, even though it was established by the evidence; citing and relying on the case of Foley v. Pioneer, etc., Co., 144 Ala. 178, 40 South. 273, as supporting the insistence. In ■ the case cited, the court, through Dowdell, J., said that: “Assumed risk, when set up as a defense, is subject-matter for a special plea. There is a well-defined distinction between assumption of risk and contributory negligence. Still both of these defenses are in confession and avoidance of the plaintiff’s action, and cannot be availed of under the general issue, but must be specially pleaded.” While no authority is cited in that case in support of the ruling that assumption of risk must be specially pleaded, it is supported by respectable authority, as may be seen by reference to 13 Ency. Pl. & Pr. p. 914. Notwithstanding the ruling in the Foley Case,, we apprehend that if, without a plea of assumption of risks, the record shows (as it does in this case) that both parties, without objection, have tried the case to its conclusion as if — 189 — issue bad been joined upon sncb a plea, it should not be allowed to either party to insist in this court for the first time that, in reviewing the rulings of the trial court, this court should do so without regard to that issue. The plaintiff in the court below should have protected himself against the injection into the case of the defense not pleaded by objecting to the evidence offered in support of it. In each of the cases of R. & D. R. R. Co. v. Farmer, 97 Ala. 141, 12 South. 86, L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Mothershed, 97 Ala. 261, 12 South. 714, and K. C., M. & B. R. R. Co. v. Burton, 97 Ala. 240, 12 South. 88, although the plea of contributory negligence was not interposed, yet, the record showing that the parties without objection had tried the cause to its conclusion as if on issue joined on the plea of contributory negligence, this court held that in reviewing the rulings of the trial court the appellate court should do so as if such defense was specially pleaded. , There is no reason that we can see for the application of a different principle is reviewing the case at bar, and we shall consider the case as if the defense of assumption of risk was specially pleaded. — 1 Bailey’s Per. Inj. § 948. The plaintiff was the only witness examined on the trial'of the cause, and the bill of exceptions purports to set out the whole of the evidence. It appears that the plaintiff at the time of his injury was engaged as an employe of the defendant in operating a planing machine in the defendant’s planing mill in the city of Birmingham. That he was an experienced man in that business is shown without dispute, it appearing that he had been engaged in that particular business for 15 years prior to his injury, and that he had been running the machine in question for a period of two years. The motive power for the planer was furnished by an overhead line shaft, from which was a “driving belt to- the — 190 — planer.” While plaintiff was engaged 'in attempting to run lumber through the plan'er, for the purpose of dressing it, the “knives that were dressing or cutting the lumber choked down.” Plaintiff testified that, “in order to loose up right quick, as a rule, he just crossed the feed belt and jerked the lever right quick to get it in motion, and while he was stooping over to cross the belt on that occasion, with his right hand on the feed lever, and crossing the belt with his left hand, the belt broke, struck his arm, and broke it and one of his fingers.” The evidence is without conflict that the plaintiff put the belt on the machine about two or three months before the accident, and that he knew such belts do not last “a great while”; and the witness said, in this connection, that the belt that broke “was an old one, had been running some time, and it was worn right smart. I knew it was not a good belt at the time it broke. I recollect one time, a short time before, a place broke on the under side, and was slapping around, and I took my knife and cut it off. It was a double-ply leather belt, and the piece that flapped about the bottom was the inside ply, running next to the pulley, and was five or six inches long — tore loose, and slapping around the pulley.” Thus it is shown that the belt was defective, and by the same evidence that the plaintiff knew of the defect. It is also shown without conflict that plaintiff knew that the planer was not suited for the dressing of lumber as large as that he was attempting to dress at the time his injury occurred; and if running the planer with such a belt, and attempting to plane lumber which was too large for the machine, was dangerous, which we cannot doubt was true, the plaintiff, a man fortified by the long experience which the evidence shows he possessed, must have known and fully appreciated the perils ordinarily incident to running a planer nnder — 191 — such conditions. Indeed, it would be unreasonable to> say that to sucb a man the danger was other than an obvious one; and it is now settled law in this state that if a servant continues in the service of his employer after he has knowledge of any unsuitable appliances' in connection with which he is required to labor, and it. appears that he comprehends the nature and extent of' the danger to which he is thereby exposed, he will be deemed to have waived the performance of the employer’s obligation to furnish suitable appliances and to have voluntarily assumed all risks incident to the service under such circumstances. Such an assumption of the risks of an employment by a servant will bar recovery, independent of the principle of contributory negligence. — Boyd v. Indian Head Mills of Alabama, 131 Ala. 356, 31 South. 80; Sloss Iron & Steel Co. v. Knowles, 129 Ala. 410, 30 South. 584; Coosa Mfg. Co. v. Williams, 133 Ala. 606, 32 South. 232; Birmingham R. & E. Co. v. Allen, 99 Ala. 359, 13 South. 8, 26 L. R. A. 457; L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Banks, 104 Ala. 508, 16 South. 547; Batnode v. Harter, 20 Nev. 303, 21 Pac. 679; Anderson v. Clark, 155 Mass. 368, 29 N. E. 589. But it is insisted by appellant’s counsel that, notwithstanding the evidence shows that the plaintiff knew of the defect in the belt and appreciated the danger and risk, yet the evidence further shows that the plaintiff had notified defendant’s foreman of the defect in the belt a short time before the accident occurred, and that, having given such notice, plaintiff could remain in the service of the defendant and continue to operate the planer with the defective belt without assuming the risk consequent therefrom. The true doctrine in this respect is declared by this court in Birmingham Railway & Electric Co. v. Allen, supra, in this language: “The doctrine of ‘volenti non fit injuria’ applies under the em — 192 — ployer’s liability act, and where an employe, knowing and appreciating the danger and risk, elects voluntarily to encounter them, and is injured, he cannot maintain an action to recover damages for the injury sustained. But if the employer undertakes, expressly or impliedly, to remedy the defect and remove the danger within a reasonable time, such an undertaking or assurance is an assumption by the employer of the risk incident to the duties of the employment during such reasonable time, and if the employe is injured in the meantime, by reason of the risk and danger thus assumed by the employer, the latter will be responsible for the injury. If the employe remains in the service, and continues to encounter voluntarily and with a knowledge and appreciation of the risk, without such assurance, or after the time within which the defect should have been remedied and the danger removed, according to such undertaking or assurance, the risk becomes his own.” An examination of all our cases will show that, in order to place the risk, after notice, on the employer, there must be shown a promise, either express or implied, to remedy the defect. — Eureha Co. v. Bass, 81 Ala. 200, 8 South. 216, 60 Am. Rep. 152; L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Stutts, 105 Ala. 368, 17 South. 29, 53 Am. St.. Rep. 127; Bridges’ Adm’r. v. T. C. I. & R. Co., 109 Ala. 287, 19 South. 495; Patnode v. Harter, 20 Nev. 303, 21 Pac. 679. The evidence here, if sufficient to show that the plaintiff gave notice of the defect, falls short of showing that there was a promise or assurance of any kind to remedy the defect.- Therefore the insistence of the plaintiff (appellant) cannot prevail. The foregoing discussion has been confined to the case as presented by the first count of the complaint. In the second and third counts the negligence relied on is that alleged to have characterized the action of the foreman (Perdue) in “negligently ordering plaintiff to feed into — 193 — a planing machine, to be planed therein and thereby, a piece of lumber which the said machine, by reason of a worn or defective belt thereon, was nnsnited to plane.” The plaintiff testified: “This lumber (referring to the lumber he ivas attempting to plane) ivas not suitable to be planed in that machine. It was too heavy for that machine, and that machine was never intended to dress such lumber; had not been made to dress anything only light stuff. It dressed about 6 by 12, the largest you could get through it.” That there is a fatal variance between the allegations in the second and third counts and the proof offered seems to be too clear to warrant further discussion. On the foregoing considerations, it is the conclusion of the court that the general affirmative charge as requested was properly given for the defendant; and the judgment appealed from must be affirmed. Affirmed. Tyson, C. J., and Haralson and Simpson, JJ., concur.