Jones v. Stokes

SAYBE, J. Statutory action of ejectment by appellees against appellant. Plaintiffs in the court below claimed as children and heirs at law. of Anthony Watson. Defendant claimed under a deed from Anthony Watson’s widow, since deceased. The question Avas Avhether the AvidoAV had a fee Avhich went by her conveyance or a life estate on]y. The facts necessary to be taken into account are these: The small parcel of land in suit, a lot less than an acre in area situate in the city of Selma, was owned and occupied by Watson as a home place until his death in 1893, He left a widow and seven children, all then of full age. The widow continued to occupy the home place until her death, which occurred shortly before this suit Avas brought, and in 1902, by formal proceedings in the probate court of Dallas county, the lot was set apart to her as her exempt homestead. This tract was Avorth $1,400. It appears now without conflict, and it- so appeared in the report of the commissioners appointed by the probate court to set apart the homestead, that Watson OAvned at the time of his death a lot in the town of Greensboro, Hale county, in this state, containing seven acres, and worth $300. There was never any administration upon Watson’s estate, but that fact is not considered to have any bearing upon the conclusion to be — 582 — reached. Appellees contend, and the trial court so held, that on these facts the act of December 13, 1892 (Acts, p. 138), operated to vest in the widow a life estate only. In Tartt v. Negus, 127 Ala. 301, 28 South. 713, this same general question arose in respect to the title to a lot in the city of Mobile, but there were some differences which must be noted. There is no indication in the report of the case that the deceased owned a tract separate from his homestead. In that case, too, the owner had died in September, 1898, after the Code of 1896 had gone into effect. The court said that the widow’s deed was sufficient to pass the fee “which the statute vested in her, if there was no other real estate left, or her life interest, if there was other land. In either case the plaintiffs [heirs at law of the deceased owner] would have no present right to dispossess the widow’s alienee,’’ the widow being still alive. It is entirely clear that the court had in mind the language of section 2071 of the Code which is quoted in the opinion. In Newell v. Johns, 128 Ala. 581, 29 South. 609, there was a contest between the widow and the administrator who had petitioned the court for a sale of land for the payment of debts. The original owner had died in 1895, but the proceeding was commenced subsequent to the time when the Code of 1896 went into effect (February 17, 1898,) and reached this court in 1900. The court said: “In case the decedent left no real estate in excess of that exempt by law from the payment of debts, the person for whose benefit the exemption is created may, under the provision first contained in the act of December 13, 1892, now in sections 2071 and 2100 of the Code, become invested with the full legal title so far as it resided in the decedent by procuring an order of the probate court declaring the property exempt. — 583 — See Brooks v. Johns, 119 Ala. 412 [24 South. 345]. But such proceeding is in no way essential to the establishment or maintenance of the mere right of exemption which shields the homestead from the decedent’s debts. That right exists independent of the provision made for the ultimate disposition of title.” In Carroll v. Draughon, 154 Ala. 430, 45 South. 919, the original owner died in 1894. The case was decided in this court February 13, 1908. One question was whether the complainant, the surviving second husband of the deceased widow (exemptioner), took any interest in the homestead. The court said: “There is lack of averment in the bill that the lands set apart as the homestead constituted all the real estate owned in this state by the deceased husband at the time of his death, or that the homestead was at the time less in value than the amount exempted by law. Consequently the bill fails to make a case in which the absolute estate vested in the widow under either section 2071, 2077, or 2100 of the Code of 1896. — Brooks v. Johns, 119 Ala. 412 [24 South. 345]. Construing the averments of the bill most strongly against the complainant, his wife took only a life estate in the homestead, and her deed to him conveyed only that interest, and of consequence his interest ceased upon her death.” In Hosea v. Davis, 142 Ala. 211, 39 South. 315, the court seems to have assumed that section 2071 of the Code of 1896 and the act of 'December 13, 1892, were identical in operation and effect. But they were not so identical, nor could any assumption or decision make them so. We have stated the cases upon which the appellees rely as sustaining their recovery in the court below. It has been thus made to appear that none of them decide the precise questions here involved, and that their — 584 — language, where they have seemed to give support to appellees’ contention, was held with reference to section 2071 of the Code of 1896, and without any purpose of determining whether that so-called codification of the act of December 13, 1892, effected any change in the act. There is no contention that the estate of Watson was insolvent, and it is conceded that, if his death had occurred prior to the date of the act, his widow would have taken a life estate only. The language of section 2071 of the Code of 1896 was: “When the homestead set apart to the widow and minor child or children, or either, constitutes all the real estate OAvned in this state by the decedent at the time of his death, the title to such homesead vests absolutely in them, whether there be administration on the estate of the decedent or not.” It may be conceded that under the language of this section, if it expressed the legislative purpose at the time and applied to this case, the widow would not have taken an absolute fee. Her estate in the homestead in that event would have depended upon section 2069 of the Code of 1896, which would have created for the widow under the circumstances nothing more than an exemption from administration and the payment of debts during her life. So, then, the rights of appellant’s vendor, the exemptioner in this case, having accrued subsequent to the act of December 13, 1892, and pxfior to the Code of 1896, the questioxx at haxxd involves only an interpretation of the language of the act. The language of the section of the Code, if considered apart from other sections bearing on the same subject, may be clear enough, and, ixx cases within its influence, it may be that the court would be required to follow the plain and sound principle of declaring the law as it is written. Perhaps the language of the act, on the other hand, is not in all respects so clear as to entirely ex585 elude the office of interpretation. Recast so as to eliminate its provisions for cases involving minors or personal property, neither case being here presented, but preserving strictly its grammatical and logical structure, the act may be quoted as follows: That whenever the land of a decedent, who dies leaving land less in value than the amount exempted by law, is set aside as provided by law to the widow, the title to the land so set aside shall vest absolutely in fee in the widow. The argument for appellee is, in short, that, in order that the title declared by the act shall vest absolutely, the whole of the realty must be set aside. But we think the statute was not fairly capable of that construction. The. purpose declared in the title of the act was to vest title to the homestead where the estate did not exceed the amount of the exemption. The title cannot extend or restrain the positive language of the body of the statute, but, where the meaning is doubtful, modern doctrine accords a degree of consideration to the title.— Blakeney v. Blakeney, 6 Port. 109, 30 Am. Dec. 574. “Especially may the title be consulted when,” as is the case in this state, “the Constitution provides that the subject of the act shall be expressed in the title, for, under such consitutional provisions, the title becomes a part of the act itself, and, upon the principle that an act will not be construed into unconstitutionality if another construction is possible, may be a limitation upon the enacting part of the law.” — 26 Am. & Eng. Ency. p. 628. By this provision of the Constitution the title of every act must be made the subject of special consideration by the Legislature. The body of the act under review carries into effect the purpose declared in the title, and limits the cases in Avhich it shall operate. One condition of its application is that the land left by the deceased is less in value than the homestead allowed by — 586 — the Constitution and laws. That condition was met in this case, even though it should he held that “land,” where that word is first hsed in our provisional emendation of the statute, or “estate,” where that word first occurs in the statute as actually written, means “all the land” of deceased. So, then, the provision for that condition eliminated for convenience the meaning of the act, reading it with reference to the exigencies of the particular case, as we have heretofore suggested, was “that whenever the land of a decedent * * * is set aside as provided by law to the widow, the title to the land so set aside shall vest absolutely in fee in the widow”; and this language, when read in connection with the limited purpose expressed in the title, would seem to indicate the intention of the lawmaker to vest absolute title in the widow, whenever the land of decedent, whether all or a part only of his land, is set apart as a homestead. We have quoted above the exact language of section 2071 of the Code of 1896.. It is not contended that this section of that Code operates directly upon this case, but the strength of appellees’ case is that this section has been treated by the court in the cases heretofore noted, and must now be accepted as a true codification of the act of December 13, 1892; that thereby the meaning of the act has been determined. So far as the cases are concerned, we think our statement of them has sufficed to show that the point in question has never been directly presented to the court for decision. The reference to the act, to be found in the margin of the section as printed in the Code of 1896, as well the common subject-matter, indicates that the section was intended as a codification in some sort of the act, and as we have seen, this court has so referred to it. But a comparison of the two languages used in the act and — 587 — the section, with a view to their application to the particular contention of this case, shows a difference so marked as probably, without more, to exclude the acceptance of the section as a true codification of the act. Nor does it appear that the codifier or the Legislature so intended and accepted it; for the single purpose of the act, the vesting of absolute title in the widow or children, Avas otherwise applied in section 2100 of the same Code, Avhich also purported to be a codification of the same act. The act Avas intended to fit into an elaborate scheme already prepared and expressed in the statutes for the government of the subject of homestead and other exemptions.' The act of February 28, 1887 (Acts 1886-87, p. 112), Avas a part of the scheme. Eliminating again, for brevity, references to minors and personal property, the last-named act provided that where a resident of this state died, owning realty not in excess of the amount exempted by knv — meaning, of course, as in the act of 1892, not exceeding in area or value such exemptions— and leaving a widoAV, commissioners should be appointed to appraise the value of the property. The laAV as it then Avas provided that if it appeared that the decedent’s real property did not exceed in amount— meaning in the case of realty area — and value the exemptions alloAved, the court “shall make an order setting the same apart to the widow” as exempt. — Act Feb. 12, 1885, (Acts 1884-85, p. 114) ; Code 1886, § 2562. These provisions were brought fonvard into the Code of 1896 at section 2097 et seq., and section 2100, referring in the margin to the act of 1892, was added, providing that the title to the property set apart should vest absolutely in the widow. The statute has all along provided for the setting apart of an exemption in lieu of homestead where the decedent at the time of his leath had no homestead exempt to him. So — 588 — then, although the codifier may have misconceived the meaning of the act of 1892 when framing section 2071 of the Code, or possibly thought proper to engraft a new rule, the history and language of the statutes make it reasonably clear that in making the provisions to which this case has required us to refer the Legislature was dealing with the case of a tract of land occupied as a homestead by the owner at the time of his death, and had not at all in mind the idea that the ownership of a tract isolated from the homestead ought to affect the widow’s right of homestead or the character of the title to be vested in her, unless in some such peculiar circumstances as were shown in Dicus v. Hall, 83 Ala. 159, 3 South. 239, where two tracts, though separated, were held for one tract within the meaning of the law of homesteads. The act was assigned its appropriate place in the order of arrangement at section 2100. On these considerations it must be said, we think, without, however, intending to affect the meaning or application of section 2071, as written, in cases that may have arisen while the Code of 1896 was in effect, or, of course, since the Code of 1907 in which section 2100 has been amended, that section 2100 of that Code, when read in connection with the three preceding sections, is the only true codification of the act of December 13, 1892, to be found in the Code of 1896. That section (section 2100) does not prescribe procedure. It declares the title which shall result from the procedure of the preceding sections. The procedure of the three preceding sections was also the procedure referred to in the act of 1892 where it spoke of the estate of a decedent as “set aside as provided by law.” It was the procedure followed in this case. The act of 1892, and the proceeding had in the probate court, though that proceeding may not have been — 589 — necessary in a case where, as here, the widow was already in the actual occupancy of a homestead less in value and area than the exemption allowed by law (Jackson v. Wilson, 117 Ala. 432, 23 South. 521; Garland v. Bostic, 118 Ala. 209, 23 South. 698; Brooks v. Johns, 119 Ala. 412, 24 South. 345; Thacker v. Morris, 166 Ala. 395, 52 South. 73; Headen v. Headen, 171 Ala. 521, 54 South. 646), vested an absolute title to the land in suit in the widow of Anthony Watson. On the agreed facts her alienee, the appellant here, defendant below, should have had judgment. Reversed and remanded. All the Justices concur.