Priebe v. Southern Railway Co.

SAYRE, J. We understand count 2, of appellant’s original complaint .to be a count in special assumpsit intending a recovery for appellee’s breach of its promise to refund payments made by appellant on account of freight charges on certain shipments of meal. Demurrer to this count was sustained, and the ruling is assigned for error. The theory of appellant’s case, as appeared in the further progress of the trial, was that appellee, having transported corn (whether by interstate or intrastate shipments does not appear in the count) to appellant’s mill under an agreement for a “milling in transit” privilege, had unlawfully exacted an additional charge when appellant tendered the milled product for further shipment. In pursuit of this theory the count, by way of showing the consideration for appellee’s alleged promise, averred that appellant shipped corn over appellee’s line to his “plant” at Jenifer, Ala., and that these shipments were made under a tariff-schedule of freight rates which applied to “milling in transit” shipments; and the count proceeds: “It was agreed and understood that the defendant would reship the meal for the plaintiff, without any extra charges therefor, to certain points designated in said agree — 429 — ment. Plaintiff avers that he ground the corn shipped under the contract with the defendant into meal, and reshipped the same to points designated by the terms of said contract, to which points the defendant was bound, by the terms of this contract, to haul or transport said meal or carry said meal without extra or additional charges.” The promise, for the breach of which appellant sued, not importing or implying a consideration (rather, the implication is of an unlawful agreement; that is, if we may travel outside the count and assume that appellee was a common carrier), it was necessary that the count should expressly state the particular consideration upon which it was founded. This count does not show what shipments were made under the alleged “milling-in transit” privilege, nor the ultimate destination of such shipments. We may infer, but it is not averred, that appellant had paid lawful charges according to the through rate in force on the corn from the point of origin to the place of ultimate destination, and, in the absence of such averment, it does not appear, except by inconclusive inference, which the court will not draw in favor of the pleader, that the amounts appellee promised to repay were charges in excess of the lawful rate. For this, and other reasons which might be assigned, we think the demurrer was properly sustained. Moreover, where a plaintiff seeks, after nonsuit, to review the entire proceeding in the trial court, the doctrine of error without injury is applied to rulings on the pleadings to an extent perhaps that has not been practiced in cases where an appeal is taken from final judgment in favor of the defendant.—Andrews v. Hall, 132 Ala. 320, 31 South. 356; Tobias v. Josiah Morris & Co., 132 Ala. 267, 31 South. 498; Zirkle & Moore v. — 430 — Jones, 129 Ala. 444, 29 South. 681; Brown v. Commercial Fire Ins. Co., 86 Ala. 189, 5 South. 500. Now in the present case the claim was merely of a pecuniary nature and was founded on a past, completed, executed consideration, and it was sufficient to declare upon the common indebitatus counts, as plaintiff did in addition to the special count under consideration. Where there is no satisfactory reason for introducing a special count, and it appears there was none in this case, and the cause of action may be proved under a common count, as was the case here, since there was nothing for appellee to do but repay the amounts promised, the common counts alone should be used.—1 Chit. Pl. (16th Ed.) hot. pp. 377, 378. Appellant restated his case in an amended .special count with averments which seem to have satisfied appellee’s objection, without undertaking thereby the burden of unnecessary proof, and had besides his common counts. There was therefore no harm in the ruling in any event. Appellant found difficulty in proving that the corn from which his meal was milled had been shipped under a “milling in transit” contract, and the terms of such contract, as it was necessary for him to do in order to establish his alleged right to an abatement and return on the charges paid when the milled product was sent forward to its ultimate destination. He argues that the rulings below amounted to a denial of the validity of all such contracts. Shippers are not en titled, as matter of right, to mill grain in transit and forward the milled product under the through rate in force on the grain from the point of origin to the place of ultimate destination;, on the contrary, milling in transit is a special privilege allowable at designated points, and for which extra compensation is usually exacted by carriers under the control and direction,, — 431 — in the case of interstate shipments, of the Interstate Commerce Commission.—Diamond Mills v. Boston & Maine Railroad Co., 9 Interst. Com. R. 311. We do -not find that the trial court ruled against the validity of the contract for the “milling in transit” privilege alleged hy appellant to have constituted the consideration for appellee’s promise to make a return payment. As we read the bill of exceptions the court sustained appellee’s objections to evidence offered by appellant with a view to proving his alleged contract, not on the ground that proof of such contract was irrelevant, immaterial, or forbidden by law, but on the ground that appellant failed to adduce a competent instrument of proof. As going a part of the way to prove a “milling in transit” privilege at Jenifer applicable to the shipments in controversy, appellant offered in evidence a printed “Tariff Schedule,” purporting to emanate from appellee, and showing that “milling in transit” was alloAved by appellee at Jenifer on shipments of corn from points at which appellant’s shipments had originated. The court appears to'have sustained an objection taking the ground that the effort was to prove that which was of record with the Interstate Commerce Commission otherwise than by a certified copy of the record. In this there was reversible error. That the fact may have been proved so will not be disputed, for the Interstate Commerce Commission Act prescribes that every common carrier, subject to its provisions, shall print and keep open to public inspection schedules showing the rates and fares and charges for transportation of passengers and property which any such common carrier has established and which are in force at the time upon its route; and every such carrier shall file with the Commission copies of its — 432 — schedules of rates, fares, and charges which have been established and published in compliance with the act. —3' Fed. Stat. Ann. 827. The record thus made of a tariff once legally established is conclusive, for the act provides that rates once lawfully established shall not be changed otherwise than in the mode therein prescribed—U. S. v. Miller, 223 U. S. 599, 32 Sup. Ct. 323, 56 L. Ed. 568. But it does not follow that a tariff may not be otherwise proved. In normal course the carrier, not the Commission, makes rates, and the act provides that: “Such schedules shall be plainly printed in large type, and copies for the use of the public shall be posted in two public and conspicuous places, in every . depot, station, or office of such carrier where passengers or freight, respectively, are received for transportation in such form that they shall be accessible to the public and can be conveniently inspected.” The shipments of corn, out of which this controversy arose, were interstate shipments, and this law applied to them. Appellant had served notice on appellee to produce its “Milling in Transit Schedules” in force at Jenifer. ' In response to this notice and a subpoena duces tecum, appellee’s commercial agent produced the paper offered in evidence, testifying that it had been furnished to him by appellee’s general freight agent for quotation to the public. Appellant further showéd that the paper was identical-with the schedules kept in appellee’s office at Jenifer for the information of the pub- " lie. It is safe to assume that this schedule was not the result of direct corporate action by defendant, but was prepared and put into effect by corporate agents with authority in the premises. In the circumstances shown, we are of opinion that the’paper and its contents should be regarded as an admission provable for the purposes of this case. It is possible that the schedule shown. — 433 — by this paper did not correspond with the copy on file with the Interstate Commerce Commission, and in that event the last-named copy would fix the true schedule as by law; but the law presumes that every man in his private and official capacities does his duty until the contrary is made to appear. We are of opinion, therefore, that the paper offered, purporting to show appellee’s “milling in transit” schedule as in force at Jenifer, in the absence of reason to suspect it was erroneous, should have been received as prima facie evidence of the fact it was offered to prove, and there was reversible error in its exclusion. Of appellee’s suggestion that there is nothing in the document from which the court could ascertain the rate of charge on “milling in transit” shipments to Jenifer or find that plaintiff was entitled to recover, and hence that its exclusion, if error, was harmless, we think we may say in brief that, while it is true the paper does not sIioav the rate of charge, it was admissible to prove the essential fact of a “milling in transit” arrangement at Jenifer. There was other compentent evidence from Avhich the jury may have inferred that appellant’s shipments were made under the “milling in transit” privilege authorized by appellee, and possibly also the amount of the charges for which appellee thereupon became legally liable, and SO' by inference the amount of the refunds to which he may have been entitled, though how satisfactorily this last inference may have appeared to the triers of fact we need not say. After the foregoing opinion had been prepared, appellee filed an additional brief in which it contends that the bill of exceptions fails to show anything more than a voluntary nonsuit, and will not therefore sup — 434 — port a review, citing Long v. Holley, 157 Ala. 515, 47 South. 655, and, further, that in any event the court will not review the ruling on the demurrer to the complaint, citing Chastain v. Porter, 130 Ala. 30 South. 492, and Wyatt v. Evans, 52 Ala. 285. These questions had already received consideration by the writer, though nothing was written of them, because counsel had not intimated the points in their brief. In the present case the bill of exceptions, after setting forth various rulings on the admission of evidence to which exceptions were duly reserved, including, but not in the last place, that one to which we have written, concluded: “The defendant objected to this testimony, and the court sustained its objection, and plaintiff duly excepted, whereupon plaintiff took a nonsuit with bill of exceptions” — a very different record from that shown in Long v. Holley. In Downs v. Minchew, 30 Ala. 86, the recital of the record was that “the plaintiff- excepted to the ruling of. the court and takes a nonsuit.” The court was of opinion that the appellant had sufficiently reserved the question decided adversely to him to justify them in considering it, citing Duncan v. Hargrove, 22 Ala. 150, and Blackburn v. Minter, 22 Ala. 613. Downs v. Minchew was cited as authority in Laster v. Blackwell, 128 Ala. 143, 30 South. 663. Whatever may be said of that case, the court has thought it proper, on the authority of the cases mentioned, to' review the questions of evidence presented by this record, in which it appears that plaintiff took a nonsuit in consequence of adverse rulings and indicated at the time his purpose thereby to have the questions reserved for review. 2. The majority of the court, including the members other than de Graffenried, J., and the writer, decline to express themselves on the question presented by the — 435 — demurrer to the complaint, holding that the ruling cannot be reviewed on this record; this on the authority of Engle v. Patterson, 167 Ala. 117, 52 South. 397. The writer, though he concurred in the decision of that case, now, upon consideration of what seems to be the reason of' the matter and of the practice and ruling of the court under the statute of 1846 (Acts 1845-46, p. 35), substantially re-enacted in 1903 (section 3017, Code of 1907), both authorizing a review of rulings upon the pleadings in the case of a nonsuit — a state of the previous law which he had not in mind at that time —thinks that in such case all questions shown by the record should be reviewed. It is not a matter of very great importance, but, as I have stated my view of the ruling on demurrer, it may serve a useful purpose to state the reasons that- led me to consider the question. I followed the practice of this court under the statute of 1846.—Shields v. Byrd, 15 Ala. 818. That seems to me to be a reasonable practice, imposing upon parties defendant no greater bnrden than such as is neces-' sarily imposed in any case by the allowance of a review by nonsuit. It disposes, as far as possible, of the whole case and obviates the necessity of a second appeal for a review of the pleadings. The presumption must be that, by the re-enactment in 1903 of the statute of 1846, the Legislature intended to re-establish the old practice. It is certain that Rogers v. Jones, 51 Ala. 354, cited to Engle v. Patterson, and the cases cited on appellee’s brief, have no effect upon a decision of the question for the reason that they Avere decided during the interval in our statutory history, in which -no review of rulings on pleadings was allowed on a nonsuit. The Legislature, I take it; desiriug in 1903 to retain the method of revieAV by nonsuit notwithstanding its obvious disadvantage to defendants (Blackburn — 436 — v. Minter, 22 Ala. 613), for the very purpose of preventing the inconvenience and. delay of a review by piecemeal, re-enacted the statute of 1846. It would seem further that the logic of the rule laid down in Engle v. Patterson would lead to this result, that only the exception last reserved before that nonsuit could be reviewed. However, -the majority of the court think otherwise, and it results that what has been said on the subject of the complaint is without authority. That question may be raised on a subsequent appeal in the event another trial results in favor of defendant, and plaintiff shall consider another appeal advisable. Reversed and remanded. All the Justices concur in the reversal.