Reynolds v. Love

ANDERSON, C. J. The main question for our consideration is whether or not Caroline La Fayette Love took an absolute estate to the land left her under clauses 2 and 3 of the will (which will be set out by the reporter), or only a life estate, with remainder over to the class to which the complainants belong. (1) In order to determine this question, we must first ascertain whether the will is to be construed under the law existing when it was made (1849) or-under the law as it was when the testatrix died (1861). It is practically conceded by appellees’ counsel, and properly so, that the remainder is not good under the rule in “Shelley’s Case ” which was abolished by section 1304 of the Code of 1852 (section 3403 of the Code of 1907). On the other hand, if the Code of 1852 should be made applicable to wills made previous thereto', in the event, of course, that the testatrix did not die until after the adoption of" same, these complainants took a vested remainder in the land.—Kumpe v. Coons, 63 — 222 — Ala. 448; Smaw v. Young, 109 Ala. 528, 20 South. 370; Thorington v. Hall, 111 Ala. 323, 21 South. 335, 56 Am. St. Rep. 54. The general rule seems to be, as between laws in force at different times in the same jurisdiction, that the law existing at the time the will was executed may be referred to in determining the testator’s intention; but the operative effect of the will and the rights of the parties thereunder are to be determined by law in force when the rights of the parties accrued, and this ordinarily is the law existing at the time of the testator’s death, as against a law passed thereafter, or as against a law existing when the will was made, unless a contrary intent appears in the will. A law which is prospective merely does not extend to a will executed before the law goes into operation, although the testator does not die until afterwards.—40 Cyc. 1385. While the foregoing seems to be the general rule, the authorities are not entirely harmonious on the subject; some applying the law existing when the testator died; others the law as it was when the will was made. See note to the case of Barker v. Hinton, 62 W. Va. 639, 59 S. E. 614, 13 Ann. Cas. 1150. The conflict in the decisions arises largely, not as to what the general rule is, but in the construction of subsequent statutes, and in determining whether or not they were so worded as to be deemed prospective or retrospective. Our own court has heretofore quoted the general rule as laid down by Mr. Cooley in his work on Constitutional Limitations, as follows: “A statute should have a prospective operation, unless its terms show clearly a legislative intention that it should operate retrospectively.”—Ex parte Buckley, 53 Ala. 54. But, while quoting the foregoing rule, this court used the following language: “But this strictness of construction is not to be applied to all retroactive statutes. In — 223 — commenting on this language, taken from Cooley, this court used this language: ‘The statutes excluded from judicial favor, and subjected to this strictness of judicial construction — statutes which may properly be denominated retrospective — are such as impair vested rights acquired under existing laws, or create a new obligation, impose a new duty, or attach a new disability, in respect to transactions or considerations already past. Such statutes are offensive to the principles of sound and just legislation, and it is of these the authorities to which we have been referred use the term “odious,” and other epithets expressive of judicial opprobrium. There are other statutes which, when operating retrospectively, have not incurred judicial condemnation, and to which a liberal construction, for the consummation of the just and beneficial purposes in view, has been fully accorded. Such statutes are intended to remedy a mischief, promote public justice, correct innocent mistakes into which parties may have fallen, cure irregularities, or give effect to the acts and contracts of individuals fairly done and made. These are remedial statutes, conducive alike to individuals and public good.’—Ex parte Buckley, 53 Ala. 54, 55. The question is, at last: ‘Do they establish substantial justice and subvert injustice?’—Endlich on Int. of St., §§ 273, 277, 278. “In Hoffman v. Hoffman, 26 Ala. 545, it was said: ‘Whenever a statute is leveled against an abuse, or in furtherance of an acknowledged principle of right and justice, every reason exists for its most reansonable application;; and, in such cases, it may fairly be presumed that it was the intention of the Legislature that the boon of the statute should be extended .to every case which its words could properly. include.’ ”—Binning224 ham Trust & Saings Co. v. East Lake Land Co., 101 Ala. 304, 307, 308, 13 South. 72. Iu the case of Hoffman v. Hoffman, supra, this court while considering a change in the statute as to the requisite number of attesting witneses to a will, gave the new statute a retrospective effect as to a will made before the change, said new statute being the law when the testator died, in so far as it related to a devise of real estate; the court proceeding upon the theory that the object of the Legislature was to preserve and give effect to the intention of the testator, by abolishing a technical rule which too frequently defeated it. It was there held that, where the words do not force them, the courts will not construe a statute so as to defeat a will or bequest which would have been valid under the law as it existed when the will was made, unless the new law is plainly retrospective; but, unless the statute clearly indicates that it is prospective, being beneficial in its nature, it will be given a retrospective effect when doing so will sustain, rather than invalidate — will save, rather than destroy. In other words, the court gave the new statute a retrospective effect as to devises of real estate, and a prospective operation as to' devises of personal property, as the said new statute increased the number of witnesses as to a devise of personalty, an'd decreased the number as to a devise of real estate. The only basis for the distinction seems to have rested upon a desire of the court to give effect to the wishes and intentions of the testator, and to preserve the will if it conformed to the law either at the time the will was made or at the time of the death of the testator. While the Hoffman Case, supra, does not deal with section 3403 of the Code of 1907 (section 1304 of the Code of 1852), it is applicable by analogy to the statute in question, which was enacted to abolish the rule in Shelley’s — 225 — Case, and thereby enlarge the power of the owner to entail his property, and, being beneficial in its nature, will be given a retrospective effect when essential to preserve or uphold the will or a bequest thereunder. ■ We therefore hold that the will in question is not controlled by the rule in Shelley’s Case, and that the remainder over was preserved by section 1304 of the Code of 1852, which became operative before the death of the testatrix. It is true that this court held in the case of Wilson v. Alston, 122 Ala. 630, 25 South. 225, that the statute abolishing the rule in Shelley’s Case, was not retroactive as to conveyances made before its enactment, but it has never been held by this court, that it was not retroactive as to wills, when such an operation was necessary in order to uphold the will or a bequest thereunder. (2) Moreover, there is a foundation for a very marked distinction in applying the rule to wills, instead of deeds. A deed is irrevocable after its execution, and the grantee acquires a vested right; and to give the statute a retroactive effect would impair a vested right. A will, hoAvever, is ambulatory, and is subject to revocation at the instance of the testator at any time during his life. Nor is the case of McQueen v. Logan, 80 Ala. 304, in conflict with this holding, as the statement in the opinion that only deeds and wills made before the Code of 1852 were controlled by the rule in Shelley’s Case does not exclude the right to apply the statute abolishing said rule to wills made before the Code of 1852 became operative, if it Avas operative when the testator died. (3, 4) The condition subsequent, requiring the children, or some of their issue, to reside upon the land forever, is void, being indefinite and uncertain, and a violation of the rule against perpetuities. — 226 — (5) As to the devise of the second limitation to “their issue,” etc: The limitation is to the issue (descendants.) of Caroline, on her death. “Issue,” at her death, takes in all the children of Caroline then living, and, if any were dead leaving descendants, the latter would take per stirpes the shares of the deceased child.—Smith v. Smith, 157 Ala. 79, 47 South. 220, 25 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1045. The devise to the children of Caroline, after her death, was vested as the children were born, subject to open and let in all children born unto said Caroline, and, of course, any child dying after the estate vested, the estate would descend and vest in such child’s descendants, if any, and, if none, in its heirs at law. So the second clause, stands as if it read, “to Clarissa for life, remainder to Caroline for life, and remainder to her children.” (6) As to the- third clause—“devise to Caroline for life, remainder to her issue:” “Issue” means descendants living at the death of Caroline.—Code 1907, § 3399. (7, 8) The complainants being remaindermen, the statute of limitations did not commence to run against them until the death of Caroline, the life tenant, in 1913. Nor are they barred upon the theory that the legal estate was in the trustees; and, if they are barred, the beneficiary would be also. The trustees in question were not expressly charged with any duties, and, the trust being a mere naked one, they were merely depositories of the legal title, which was by the statute vested in the beneficiaries.—Huntington v. Spear, 131 Ala. 414, 30 South. 787; You v. Flinn, 34 Ala. 409, 414. The case of Love v. Love, 65 Ala. 554, is not in conflict with this holding. There the court declined to determine Avhether the parties acquired a legal or an equitable title, but held that the life tenant could not recover on account of the- adverse holding of the respondent. — 227 — The life tenant could not prejudice the interest of the remaindermen, nor, by her act or conduct, defeat their title. — Section 3406 of the Code of 1907. The court in the Love Case, supra, declined to' decide the effect of the bar upon the remaindermen. (9,10) The bill is defective as to the respondent Pickett. It simply charges that the said Pickett is in possession of, and claims, some of the land, but is not the owner, in whole or in part, of the land or of any interest therein. In other words, if the claim of said Pickett is removed as a cloud on the complainant’s title, he will then have no interest in the land, and will have nothing in common with the complainants or other owners of any of the land. The bill negatives the ownership of Pickett to the 80 acres in his possession, or to any interest therein, and does not aver that he had any interest in the land claimed by the other respondents; and he was, therefore, in no sense, a proper party respondent if the bill be treated as one for partition.—Brown v. Feagin, 174 Ala. 438, 57 South. 20. Nor is the bill good as to the said Pickett, as a bill to quiet title, as it avers that he is in the possession of the said 80 acres of land. The chancery court properly construed the will, and properly granted the complainants relief, but erred in not sustaining the demurrer of Pickett to the bill, and in rendering a decree against him. Affirmed in part and reversed and remanded, without cost of appeal to Pickett; the same to be equally divided between appellant Reynolds and the appellees. Affirmed in part and reversed and remanded in part. Mayfield, Somerville, and Gardner, JJ., concur.