Huntsville Knitting Mill Co. v. Butner

MAYFIELD, J. — Appellee sued appellant to recover damages for personal injuries to plaintiff’s minor son. The gravamen of the cause of action was that defend — 319 — ant employed plaintiff’s son in a dangerous business, without the consent of plaintiff. The allegation as to this gravamen is stated in the first, count, as follows: “The defendant, its operatives, ,agents or employees caused one Mason Butner, plaintiff’s son, a boy of the age of 15 years and inexperienced, to engage in work' for the defendant which was highly dangerous to a person of his youth and inexperience, Avithout the consent, knoAvledge, or permission of the plaintiff, in consequene whereof the said Mason Butner, while so engaged, Avas caught in a piece of defendant’s machinery known as a wringer, whereby his left arm was twisted and torn from his body, and otherwise bruising, maiming and injuring the said Mason Butner so that he was permanently injured.” The allegation in the other counts on which the trial was had was practically and in effect the same as that of the first. In the second count, the allegation was more specific, but it was voluntarily stricken from the complaint by the plaintiff. This allegation was that: “Plaintiff’s- son, of the age of about 15 years, was working in the employment of said defendant in and about the operation of its mill. That the said Mason Butner was engaged by the defendant, its operatives, servants, agents, or employees, to turn ribs, to Avash them and carry them to the dryroom; that these Avere the duties which the said Mason Butner was engaged to perform by the said 'defendant, its servants, agents, or employees by and with the consent of the plaintiff, his father, but that, on or about said June 16, 1914, the said Mason Butner Avas induced by the defendant, its agents, servants, or employees to leave off said work and to commence and carry on the operation of the wringer, which is a machine operated by the defendant into which wet — 320 — cloths or cotton goods are placed, and the machine so operated as to throw or drive the water out of said cloth or cotton goods. That while so engaged in the operation of the wringer, the said Mason Butner was caught in said wringer, and his left arm was twisted around the shaft that drives the wringer, and was torn and pulled and wrung from his body, and that he was otherwise bruised, maimed, hurt, and injured, causing him intense suffering, and resulting in his permanent injury.” The undisputed facts, as disclosed by the evidence, were that the plaintiff’s son was employed in the defendant’s business — the cotton or knitting mill business —and was so employed with the knowledge and consent of the father. The evidence is without dispute that the son was so employed to work in defendant’s mill. The real, the prime contention in the lower court— and it is here renewed — was whether or not the employment authorized the defendant to put the boy at the work of operating a certain machine known as a wringer. The contention of the plaintiff, so far as the evidence shows, is that the employment did not authorize the defendant to put the boy to work at the wringer, while that of the defendant is that it so authorized the defendant. The plaintiff himself testified on this subject as follows: “I remember the occasion of his going to work there. I was employed by the Huntsville Knitting Company myself, and Mr. Estes, the dyeroom boss, asked me if I could get him a hand, a boy to turn ribs. He said he needed some one to turn ribs very bad; they were getting behind. So my son and I came to the mill the next morning, and my son went ahead of me and saw Mr. Estes. I was standing talking to the boys in front of the door where they turn ribs when Mr. Estes — 321 — came up and asked me about Mason. I told bim, ‘Mr. Estes, I will let you have Mason to put to work turning ribs.’ I told bim, ‘Mr. Estes, Mason can turn tbe ribs for you, but don’t put him on the wringer.’ Mr. Estes did not make any reply,- but nodded bis bead and walked on. I did not know that my son was at work on tbe wringer until after tbe boys came for me and told me bis arm was broke. Tbe room where tbe ribs are turned is not tbe same room where tbe,wringer is. Tbe rib-room is up stairs and the dyeroom, where tbe wringer is, is down stairs. Tbe job-of turning ribs is not dangerous. Bibs are just a band, something like a hollow pipe, and 10 feet long.” B. M. Estes, defendant’s foreman, who employed the boy, testified on the subject in part as follows: “Tbe way that I happened to employ Mason Butner was. that Mr. Newt. Butner, bis father, came down to tbe mill and brought tbe boy. Before this I told bim I needed somebody on tbe rib job. After a few days be brought tbe boy down there and said, ‘Here is a boy to turn ribs for you.’ I said, ‘All right,’ and carried bim up and put bim on tbe rib job. I showed bim bow to turn ribs. That was all there was to it. I did not agree to pay tbe boy any definite sum of money — only what tbe job pays. Nothing was said about what I was to pay bim. Nothing was said about putting tbe boy on tbe wringer. He never told me then nor at any other time. The job of turning ribs means that you have to turn ribs, take them to be washed and while down there in tbe washroom you have to help wring them.” “I mean to tell the jury that no request or statement was made by Mr. Butner that Mason should not work on the wringer. All the help I employed, as foreman of the dye department, to turn ribs also carried the — 322 — goods, as I related, down to the washroom on the elevator and helped to run the wringer. After Mason Butner went to work in the mill, under the contract made by his father, he worked something like 8 or 10 days running the job, that is, turning ribs, washed them, and helped in the washroom, when down there, with the ribs.” (1, 2) The disputed questions were: First, whether or not operating the wringer was a part of the work of “turning ribs,” for which latter work the boy was confessedly employed; second, whether or not the father gave specific directions, when hiring his boy, that he should not be worked at the wringer. The evidence was conflicting as to both; and these questions were properly submitted to the jury. (3) If the jury should find'that the father gave no specific directions that the boy should not be worked at the wringer, then another question of fact would be presented, whether working at the wringer was more dangerous than “turning ribs.” The plaintiff proved by John Manning and others — or 'they were allowed to testify — that running a wringer was more dangerous than “turning ribs.” The plaintiff having voluntarily introduced such proof, it was competent and proper for defendant to rebut this evidence if it could, or to prove that it was not dangerous or difficult to operate the wringer; and it offered evidence of this character and for this purpose; but the court declined to allow it to make such proof. In this ruling there was manifest error. In declining to allow the defendant to introduce proof of this character the trial court evidently went upon the theory that the boy was not employed with the consent of the father to operate the wringer, or that the father expressly forbade his being worked at — 323 — this machine, and therefore that it was immaterial whether it was more dangerous than “turning ribs;” but, as we have shown, the evidence was in conflict as to these questions, and, the plaintiff having introduced proof that it was dangerous and difficult to operate the wringer, and more so than to “turn ribs,” the defendant should have been allowed to rebut such evidence. The particulars of a former difficulty are prima facie not admissible, but where one party .has brought out a part of the particulars, the other in rebuttals may bring out all of such particulars. — Longmire v. State, 130 Ala. 66, 30 South. 413; 5 Mayf. Dig. 421. Illegal evidence is admissible to rebut illegal evidence introduced by the opposing party. — Longmire v. State, supra; Gordon v. State, 129 Ala. 113, 30 South. 30; Morgan v. State, 88 Ala. 224, 6 South. 761; 5 Mayf. Dig. 421 (4) There was no error in declining to allow defendant to prove by its superintendent that he would not have employed the boy, had he understood that the boy was not to work at the wringer. He could not thus testify as to his undisclosed intention or motive in making the contract. Except in matters of science and skill, and some other special cases resting upon peculiar circumstances, the understanding and opinion of a witness is not to be received as evidence. In cases not falling within the exceptions, he cannot be allowed to testify to the import of a word used in a contract. If he could, a party might be rendered accountable for the misunderstanding of the witness, contrary to the legal obligation of the contract; and the right to construe the words of the contract would be taken away from the court and the jury, and conferred upon he witness, — Gibson v. Williams, 4 Wend. (N. Y.) 320; Robinson v. Drummond, 24 Ala. 174; Whetstone v. Bank, 9 Ala. 875; 7 Mayf. Dig. 321. — 324 — A contract which the parties intended to malee, hut did not make, cannot he set up in the place of the one which they did make, hut did not intend to make. — 2 Parsons on Contr.; Sanford v. Howard, 29 Ala. 684, 68 Am. Dec. 101; 7 Mayf. Dig. 321. (5) Many of the exceptions go to rulings of the trial court in sustaining objections to questions propounded to witnesses by the defendent. The rule, which seems to be settled by the decisions of this court, is that, when an objection is sustained to a question propounded to a witness, the party asking the question should then make known to the court the testimony he seeks to elicit from the witness in order that the court may determine whether or not the evidence sought is relevant and competent. It is further settled that on appeal, when error is predicated upon an exception to the action of the trial court in sustaining an objection by the other party to questions propounded to a witness, the trial court will not be put in error, unless it appears that it was made known to the court what testimony it was expected to elicit by the question, and unless it further appears that it was material to the issues in the case. — Harris v. Badsden, 162 Ala. 369, 50 South. 321; Snodgrass v. Caldwell, 90 Ala. 319, 7 South. 834; 7 Mayf. Dig. 348. The rule is different, however, if the question is sufficiently definite to show that the answer would be prima facie relevant, and it indicates the nature of the answer. It is only when the question is so general that an answer cannot be said to be prima facie admissible that a party is required to inform the court what is proposed to be proven, so that the court may see that the evidence he seeks to elicit is proper. — Birmingham Co. v. Barrett, 179 Ala. 288, 290, 60 South. 263; 7 Mayf. Dig. 347. — 325 — (6) Where a question on its face calls for an answer which would clearly be both relevant and competent evidence, it should be allowed; and its exclusion must be deemed erroneous, and prima facie prejudicial.— Birmingham Co. v. Barrett, 179 Ala. 288, 290, 60 South. 263; 7 Mayf. Dig. 347. As to many of the questions propounded, they were too general, and we are not able to know what evidence was sought to be elicited thereby, nor to say that the answer would have been admissible. In some respects this case was tried on an incorrect theory, which was that the cause of action was founded upon negligence, and therefore that contributory negligence would be availing as a defense. The action is not founded on negligence, and of course contributory negligence is not availing as a defense. (7) The defendant filed four special pleas, each of which set up contributory negligence as a defense. Pleas 2 and 3 set up the negligence of the plaintiff, the father, while 4 and 5 set up the negligence of the boy. The court sustained demurrers to pleas 2 and 3, and overruled them as to 4 and 5. No facts are alleged in any of these pleas which are availing as a defense, except facts which are availing under the general issue; and therefore no injury resulted from sustaining demurrers to any one of the special pleas. What was said by this court in Curl’s Case, 153 Ala. 208, 209, 44 South. 975, and the authorities cited, is apt here: “As to the second insistence, said count does not allege any act of negligence, but relies upon the claim that the defendant employed said minor without the consent of the plaintiff. This court has held that one who employs a minor child without the consent of his father, and without such consent places him to work at a dangerous place, or upon a dangerous work, is liable — 326 — to the father for any injury suffered by the minor as the result of being placed at such work. — Williams v. S. & N. Ala. R. Co., supra [91 Ala. 635, 9 South. 77]; Marbury Lumber Co. v. Westbrook, 121 Ala. 179, 25 South. 914; 1 Labatt’s Master & Servant, § 21, p. 41; Gulf, etc., Ry. v. Redeker, 75 Tex. 310, 12 S. W. 855, 16 Am. St. Rep. 887. In the Marbury Lumber Case, * * * the court said: ‘The gravamen of the action obviously is the alleged wrong of the defendant in putting the plaintiff’s minor son to work at a dangerous work without her [the parent’s] consent.’ — Page 183 of 121 Ala., page 916 of 25 South.” (8) If the child was employed for, and required to do, dangerous work, without the knowledge or consent of the parent, and was injured in consequence thereof, the action by the parent, based on these acts, does not rest on negligence The wrongful act alleged is a willful act and not a negligent one. We do not mean to say that a count could not be drawn so as to state a cause of action based on negligence, but it is certain that no count in this complaint is so drawn or intended, and that a plea of contributory negligence is not apt. A plea of contributory negligence, under the decisions of this court, is one of confession and avoidance. That is, it in legal effect admits the negligence alleged against the defendant, but also sets up negligence of the plaintiff, which proximately contributed to- the injury complained of, or concurred with that of the defendant alleged in the complaint and confessed by the plea. It is very true that there might be a special plea to an action like the one under consideration, setting up facts to show that the injury complained of was not the proximate result of the wrongful employment of the minor, or placing him to work at a dangerous machine, but was proximately caused by the facts alleged in the plea. — 327 — But such a plea would not be one of confession and avoidance. (9) The court, at the request of plaintiff, charged the jury as follows: “The court- instructs the jury, as a matter of law, that if they are reasonably satisfied from the evidence that the plaintiff did not consent to the employment by defendant of his son to run and operate the machine known as a wringer, and that the work of running and operating a wringer was dangerous work for a boy of the age of plaintiff’s son, and was more dangerous than the work known as turning ribs, then your verdict should be for the plaintiff, notwithstanding you may further believe from the evidence that plaintiff’s son was himself guilty of negligence which proximately contributed to his injury.’.’ “The court instructs the jury as matter of law that contributory negligence of plaintiff’s son is no defense to this action if the plaintiff did not consent for defendant to employ his son in operating and running a wringer machine.” These charges stated correct propositions of law, and could have been given without error, but for the fact that issue was joined on pleas 4 and 5, which set up contributory negligence on the part of. the injured boy, and there was evidence tending to prove, the pleas. What was said in Westbrook’s Case, 121 Ala. 184, 25 South. 916, is apt here: “The issue was false and foreign to the case. It would have been appropriate had the employment of the boy been with the consent of the mother. In that case she could only recover for defendant’s negligence, and to a charge of negligence a plea of contributory negligence would have been a defense. But this erroneous ruling was favorable to and made at the instance of the appellant, and hence cannot be reviewed on this appeal. Plaintiff’s remedy against the ruling — 328 — was to decline to plead further, suffer a judgment, and appeal to this court. Electing to take issue on the pleas and to proceed with the trial, the case is to be considered here as if she had voluntarily joined in an immaterial issue, thereby making it a material one. And assuming that the pleas were established, the anomaly is presented of a case being made out for the plaintiff without proof of negligence, and being met and overturned by proof of contributory negligence imputable to the plaintiff. But neither the complaint nor the pleas can be said as matter of law, to have been proved. The evidence tended to establish both, but not without conflict or beyond adverse inference.” As this case must be reversed, we call attention to the fact that it is not certain from the allegations of any of the counts on AAdiich the trial was had, whether it was the employment of the boy by the defendant for any purpose that is denied to have been with the knowledge or consent of the father, or whether it was merely the employment of the boy. at operating the “wringer.” If these counts be construed to deny the knowledge and consent of the father to the employment of the boy by the defendant for any purpose, then of course, the plaintiff failed to make out his case, because the undisputed evidence shows that he did consent to the employment, in that he made the contract himself. The real and only conflict is whether or not the father consented to the boy’s being employed or used to operate the “wringer.” As the case was evidently tried on false issues, Ave deem it unnecessary to pass upon other questions, which may not arise on another trial. Reversed and remanded. Anderson, C. J., and Somerville and Thomas, JJ., concur.