United States v. John T. Renick

*1011 PER CURIAM: On July 15, 1998, Holly W. Butcher (“Butcher”) and John T. Renick (“Renick”) (collectively “appellants”) were indicted in a thirty-eight count indictment. Count One charged Butcher and Renick with conspiracy to defraud the United States by impeding the administration of health care programs and by submitting false claims to CHAMPUS, Medicare, and other such programs, 18 U.S.C. § 287 (1994); to commit wire fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 1348 (1994); and to commit money laundering, 18 U.S.C. § 1956 (1994). Counts Two through Fifteen each charged both appellants with, on various dates, committing wire fraud by wire transmission of fraudulent claims from Florida to CHAMPUS in Wisconsin. Counts Sixteen through Twenty-Eight each charged both appellants with, on various dates, money laundering offenses relating to alleged wire and mail fraud regarding checks deposited in a Ft. Walton Beach, Florida bank which were drawn by CHAMPUS on an Indiana bank, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 and 1343 and 18 U.S.C. §§ 1956(a)(l)(A)(i)-1956(a)(2) (1994). Counts Twenty-Nine through Thirty-Eight each charged both appellants with money laundering, on various dates, involving checks to Renick drawn on a Ven-dell Healthcare, Inc. bank account in Tennessee and deposited in Renick’s account in a Florida bank, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1956(a)(l)(A)(i) — 1956(a)(2) (1994). At trial, at the close of the Government’s case, the appellants moved for a judgment of acquittal, pursuant to Rule 29 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. The district court reserved ruling on the motions until after the jury returned its verdicts, but indicated that it was inclined to grant the motions. The jury convicted both Butcher and Renick of all thirty-eight counts. The next day, after the return of forfeiture verdicts, the district court granted judgments of acquittal of both appellants as to all counts. The United States appealed the judgments of the district court and, on November 24, 1999, another panel of this court, in an unpublished opinion which is attached hereto as an appendix, reversed the judgments and instructed the district court to reinstate the jury verdicts on all counts as to both appellants. The district court sentenced both appellants and this appeal followed. Butcher raises the following issues on this appeal: (1) Whether Rule 29(b) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, as applied in this case, is unconstitutional as a violation of the Double Jeopardy Clause. (2) Whether the district court abused its discretion by failing to rule on the motion for judgment of acquittal until after the return of the jury verdicts. (3) Whether there was a denial of due process because the prosecution was based on federal regulations that failed to give fair warning of the conduct they prohibit or require. (4) Whether the district court erred by not requiring the Government to set forth in a bill of particulars the false statements charged. (5) Whether the district court erred under Rule 403 of the Federal Rules of Evidence in admitting a portion of a CHAM-PUS manual and related testimony. (6) Whether the district court erred by concluding that it lacked jurisdiction to grant a motion for new trial. (7) Whether the district court erred, for sentencing purposes, in determining the loss and in determining that there was more than minimal planning. Renick has adopted the same issues raised by Butcher. *1012 On cross-appeal the Government argues that the loss amount used by the district court at sentencing was too low. RULE 29(b) ISSUES Rule 29(b) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure provides: The court may reserve decision on a motion for judgment of acquittal, proceed with the trial (where the motion is made before the close of all the evidence), submit the case to the jury and decide the motion either before the jury returns a verdict or after it returns a verdict of guilty or is discharged without having returned a verdict. If the court reserves decision, it must decide the motion on the basis of the evidence at the time the ruling was reserved. In this case, the trial judge, after the Government rested, expressed an “inclination” to grant the appellants’ motions for judgment of acquittal. He stated, however, that he would “take all of this under advisement for a little while longer ... but we will proceed for right now.” The appellants rested without putting on any evidence. The reasonableness of the district court’s ambivalence was borne out by the reversal by this court of the granted judgments of acquittal. It would be entirely inconsistent for this court to now say that, by hesitating, the district court abused its discretion. The appellants have not cited any cases that have held Rule 29(b) to be unconstitutional, either facially or as applied. Freer v. Dugger, 935 F.2d 213 (11th Cir.1991), cited by the appellants, was a habeas case involving a conviction in a Florida court. The state trial court had “ruled” that it would set aside a verdict of guilty based upon insufficiency of evidence. Id. at 215. When the State requested that the trial judge treat the ruling as a motion for new trial so that the State could appeal the decision, the trial judge agreed to do so, but stated “I will grant the motion for a new trial, because I’m not satisfied the evidence proves guilt beyond every reasonable doubt....” Id. On appeal, the granting of the new trial was affirmed. Id. The habeas petitioner was convicted after another trial. Id. The United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida granted the habeas petition, holding that the Double Jeopardy Clause barred the petitioner’s retrial. Id. at 216. On appeal, this court affirmed the judgment of the district court, holding that the substance of the state trial court’s ruling was that the evidence was insufficient to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt and that the Florida appellate court had not determined that the substantive ruling of insufficiency was in error. Id. at 222. Freer is clearly distinguishable. First, the only authoritative holding(s) at any level in Freer were that the evidence in the first trial was insufficient to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. Second, after the first decisive rulings, the defendant in Freer had to stand trial again. Id. at 215. In this. case, while the district court’s post-verdict rulings were clear rulings that the evidence was insufficient, this court clearly reversed those rulings. The appellants were not exposed to another trial after a final ruling of insufficiency as was the Freer defendant. The verdicts in the first, and only, trial were merely reinstated. Another case that the appellants cite on the double jeopardy issue is United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co., 430 U.S. 564, 97 S.Ct. 1349, 51 L.Ed.2d 642 (1977). That case is also clearly distinguishable. The essence of the Supreme Court’s ruling was that a judgment of acquittal granted by a district court after a mistrial was not ap- *1013 pealable, and thus final, because a reversal on appeal “would enable the United States to try respondents a second time.... ” Id. at 567, 97 S.Ct. 1349. The distinction is made vivid in the Advisory Committee Notes to Rule 29, which state: The amendment also permits the trial court to balance the defendant’s interest in an immediate resolution of the motion against the interest of the government in proceeding to a verdict thereby preserving its right to appeal in the event a verdict of guilty is returned but is then set aside by the granting of a judgment of acquittal. Under the double jeopardy clause the government may appeal the granting of a motion for judgment of acquittal only if there would be no necessity for another trial, i.e., only where the jury has returned a verdict of guilty. United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co., 430 U.S. 564, 97 S.Ct. 1349, 51 L.Ed.2d 642 (1977). Thus, the government’s right to appeal a Rule 29 motion is only preserved where the ruling is reserved until after the verdict. In addressing the issue of preserving the government’s right to appeal and at the same time recognizing double jeopardy concerns, the Supreme Court observed: We should point out that it is entirely possible for a trial court to reconcile the public interest in the Government’s right to appeal from an erroneous conclusion of law with the defendant’s interest in avoiding a second prosecution. In United States v. Wilson, 420 U.S. 332, 95 S.Ct. 1013, 43 L.Ed.2d 232 (1975), the court permitted the case to go to the jury, which returned a verdict of guilty, but it subsequently dismissed the indictment for preindictment delay on the basis of evidence adduced at trial. Most recently in United States v. Ceccolini, 435 U.S. 268, 98 S.Ct. 1054, 55 L.Ed.2d 268 (1978), we described similar action with approval: “The District Court had sensibly made its finding on the factual question of guilt or innocence, and then ruled on the motion to suppress; a reversal of these rulings would require no further proceeding in the District Court, but merely a reinstatement of the finding of guilt.” Id. at 271, 98 S.Ct. 1054. United States v. Scott, 437 U.S. 82, 100 n. 13, 98 S.Ct. 2187, 57 L.Ed.2d 65 (1978). By analogy, reserving a ruling on a motion for judgment of acquittal strikes the same balance as that reflected by the Supreme Court in Scott. See also White v. Wainwright, 809 F.2d 1478 (11th Cir.1987). We conclude that the appellants’ constitutional and abuse of discretion arguments regarding the Rule 29(b) reservations have no merit. LACK OF DUE PROCESS FOR FAILURE OF FAIR WARNING Appellants argue that, “[t]hus, the issue becomes whether or not the defendants can be criminally prosecuted for violations of ambiguous regulations consistent with due process.” On the first appeal this court considered a similar, if not identical, argument. The opinion in that case stated, inter alia, In its written order ... the [district] court concluded that the evidence was not sufficient to support a finding of intent on any count. Specifically, the trial court found that ... (2) “with respect to the Champús counts, the government failed to negate the defendants’ proffered ‘reasonable interpretation’ of the Champús regulations as allowing the hospitals to bill CHAMPUS on a per diem basis even if the patients were *1014 treated by Renick.” 1 Appellants now argue, “In the instant case, the government’s witnesses cited no regulation where an individual provider such as Dr. Renick was excluded from participation in Medicare and CHAMPUS and yet provided in-home services that were included in a flat per diem figure or Part A Medicare paid to an institution which was not so excluded.” This court’s earlier opinion stated, “Moreover, in order to charge a per diem rate, the CHAMPUS regulations require a physician’s services. 32 C.F.R. 199.4(c)....” In its December 7, 1998 order granting the appellants’ motions for judgments of acquittal, the district court discussed the issue of the purported ambiguity of the regulations extensively. The purported inability of the appellants to interpret these regulations was a substantial basis for the district court’s granting the judgments of acquittal, which were reversed. At least by implication, this court has previously rejected the appellants’ argument. The appellants were not convicted of violating regulations. They were convicted of violating the above-referenced statutes. Specifically, the jury was instructed that violations of the regulations did not amount to criminal conduct. The jury was instructed: You have heard evidence concerning federal health program regulations that the defendants have allegedly violated. The defendants have not been charged in this case with violating such regulations, and any such violation on the part of the defendant is not a criminal offense for purposes of this case. To the extent Count One charges that the defendants conspired to present fraudulent claims to the Medicare and CHAMPUS federal insurance programs, and that Counts Two through Fifteen charge the defendants with causing wire transmissions of fraudulent claims to be sent to CHAMPUS, you must determine whether the defendants’ acts were in violation of the regulations governing those programs. Regulations that are complex and difficult to interpret pose a danger of ensnaring persons engaged in apparently innocent conduct. Therefore, as to the objects of the conspiracy or the wire fraud charges involving such regulations, the government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant under consideration knew that his or her actions violated the applicable Medicare or CHAMPUS regulations. At issue in this case are the regulations concerning Medicare and CHAMPUS, both of which are federal health-care programs. Where regulations such as those involved here are ambiguous, the burden is on the government to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendants’ interpretation of those regulations were [sic ] unreasonable in light of all the circumstances. Even assuming that the issue is not foreclosed by the law of the case, we find no merit to the appellants’ “unfair warning” issue. BILL OF PARTICULARS We conclude that this issue has no merit. The Government complied "with the *1015 order of the district court for a bill of particulars. The appellants were clearly advised, by the indictment, discovery, and the bill of particulars as filed, of what they were called upon to defend. See United States v. Anderson, 799 F.2d 1438, 1441 (11th Cir.1986). The essence of the charges is stated in the indictment under Manner and Means in Count One, where it is alleged: (1) It was part of this conspiracy that Holly W. Butcher, as Administrator, and John T. Renick, as Medical Director of Rivendell of Bay County, knowing that Renick had been excluded from the Medicare program, caused Rivendell of Bay County to fraudulently bill Medicare via services for patients and year-end cost reports for services Renick performed as Medical Director of Rivendell of Bay County. (2) It was further part of this conspiracy that Holly W. Butcher contracted with John T. Renick to be Medical Director for Rivendell of Fort Walton Beach, knowing that Renick had been excluded from federal insurance programs as specified herein, and caused Rivendell of Fort Walton Beach to fraudulently bill federal insurance programs for services Renick performed as treating psychiatrist for federally insured patients. (3) It was further part of this conspiracy that Holly W. Butcher contracted with a psychiatrist, the stated purpose of which contract was to perform services for its facilities for a fee, when in fact the monies paid to the psychiatrist via the contract were illegal payments in return for federally insured patient referrals rather than for the services specified in the contract. These allegations are followed with numerous allegations of overt acts which emphasize the fact that the claims that were submitted to the health care programs fraudulently claimed reimbursement for fees paid to appellant Renick during a period when he was excluded from participation. These alleged overt acts include: (1) On or about September 28, 1994, Holly W. Butcher and others submitted by mail a cost report to Medicare which fraudulently claimed reimbursement for professional fees paid to John T. Renick during Remck’s exclusion from the Medicare program. (2) Between on or about December 5, 1993, through on or about December 16, 1993, Holly W. Butcher, John T. Renick and others admitted and treated at Ri-vendell of Bay County a patient whose treatment costs were covered by Medicare, but who received treatment from Renick during his exclusion from the Medicare program. The defendants caused claims to be submitted to Medicare for the services provided by Ren-ick. (3) Between on or about July 1, 1993, through on or about July 9, 1993, Holly W. Butcher, John T. Renick and others admitted and treated at Rivendell of Bay County a patient whose treatment costs were covered by Medicare, but who received treatment from Renick during his exclusion from the Medicare Program. The defendants caused claims to be submitted to Medicare for the services provided by Renick. (5) Between on or about February 16, 1995, through on or about March 31, 1995, Holly W. Butcher, John T. Renick and others admitted and treated at Ri-vendell of Fort Walton Beach a patient whose treatment costs were covered by CHAMPUS, but who received treatment from Renick during his exclusion from the CHAMPUS program. The defendants caused claims to be submitted by *1016 mail to CHAMPUS for the services provided by Renick. (6) Between on or about February 20, 1995 through on or about March 31, 1995, Holly W. Butcher, John T. Renick and others admitted and treated at Ri-vendell of Fort Walton Beach a patient whose treatment costs were covered by CHAMPUS, but who received treatment from Renick during his exclusion from the CHAMPUS program. The defendants caused claims to be submitted by mail to CHAMPUS for the services provided by Renick. (7) Between on or about March 1, 1995, through on or about March 31, 1995, Holly W. Butcher, John T. Renick and others admitted and treated at Rivendell of Fort Walton Beach a patient whose treatment costs were covered by CHAMPUS, but who received treatment from Renick during his exclusion from the CHAMPUS program. The defendants caused claims to be submitted by mail to CHAMPUS for the services provided by Renick. In its written order granting the motions for judgments of acquittal, the district court stated: The essence of the charges against the defendants is that they ... fraudulently billed federal health insurance programs for medical services performed by Dr. Renick, a psychiatrist.... The indictment charges that the defendants caused claims to be submitted on behalf of the Rivendell facilities to CHAMPUS and Medicare for services performed even though the defendants were aware that Renick was excluded from these programs. The charges were clear in the indictment and clear to the district court. The appellants were clearly advised of what they were called upon to defend. The opening statements of the appellants’ attorneys reflect that they knew what the charges were. Appellant Butcher’s attorney repeatedly referred to the simplicity of the issue(s). Appellant Renick’s attorney emphasized that his client knew that bills for his services were not to be submitted for federally insured patients. We find no merit as to this issue. CHAMPUS MANUAL Appellants’ primary argument is that the admission of a portion of the manual could have confused the jury by suggesting that a defendant could be found guilty by reason of a violation of a regulation contained in the manual. We have addressed this with regard to appellants’ third issue and find no merit in this similar argument. MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL JURISDICTION The jury returned its verdicts of guilty of the offenses charged in the indictment on November 18, 1998. On November 19, 1998, the jury returned verdicts of forfeiture. On November 19, 1998, after the jury returned forfeiture verdicts, the district court stated as follows: Previously I announced to you that it was my inclination to grant a judgment of acquittal for both defendants on all counts, and I want to announce that having taken that under advisement under Rule 29, a judgment of acquittal will be entered for both defendants. This does allow the government to take an appeal.... I will follow up with a written order, (emphasis added). The written order granting the motions for judgments of acquittal on all counts as to both defendants was filed on December 7, 1998. The Government filed its notice of appeal on December 8, 1998. Neither appellant filed a motion for new trial within seven days of either the guilty verdicts or *1017 the forfeiture verdicts. The district court did not, within said seven days, fix any other date(s) for the filing of such motion(s). See Fed. R. of Crim. P. 33. In neither its oral statement of November 19, 1998, nor in its written order of December 7, 1998, did the district court make mention of “any motion for new trial.... ” See Fed. R. of Crim. P. 29(d). The mandate of the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, after the reversal of the district court judgments, was filed on February 17, 2000. Appellant Butcher filed a motion for new trial on February 23, 2000. Appellant Renick filed a motion for new trial on February 28, 2000. Both appellants contend that their motions were timely filed. They argue that until this court issued its mandate on February 17, 2000, reinstating the guilty verdicts, the time for appellants to file motion(s) for a new trial was tolled. February 17, 2000 was on a Thursday. February 21, 2000 was President’s Day. Seven days after February 17, 2000 would have ended on February 29, 2000. The motions were timely if the time is calculated from February 17, 2000. See Fed. R. of Crim. P. 45(a). On May 12, 2000, the district court orally announced that it would grant new trials for both appellants. The Government filed a notice of appeal on May 12, 2000. 2 On May 24, 2000, the district court conducted a telephone conference with the attorneys for all parties and announced the following: But I need to tell you that I was operating under a small error in my determination of what Rule 33 required because I was thinking that Rule 33’s amendment effective December 1st of 1998 somehow affected what we were doing, but after I got through reviewing all the transcripts and everything, I have had occasion to go back and look at Rule 33 in more detail and I realize that I was mistaken. The effect of that is that I have concluded that even though I think the defendants in the interest of justice are entitled to a new trial, that I do not have jurisdiction to grant their motion. So because of that, the rule ... the motions are gonna have to be denied. And my order will say that. On May 24, 2000, the Government filed a “Withdrawal of Notice of [the] Appeal [which was filed on May 12, 2000].” There is a district court docket entry which says that “The [May 12, 2000] appeal filed by the pltf. USA was never submitted to the USCA for processing.” On June 2, 2000, the district court filed a written order which stated, in substantial detail, why the court thought that the defendants were entitled to a new trial. The court concluded, however, that it could not grant the new trial because the defendants’ motions were untimely filed. The district court based this determination on the case of United States v. DiBernardo, 880 F.2d 1216 (11th Cir.1989). 3 The appellants contend that, “Thus, as of November 19, 1998 the verdict of guilty had been set aside. There was no verdict of guilty within the context of the Rule 33 for which to file a motion for new trial.” The appellants summarize, The precise issue before with [sic ] this court appears to never have been squarely addressed in any previous decision. The issue in this case is whether or not there is a “guilty verdict” for purposes of Rule 33’s time computation *1018 where the judge grants a motion for judgment of acquittal on the day the jury verdict is received until such time as an appellate court reinstates the guilty verdict.... Here, there was no “verdict” to file a motion for new trial [sic ] for because [sic ] the court set the “verdict” of the jury aside on the very day the jury was discharged. The verdict was not reinstated until the mandate from the court of appeals was issued. The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure at issue include the following: (1) Rule 47. Motions: An application to the court for an order shall be by motion. A motion other than one made during a trial or hearing shall be in writing unless the court permits it to be made orally. It shall state the grounds upon which it is made and shall set forth the relief or order sought. (2) Rule 29(b). Reservation of Decision on Motion: The court may reserve decision on a motion for judgment of acquittal ... and decide the motion either before the jury returns a verdict or after it returns a verdict of guilty.... (3) Rule 29(d). Same: Conditional Ruling on Grant of Motion: If a motion for judgment of acquittal after verdict of guilty under this Rule is granted, the court shall also determine whether any motion for a new trial should be granted if the judgment of acquittal is thereafter vacated or reversed .... (emphasis added). [Rule 29(d) thereafter repeatedly refers to motion for new trial and the effect of subsequent review on appeal.] The commentary to the 1966 Amendments to Rule 29 states: Reference in the original rule to the motion for a new trial as an alternate to the motion for judgment of acquittal and to the power of the court to order a new trial have been eliminated. Motions for new trial are adequately covered in Rule 33. Also the original wording is subject to the interpretation that a motion for judgment of acquittal gives the court power to order a new trial even though the defendant does not wish a new trial and has not asked for one. (emphasis added). (4)Rule 33. New Trial: On a defendant’s motion, the court may grant a new trial to that defendant if the interests of justice so require.... A motion for new trial based on any other grounds [other than newly discovered evidence] may be made only within 7 days after the verdict ... of guilty or within such further time as the court may fix during the 7-day period, (emphasis added). The commentary to the 1966 Amendments to Rule 33 states, “The amendments to the first two sentences make it clear that a judge has no power to order a new trial on his own motion, that he can act only in response to a motion timely made by a defendant. Problems of double jeopardy arise when the court acts on its own motion. See United States v. Smith, 331 U.S. 469, 67 S.Ct. 1330, 91 L.Ed. 1610 (1947).” Not directly applicable, but perhaps significant, is the following commentary to the 1998 Amendments to Rule 33: As currently written, the time for filing a motion for new trial on the ground of newly discovered evidence runs from the “final judgment.” The courts, in interpreting that language, have uniformly concluded that the language refers to the action of the Court of Appeals. It is less clear whether that action is the appellate court’s judgment or the issuance of its mandate. In Reyes, the court concluded that it was the latter event.... *1019 It is the intent of the Committee ... [to use] the trial court’s verdict as the triggering event. The change also furthers internal consistency within the rule itself; the time for filing a motion for new trial on any other ground currently runs from that same event, (internal citation omitted). There has been no suggestion that the appellants’ motions for new trial filed in February 2000 were based upon allegation(s) of newly discovered evidence. The motions as filed do not list any such ground(s). Thus the seven-day limit prescribed by Rule 33 is the applicable provision. There is no question that the seven-day time limit provided for in Rule 33 is jurisdictional. In United States v. Bramlett, 116 F.3d 1403, 1405 (11th Cir.1997), this court stated, The time limits imposed by Rule 33 are jurisdictional.... District Courts therefore lack jurisdiction to grant a new trial using the interest of justice standard unless the motion is filed within seven days after return of the guilty verdict or within any extension granted by the trial judge within the seven-day period. (internal citations omitted) (emphasis added). Bramlett held that a district court does not have the power to cause a petition for reconsideration, filed beyond the seven-day limit, of a previously denied, timely filed motion for new trial to be considered as a “renewed” motion for new trial that relates back to the timely filing. Id. at 1406. Among the cases cited in Bramlett is United States v. Hall, 854 F.2d 1269, 1271 (11th Cir.1988) (holding that the district court had no power to regard an untimely motion for new trial as a supplement to a timely motion). DiBemardo also held, “The time limits of Rule 33 are jurisdictional.... ” 880 F.2d at 1223 (citing Hall, 854 F.2d at 1271 and United States v. Brown, 587 F.2d 187, 189 (5th Cir.1979)). Further, the DiBernardo court stated: “Thus, a district court is without jurisdiction to grant a new trial using the ‘in the interest of justice’ standard unless the motion is filed within seven days after return of the guilty verdict or within any extension of that time granted by the trial judge within the seven-day period.” Id. (internal citations omitted). However, neither party has cited, nor has this court found, a case which addresses the exact issue raised here: that is, whether the seven-day period for filing a motion for new trial is tolled during a period between the grant of judgment of acquittal and the issuance of a mandate reversing the grant of judgment of acquittal, particularly when the grant of judgment of acquittal comes before the seven-day period for filing a motion for new trial expires. While this specific matter is one of first impression in this Circuit and, apparently, in any federal court at any level, we are not without guidance. First, Rule 33 itself very plainly states that motions for new trial of the nature under consideration here “may be made only within seven days after the verdict ... of guilty or within such further time as the court may fix during the 7-day period.” 4 (emphasis added). Further, this court has stated, in both Bramlett and DiBemardo, that the seven days begins after the return of the guilty verdict. The mandate issued by this *1020 court after the first appeal did not result in a “return” of guilty verdict(s). There has been only one date of a return of guilty verdict(s). The jury verdict is obviously the verdict contemplated by the rule. 5 The appellants argue that, “Analysis of the cases relied upon by this court in the DiBemardo decision [and the Bramlett decision] not only reveals that this issue was not decided by any of the decisions, but there is dicta to suggest that the filing of an appeal tolls the running of the seven day period.” The cases cited in Bramlett and DiBemardo, however, clearly stand for the proposition that the seven-day limit is jurisdictional. The “dicta” relied upon by the appellants is in United States v. Beasley, 582 F.2d 337, 339 (5th Cir.1978), in which the appellate court affirmed the denial of the appellant’s second motion for a new trial “on the basis of Judge Rubin’s (sitting as district judge by special designation) order ... appended hereto.” In Beasley, the district court stated: Rule 33 provides that a motion for new trial, on any ground other than newly discovered evidence, shall be made within seven days of the verdict or finding of guilty. Because seven days have long passed, even as tolled by the filing of an appeal, the sole basis for the present motion must be newly discovered evidence. Id. at 339. We are unable to fathom why the quoted “tolled by” statement appeared in Beasley. It is not supported by any cited authority and appears to be contrary to the holding in United States v. Smith, 331 U.S. 469, 67 S.Ct. 1330, 91 L.Ed. 1610 (1947). In Smith, the Supreme Court stated that “[t]he power of the District Court to make ... [an] order [granting a new trial] turns entirely on the Rules of Criminal Procedure.... ” Id. at 471, 67 S.Ct. 1330. 6 Smith further states, “After remand of his case he made no further motion for a new trial and could make none.” Id. at 473, 67 S.Ct. 1330. Appellants have not cited any support for their argument other than the isolated, unsupported dicta in Beasley. The appellants were not precluded from filing a motion for new trial by the order(s) granting judgments of acquittal. It is not unusual for there to be motions for judgments of acquittal and conditional motions for new trial. The grant of the motions for judgments of acquittal in this case did not change the date of the return of the guilty verdicts whether that grant occurred on November 18 or December 7, 1998. A motion for new trial could have been filed within seven days of at least one of those dates, conditional though it may have been. Nor did the appeal on December 8, 1998, deprive the district court of jurisdiction to consider a motion for new trial filed within seven days. If such a motion had been filed, the district court either could have denied it or, if it was inclined to conditionally grant the motion, could have so certified to the appellate court which could have remanded the case. See United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, *1021 667 n. 42, 104 S.Ct. 2039, 80 L.Ed.2d 657 (1984). If the district court had granted timely motion(s), the Government could have appealed that order and both orders of the district court could have been reviewed. To allow a delay in filing a motion for new trial would raise the concern expressed in Smith that “such a practice would authorize the appellate process to be exercised in an advisory capacity while the trial court, regardless of the appellate opinion could set aside all that was the basis of appeal.” Id. at 473, 67 S.Ct. 1330. Strict compliance with the seven-day limit of Rule 33 will not leave defendants without any remedy. Smith also addresses this concern: ... New trials, however, may be granted for error occurring at the trial or for reasons which were not part of the court’s knowledge at the time of judgment. For the latter, the Rules make adequate provision. Newly discovered evidence may be made ground for motion for new trial within two [now three] years after judgment. Rule 33. For the former, habeas corpus provides a remedy for jurisdictional and constitutional errors at the trial without limit of time.... Possibility of unredressed injustice therefore remains only in prejudicial happenings during trial. The trial judge is given power by the Rules to entertain motions for new trial within five [now seven] days after verdict and may extend that time for so long as he thinks necessary for proper consideration of the course of the trial. But extension of that time indefinitely is no insurance of justice. On the contrary, as time passes, the peculiar ability which the trial judge has to pass on the fairness of the trial is dissipated as the incidents and nuances of the trial leave his mind to give way to immediate business. It is in the interest of justice that a decision on the propriety of a trial can be reached as soon after it has ended as is possible, and that decision be not deferred until the trial’s story has taken on the uncertainty and dimness of things long past. Id. at 475-76, 67 S.Ct. 1330. (internal citations omitted). We conclude that the district court’s determination that it did not have jurisdiction to decide the subject motions for new trial was correct. SENTENCING ISSUES This court reviews the district court’s sentencing hearing findings of fact for clear error and its application of the sentencing guidelines to those facts de novo. United States v. Humber, 255 F.3d 1308, 1311 (11th Cir.2001). These standards of review apply to both minimal planning determinations and loss determinations. See United States v. Daniels, 148 F.3d 1260, 1261 (11th Cir.1998). More Than Minimal Planning While emphasizing that he still maintained that the defendants were not guilty of anything, and at one point, that he was “thoroughly and 100 percent convinced that a great injustice has been done and continues to be done ...,” the district judge concluded that “if the defendants are guilty of these offenses, they involve more than minimal planning.... More than minimal planning is deemed present involving repeated acts, unless it is clear that each instance was purely opportune. And I can’t say that it was purely opportune, assuming that there is guilt here.” This finding was not clearly erroneous and is consistent with the holdings of this court in Daniels and Humber. The offenses occurred over a two year period at two facilities and involved the treatment of numerous patients covered by *1022 CHAMPUS and Medicare. Unquestionably, it involved repeated acts over a period of time, none of which was merely opportune. Therefore, the court correctly included the adjustment for more than minimal planning provided in U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1(b)(2)(A). Loss Calculation The district court held that the facts of this case took it outside the heartland of other money laundering cases, and that it was more realistically a fraud case. The court thus applied the guideline at § 2F1.1 rather than the money laundering guideline at § 2S1.1. This decision has not been appealed by either party. 7 The defendants contended that “there is no loss to the government in this case, that no fee has been charged for any service which has not been performed.” The Government’s only purported proof of loss came in the form of two exhibits, 171 and 172, and testimony related thereto. Exhibit 171 purported to represent $2,830,515.70 paid by CHAMPUS, based on the Ft. Walton operation, and Exhibit 172 purported to represent $30,871.28 paid by Medicare, based on the Panama City operation. The following pertinent colloquy followed the statement of the parties’ contentions. The Court: Well, the difficulty you are gonna have in establishing this, it seems to me, is that there is no way to determine how much of these charges for any of these patients is attributable to Dr. Renick. And I — I realize I’m not required to determine this amount with precision, but there has got to be some reasonable basis of determining out of all of the charge, $515 a day, for patients that may have seen Dr. Renick occasionally and perhaps not at all while they were in the hospital. We don’t even know that he saw them. Ms. Heldmyer: Well, we do know that he was listed as attending physician on all of these patients. It’s our contention, and I believe we had testimony to this effect, that had the — had CHAMPUS known that Dr. Renick was treating these patients they would have rejected the claim in toto, which means that the entire amount would be the amount of the loss. The Court: Well, I- seem to recall that, but I also recall that it was a great deal of confusion about what was and what was not an acceptable way of billing this. But, nevertheless, with respect to the amount involved, regardless of what we are gonna do with it, what we are gonna have to focus on, as far as I’m concerned, is that the loss has to be viewed in context of what Dr. Renick did that was somehow directly billed to the government. There were other physicians working there. Certainly, their services were entirely appropriate. There were other physicians attending to Dr. Renick’s patients. Undoubtedly, Dr. Renick attended some of the other physicians’ patients. So I’m not sure that this exhibit has any — any particular significance as far as evidentiary purposes. The Court: Well, I do know that by contract he is only there two days a week. *1023 The Court: So two days out of seven days means there is five days a week that they are billing for that he couldn’t possibly have been involved. The Court: Well, I understand that’s — the biggest part of this per diem charge is gonna be room and board. That’s the hospital’s part of this. How do we — how do we determine, Ms. Held-myer, what is attributable to Dr. Ren-ick? Ms. Heldmyer: I don’t know, Your Honor. I mean, I just — for the record, I would object to breaking that out, but I certainly — I suppose I could — I could check the records to see whether or not there is, at least internally, there is some sort of a breakdown in how much money is attributable to each of the services that was provided to these patients. Bui, frankly, because it was a flat per diem rate, I — I don’t know that I’m gonna find any kind of a breakdown. (emphasis added). The Court: Well, I don’t think you can either. The Court: All right. Let’s go to the other exhibit. This is Bay County. And there are only a limited number of patients here. The Court: Well, we can’t look at gain to the defendants, because there is no evidence that the defendants got any gain at all out of this. Ms. Heldmyer: Other than their salary. They didn’t earn a lot of money from this hospital in participating in the treatment of patients. The Court: Well, I mean, there is no evidence that they didn’t earn their salaries, otherwise, totally unrelated to the matters we are talking about. The Court: Well, I accept the fact that there is no actual loss, and trying to determine a measurable loss is — is getting extremely difficult, if not impossible. These — these exhibits are of no help at all. I’m looking at Exhibits 171 and 172. I certainly cannot utilize those. The Court: What’s the government’s recommendation if you cannot use these numbers, Ms. Heldmyer? What else do you have to fall back on? Ms. Heldmyer: Your Honor, the only thing that I can tell the court is that I can try to inquire and try to get a breakdown on the CHAMPUS side, or actually on the Medicare side, too, to determine how much of that payment could be fairly allocated to psychiatrist — psychiatrist services. Perhaps there is some source of information that I can — I can reach out for to determine that. Otherwise, I will have to think about it, because, frankly I am not coming up with anything at this point, other than that, (emphasis added). The Court: Well, it — it is a dilemma, and I am wrestling with that, too. The Court:.... There is no actual loss to the government and the patients all received what they bargained for and what they were entitled to receive. But assuming the defendants are guilty as they’ve been charged in this case, that means that Dr. Renick’s services could not have been billed directly or indirectly. So whatever is attributable to Dr. Renick’s services is what we are really trying to isolate out of this. *1024 The Court: [T]he underlying offense, essentially, says this is — this is what you do unless there is — unless there is an identifiable actual loss. The guideline itself says in the commentary the court need only make a reasonable estimate of the loss given the available information. Ms. Heldmyer: Your Honor, there is no information on record before this court that — that these patients did receive adequate medical care. I mean, we all seem to be assuming that, Your Honor, but there is nothing on the record that they didn’t receive adequate medical care. The Court: Any number of the witnesses, including the doctors, I think, and some of the others were asked, did anybody not receive proper medical care, and they uniformly agreed that there was never a problem with that. The Court: Well, I have to agree that if the defendants are guilty as — as charged, as they have been found by the jury, then there has to be some — some kind of a loss attributable to this. And I can — even though I can’t measure it, I can say that it would be attributable to whatever the government paid for Dr. Renick’s services that it should not have. And in the absence of anything more concrete, I’m just gonna arbitrarily pick a number and say it’s between 70,000 and a hundred twenty thousand and we will proceed. The Court: Ms. Heldmyer, do you have anything else you want to say on this? Ms. Heldmyer: No, Your Honor. The Court: All right. Let’s — let’s use that as a reasonable estimate of the loss, 70 to 120 is a plus six for a specific offense characteristic. Other pertinent statements made during the extended sentencing hearing include the following: The Court: —repeated witnesses said that they were instructed that Dr. Ren-ick was not to admit CHAMPUS or Medicare patients. He could admit all other patients, private insurance payment, but he could not admit those, and he could treat all patients. The Court: Well, once again we’ve run into the semantics issue in this case, but there was no billing made for Dr. Renick’s services. You don’t dispute that there was no bill submitted to CHAMPUS that said for Dr. Renick’s services? Ms. Heldmyer: That’s correct. The Court: Or for a psychiatrist’s services? Ms. Heldmyer: Correct. The Court: All right. Ms. Heldmyer: I don’t think it could — I could be wrong, but I don’t think it could refer to Fort Walton Beach because they didn’t itemize billing. They didn’t do any itemized billing in Fort Walton Beach. The Court: Well, they key point is that CHAMPUS was not billed for treatment. It was billed for a lock and key per diem charge. So that’s, again, what much of this case is about. The Court: Yeah. But, again, it’s undisputed that he could treat CHAMPUS patients; he simply couldn’t bill for them. And the question is whether the indirect billing on the per diem basis somehow violates something. In essence the factual issues related to the determination of losses fall into two *1025 categories. First, the Government claimed a $2,830,515.70 “loss” based on the total per diem charges billed to CHAM-PUS for services provided at the Ft. Walton, Florida facility. At the sentencing hearing, the Government apparently claimed that all of the CHAMPUS billings were for Renick’s patients. Counsel for the Government stated: [I]t’s the United States’ position that the loss figures are reflective of the amount of money that was paid to the facilities as a result of ... improper services that should not have been rendered and should not have been billed ... by these facilities. Therefore, all of the amount of money that was paid by CHAMPUS and Medicare for Dr. Renick’s services is — is includable in the loss figures.... Helen D’Arcy ... submitted these documents which indicate [Exhibit] 171 is the loss in Fort Walton Beach for ... federal payments based upon Dr. Renick’s patients, which amounted to $2,746,465. These statements are obviously not supported by the evidence. The district court stated, ‘Well, this CHAMPUS figure, I don’t know where this comes from, $2,839,967, but I know for a fact that that cannot be for Dr. Renick’s services.” Second, the Government claimed a “loss” of $30,871.28 for charges to Medicare for services provided at the Panama City, Florida facility. As to the CHAMPUS charges, the Government’s attorney acknowledged that there was no way to determine what part of the per diem rate “is attributable to Dr. Renick.” As indicated above, she stated, “I don’t know, Your Honor.... But, frankly, because it was a flat per diem rate, I — I don’t know that I’m gonna find any kind of a breakdown.” The district judge stated that he could not make appropriate findings based simply on Exhibit 171 and testimony related thereto. As to the Medicare claim, while Exhibit 172 indicated billings to Medicare for services of Renick, the district judge felt that those billings may have resulted from negligence or by mistake of persons other than the defendants who knew that Ren-ick’s services were not to be billed to Medicare. Although the purported evidence provided by Exhibit 172 was more specific as to the charges for services of Renick than was the purported evidence provided by Exhibit 171, the district judge stated that, “I certainly cannot utilize those [171 and 172].” In effect, the district court rejected the evidence offered by the Government as to loss. While stating that he would make a “reasonable estimate” of loss of $70,000-120,000, he further acknowledged that “I’m just gonna arbitrarily pick a number between $70,000 and $120,000....” We review the district court’s loss determination for clear error. United States v. Goldberg, 60 F.3d 1536, 1539 (11th Cir.1995). The guidelines do not require the government to make a fraud loss determination with precision; the figure need only be a reasonable estimate given the information available to the government. United States v. Dominguez, 109 F.3d 675, 676 (11th Cir.1997). Upon challenge, however, the government bears the burden of supporting its loss calculation with “rehable and specific evidence” United States v. Sepulveda, 115 F.3d 882, 890 (11th Cir.1997); United States v. Lawrence, 47 F.3d 1559, 1566 (11th Cir.1995); United States v. Cabrera, 172 F.3d 1287, 1292 (11th Cir.1999). In Cabrera, this court held that the government had not presented sufficient evidence to support the amount of loss attributed to the defendant and vacated the sentence and remanded for re-sentencing. Id. at 1294. The court rejected the government’s argument that the fraud loss *1026 should be based on all unauthorized “cloned” phone calls without proof that specifically attributed each cellular provider’s loss to the defendant. Id. at 1293-94. The court stated, “We hold that telephone cloning fraud loss is attributable to a defendant, and therefore can be utilized to enhance the defendant’s sentence, only if the government provides reliable proof linking the defendant to the ESN/MIN combinations fraudulently used.” Id. The court further held that proof of mere possession of the equipment which caused the loss was not sufficient to attribute the loss to the defendant. Id. at 1294. The court also held that, “A sentencing judge must make factual findings sufficient to support the government’s claim of the amount of the fraud loss attributed to a defendant in a PSI.” Id. The court cited United States v. Bernardine, 73 F.3d 1078, 1081 (11th Cir.1996), which suggests that the district court cannot simply rely upon conclusory factual recitals of the PSI. Cabrera, 172 F.3d at 1294. This court has also stated, “although ‘the district court must not speculate concerning the existence of a fact which would permit a more severe sentence under the guidelines, its reasonable estimate of the intended loss will be upheld on appeal.’ ” Dominguez, 109 F.3d at 676 (internal citation omitted). We reject the Government’s argument that the district court should have attributed the total amount of the CHAMPUS billings to Renick’s participation and found that that total amount was a “loss.” The only case cited by the Government in support of its argument is United States v. Miller, 188 F.3d 1312, 1316-17 (11th Cir.1999), which it cites for the proposition that the loss need not be determined with precision and that “the court need only make a reasonable estimate of the loss, given the available information.” The court in Miller had specific evidence from which it could make a reasonable estimate. The district court here would have had to merely speculate on the amount of any CHAMPUS billings, if any, attributable to Renick. It cannot do so. United States v. Wilson, 993 F.2d 214, 218 (11th Cir.1993). The Government has not cited any cases for the proposition that the total CHAM-PUS billings can be considered as “loss.” Cases from other circuits suggest to the contrary. See United States v. Schneider, 930 F.2d 555 (7th Cir.1991) (providing that loss can not be calculated based on entire price of fraudulently obtained contract if defendant has means to and is able to perform); United States v. Sublett, 124 F.3d 693 (5th Cir.1997) (following Schneider holding in fraudulent procurement of government contract case); United States v. Rutgard, 116 F.3d 1270 (9th Cir.1997) (finding error for district court to base Medicare fraud loss on total proceeds of medical practice because the practice was “permeated with fraud”); United States v. Maurello, 76 F.3d 1304 (3rd Cir.1996) (finding that fees paid for satisfactory services to disbarred lawyer not considered as loss; argument that no client would have paid any money to known disbarred lawyer rejected; complaints of dissatisfied clients alone do not provide basis for reasonable estimate; government must prove the complaints are bona fide); United States v. Barnes, 125 F.3d 1287 (9th Cir.1997) (holding that district court erred in using total amount of billings attributable to person impersonating a doctor when, absent his salary, there was no monetary loss to clinic, donors or customers; must give credit for amount of satisfactory services). ■ In Wilson, this court held that the district court erred in calculating fraud “loss” based on the entire face amount of fraudulently induced loans. 993 F.2d at 218. In United States v. Orton, 73 F.3d 331, 334 (11th Cir.1996), this court stated: *1027 The individuals who receive a “return” or break even on their “investments” are not victims for purposes of § 2F1.1. At most, they are unwilling pawns in the Ponzi scheme. These individuals may be exposed to a risk of harm by the Ponzi scheme, but the risk of harm should not be considered in estimating the loss under § 2F1.1. Under § 2F1.1 “the risk created enters into the determination of the offense level only insofar as it is incorporated into the base offense level. Unless clearly indicated by the guidelines, harm that is merely risked is not to be treated as the equivalent of harm that occurred.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, comment, (n.5). Application note 8(b) to the Commentary to § 2F1.1 of the Sentencing Guidelines states: In fraudulent loan application cases and contract procurement cases, the loss is the actual loss to the victim (or if the loss has not yet come about, the expected loss). For example, if a defendant fraudulently obtains a loan by misrepresenting the value of his assets, the loss is the amount of the loan not repaid at the time the offense is discovered, reduced by the amount the lending institution has recovered (or can expect to recover) from any assets pledged to secure the loan. However, where the intended loss is greater than the actual loss, the intended loss is to be used. We conclude that the finding of the district court that there was no actual loss to any entity was not clearly erroneous. There was no finding of an intended loss nor any evidence to support such a finding. Exhibit 171 and related testimony established neither actual loss nor intended loss, particularly as it related to any purported charges by or payments to Renick. Some confusion arose because of some staff members’ belief that Renick could not even treat patients, whether or not his services were billed to CHAMPUS or Medicare. There is no evidence that he could not legally treat patients. The panel in the first appeal in this case stated that “It is, however, undisputed that the exclusion forbade Renick from billing but did not preclude his treatment of Medicare patients.” Later, the panel stated that “It is undisputed that Renick did not bill Medicare or CHAMPUS directly for his services.” It is likely that any alleged victim of a fraud would assert that it would not have paid anything had it known of the “fraud.” Such an assertion is not, however, the measure of a “loss.” That CHAMPUS may have “rejected the claim in toto” if it had known that Renick treated some patients would not be determinative, in and of itself, of the “loss” to be calculated under the sentencing guidelines. Alleged victims cannot determine their own “losses.” The Government had the burden to prove the amount of the loss by a preponderance of the evidence. United States v. Dabbs, 134 F.3d 1071, 1081 (11th Cir.1998). It did not do so, certainly not with “reliable and specific evidence.” The district court’s “arbitrary” assignment of the difference between $30,871.28 and at least $70,000.00 to the CHAMPUS billings was an abuse of discretion and contrary to law. After the district court correctly determined that the Government had not met its burden of proof through Exhibit 171 and related testimony, there was no basis for making a reasonable estimate as to a CHAMPUS “loss.” It is apparent that the district court felt some duty to find some loss, arbitrary or otherwise, but the district court stated no findings upon which its “estimate” was made. One possible basis for the district court’s CHAMPUS “estimate” is stated in said Application Note 8(b) which states: “Where the loss determined above signifi *1028 cantly understates or overstates the seriousness of the defendant’s conduct, an upward or downward departure may be warranted.” See also U.S.S.G § 5K2.7. See Wilson, 993 F.2d at 218. There is no indication, however, that the district court was applying any such provision. We conclude that the district court’s loss determination in excess of $30,871.28 must be reversed. Although there is some suggestion that thé district court believed that the Medicare billing at the Panama City facility in the amount of $30,871.28 related to Renick’s services was billed negligently or by mistake, it did at least afford a reasonable basis for at least a portion of the district court’s loss finding. We affirm a loss finding in the amount of $30,871.28. SUMMARY We conclude that there is no merit to any of the appellants’ arguments except as to their argument that the court erred in determining the loss for sentencing purposes. We reject the Government’s argument that the loss amount used by the district court was too low. We vacate the sentence and remand the case to the district court for re-sentencing consistent with this opinion on the limited basis that the loss amount to be applied is $30,871.28. On remand, the district court can also consider, however, departing upward if the court concludes that the loss as calculated is not representative of the severity of the offenses and/or the disruption of governmental programs. We make no suggestions one way or the other as to the appropriateness of any such departure. See United States v. Regueiro, 240 F.3d 1321, 1324 (11th Cir.2001). JUDGMENTS OF CONVICTIONS AFFIRMED. SENTENCINGS VACATED AND REMANDED FOR RESENTENCINGS. APPENDIX IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Holly W. BUTCHER, John T. Renick, Defendants-Appellees. No. 98-3806. Nov. 24, 1999. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida. Before CARNES and BARKETT, Circuit Judges, and PAINE * , Senior District Judge. PAINE, Senior District Judge: This appeal is taken from two judgments of acquittal that were entered following jury verdicts of guilty. Upon a careful review of the record and the law, and for the reasons discussed below, the judge-ments of acquittal will be reversed and this cause will be remanded with instructions to reinstate the jury’s verdicts of guilty. Standard of Review Where, as here, a jury returns a verdict of guilty and the district court sets aside that verdict by entering a judgment of acquittal based on the insufficiency of the evidence, the decision of the district court *1029 is not entitled to deference. United States v. Greer, 850 F.2d 1447, 1450 (11th Cir.1988). This Court’s task is to decide whether the evidence, examined in the light most favorable to the government, was sufficient to support the jury’s conclusion that the defendants were guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Mattos, 74 F.3d 1197, 1199 (11th Cir.1996); United States v. Brown, 40 F.3d 1218, 1221 (11th Cir.1994). The Court must “view the evidence as a whole,” United States v. Desimone, 119 F.3d 217, 223 (2d Cir.1997), assessing “pieces of evidence not in isolation but in conjunction” with the other evidence. United States v. Thai, 29 F.3d 785, 816 (2d Cir.1994). Finally, all credibility choices must be made in support of the jury’s verdict. Greer, 850 F.2d at 1450. Proceedings Below Plaintiff/Appellant the United States of America (“the government”) brought a thirty-eight count indictment charging Defendants/Appellees Dr. John Renick (“Renick”) and Holly Butcher (“Butcher”) (collectively, “the defendants”) with (1) conspiracy to defraud federal health care programs; (2) conspiracy to submit false claims to Medicare and the Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services (“CHAMPUS”); (3) conspiracy to commit wire fraud; and (4) conspiracy to commit money laundering. The case proceeded to trial. At the end of the government’s case, both defendants moved for judgments of acquittal on all counts. After the district court reserved ruling on these motions, the defendants rested without putting on a case. The jury convicted both defendants on all counts and specifically on each conspiratorial object. In the bifurcated forfeiture proceeding that followed, the jury awarded the government $30,000 from Butcher and 467,569.01 from Renick. Thereafter, the district court granted the defendants’ motions for judgment of acquittal on all counts. In its written order to that effect, the court concluded that the evidence was not sufficient to support a finding of intent on any count. Specifically, the trial court found that (1) the evidence failed to support the heightened mens rea standard on which the jury was instructed; and (2) with respect to the CHAMPUS counts, the government failed to negate the defendants’ proffered “reasonable interpretation” of the CHAMPUS regulations as allowing the hospitals to bill CHAMPUS on a per diem basis even if the patients were treated by Renick. 1 Factual Background The merits of this appeal revolve around the facts established by the government at trial and the reasonable inferences that may be drawn therefrom. Some of the basic facts are undisputed, others have been hotly contested in the course of this appeal. In the interest of clarity, the Court will discuss the undisputed and disputed facts in separate sections. A. Undisputed Facts: 1. Butcher was the CEO and administrator of the Rivendell hospitals in Ft. Walton Beach and Panama City (collectively, “Rivendell”). R4-111-12. As such, she was assigned the task of increasing revenue for Rivendell. R4-158. Her incentive was a generous bonus system primarily *1030 based on the profits generated by the two facilities under her control. Gov. Exh. 139; R4-52-58. 2. Renick, a psychiatrist, was employed as a physician and, at least for a time, as Rivendell’s Medical Director. Govt. Exhs. 76-77, 86; R4-116-17, 134, 140-42, 251; R6-115,159-60; R8-147. 3. Renick was a Medicare and CHAM-PUS-excluded provider. Govt. Exhs. 109, 110; R6-12, 16-17, 51. The consequences of this exclusion are the subject of this appeal. It is, however, undisputed that the exclusion forbade Renick from billing but did not preclude his treatment of Medicare patients. See R6-51. As is discussed further below, there is a dispute as to whether Renick was entitled to treat the type of CHAMPUS patients at issue in this case. 4. Both Renick and Butcher were aware of the terms of Renick’s exclusion. R6-248-50; R8-42; Govt. Exhs. 102, p. 2, 117,117A, 118. a. As CEO and administrator, Butcher had access to and was expected to be familiar with both Medicare and CHAM-PUS regulations. R10-17-71; R-13-37; Govt. Exhs. 128, 129, 129A, 130, 130A; see also R6-128; R8-131-32, 151; R10-245-47. 5. In the course of his employment with Rivendell, Renick performed services for Medicare and CHAMPUS patients, either through group therapy or as a “primary therapist.” R6-121-24; R8-50, 250-55; R10-37, 53, 98. 6. Rivendell’s patients were almost exclusively Medicare and CHAMPUS patients. R4-112. a. The Panama City hospital provided services to both Medicare and CHAMPUS patients. R4-109-10,112. b. The Ft. Walton Beach hospital was primarily an in-patient CHAMPUS provider. R8-260-63; RIO-244; see also R4-112; R12-137. 7. It is undisputed that Renick did not bill Medicare or CHAMPUS directly for his services. Indeed, in this appeal, he suggests that he provided “free” services to Medicare and CHAMPUS patients. Renick Br., p. 34. 8. Rivendell received payment from Medicare for the hospitals’ treatment of patients under Renick’s care. R15-34-35; Govt. Exhs. 4, 4A, 4B, 58-69, 131, 132, 171, 172,174. 9. Rivendell also received per diem payments from CHAMPUS for patients at the Ft. Walton Beach hospital. Id. These per diem payments did not vary according to the treatments received, and covered everything from room and board to therapy. See 32 C.F.R. § 199.4(f). a. Therapy was a required element of these patients’ in-patient care. 32 C.F.R. § 199.4(c); see also R6-72; R8-84. b. Renick provided such therapy (R6-121-24; R8-50, 250-55; RIO-37, 53, 98), thereby satisfying a requirement for receiving the in-patient per diem payments. R6-72; R8-84. 10. Rivendell paid Renick for his services as a psychiatrist and as Medical Director. R81, 86, 87, 97-100. This was done through salary and/or credit toward a loan to him from Rivendell. Id. B. Analysis of the Disputed Facts: The government asserts that in entering the judgments of acquittal, the district court erred by failing to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government and even relied on errors of fact. 2 *1031 Therefore, as outlined above, this Court must determine whether, when weighing the evidence and all inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the government, it can be said that no rational trier of fact could have found the defendants guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, so that it can be said that the evidence was insufficient and the judgments of acquittal was warranted. See United States v. Mattos, 74 F.3d 1197, 1199 (11th Cir.1996); United States v. Brown, 40 F.3d 1218, 1221 (11th Cir.1994); United States v. Greer, 850 F.2d 1447, 1450 (11th Cir.1988). There are three main areas of factual disputes that were raised in the course of this appeal. The first, relates to the defendants’ intent and knowledge and the associated issue of candor toward Medicare and CHAMPUS and toward Rivendell and their co-workers. The second, relates to the defendants’ proffered “reasonable interpretation” of the CHAMPUS regulations regarding per diem charges. The last, arises out of the district court’s summary determination that there was not enough evidence to support a finding of an illegal patient referral kickback scheme. The court will address each area of dispute in turn. 1. Intent, Knowledge and Candor In its order entering judgments of acquittal, the district court cited to the defendants’ candor toward Medicare and CHAMPUS and toward Rivendell and their co-workers as proof that there was insufficient evidence of intent to sustain the jury’s verdicts of guilty. The district court correctly points out that there is evidence that much of Rivendell’s staff at the Panama City hospital was aware of Renick’s exclusion. 3 There is even evidence that his name and “identification” number appeared on at least some of the charges submitted to Medicare and to CHAMPUS. However, that was not the only evidence admitted at trial. When the evidence cited by the district court is viewed in the context of all of the evidence produced at trial (see United States v. Desimone, 119 F.3d 217, 223 (2d Cir.1997); United States v. Thai 29 F.3d 785, 816 (2d Cir.1994)) and in the light most favorable to the government (see Mattos, 74 F.3d at 1199), there is still ample evidence of the requisite intent to support the jury’s verdicts of guilty. a. Candor Toward Rivendell and Co-Workers 4 . The district court apparently accepted the defendants’ assertion that the evidence shows that they were open and candid about Renick’s exclusion and fully advised the necessary people of the changes necessitated by the exclusion. However, upon a thorough review of the record, it is clear *1032 that the government is correct in its contention that it adequately established that the defendants deliberately mislead both their supervisors and co-workers at Riven-dell. At trial, the government established that the defendants mislead their supervisors about the extent, duration and significance of Renick’s exclusion. See R8-140-43; R4-259. For instance, at trial the government produced evidence that Butcher informed Rivendell’s governing board that Medicare and CHAMPUS were going to lift their sanctions against Renick and the there was no need for concern about his situation. Govt. Exh. 102, p.2; R10-8-15. This statement directly contradicts a letter in Butcher’s possession from Renick’s attorney, which explicitly stated that the chance of getting the sanctions lifted or reduced was very slim. Govt. Exh. 117A. The government also established that the defendants mislead their co-workers, including the billing department, as to the practical consequences of Renick’s exclusion. For instance, although Renick continued to treat patients, he was listed on bills 5 as a “primary therapist” rather than “attending physician.” R6-121-24; R8-250; RIO-53. 6 Moreover, for billing purposes, patients were admitted and prescriptions written under another physician’s name, even though Renick was actually the treating physician. R6-123; R8-250, 254-55. Indeed, despite Renick’s exclusion, Butcher directed the admissions personnel to assign seven to ten Medicare patients to Renick each month as a “primary therapist.” RIO-98. Further, when admissions could not find a physician to admit a patient, Butcher directed that they call Ren-ick. R10-54-55. These arrangements apparently caused confusion among the defendants’ co-workers, because the staff knew that Renick could not bill or cause bills to be generated for Medicare or CHAMPUS patients, R8-250-55; RIO-71. The staff also knew however, that Renick was in fact treating Medicare and CHAMPUS patients and that Rivendell was billing for those patients. Id. The nursing staff was concerned that they might be breaking the law. Id. When asked by the Director of Nursing how to handle the charge sheets for Renick’s patients, Butcher told the nursing staff that the patients were Ren-ick’s, but that other doctors would be involved “on paper” for signing prescriptions, etc. Id. Therefore, the government adequately showed that even if the staff knew of Renick’s exclusion, they were mislead about the consequences of the exclusion. Hence, taking the facts in the light most favorable to the government, there is sufficient evidence to uphold the jury’s verdicts as to this issue. b. Renick’s Name and “Identification” Number The defendants correctly point out that Renick’s name and Medieare/CHAMPUS identification number were placed on certain bills that were sent to Medicare and CHAMPUS. The district court cited to the provision of such a name and number *1033 as evidence of candor on the parts of the both defendants. 7 Rl-62-8,11. However, the evidence produced at trial shows that all billing relevant to the case at bar was submitted using the hospital’s, not the individual provider’s, provider number. Govt. Exh. 2-24D; R8-65; R10-164. The government adequately established that when, as here, Medicare and CHAMPUS are billed under the hospital’s provider number, neither agency has cause to even review the name or number associated with the treating physician. R10-164; see also R12-37-38. Moreover, the government also established at trial that the “identification” number that appeared on a few of the bills submitted to Medicare and CHAMPUS was Renick’s state license number and not his Medicare and/or CHAMPUS identification number. R12-209; R8-66. Finally, the government further established at trial that a state license number would not advise either Medicare or CHAMPUS that Renick was the provider for whose services they were being billed. Govt. Exh. 2-24D; R8-65; RIO-164. Therefore, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to government, the district court erred in relying upon the inclusion of Renick’s name and/or “identification” number on charges submitted to Medicare and CHAMPUS as evidence of candor or a lack of intent to defraud. c. Medicare Cost Reports Medicare reimburses hospitals for the administrative costs associated with each Medicare patient’s care. R8-45-46; R13-252-63. In order to receive such reimbursements, hospitals submit Cost Reports to Medicare. Id. In 1994, Rivendell of Panama City, upon Butcher’s sworn signature, filed such a Cost Report that included requests for reimbursements for Renick’s services. Govt. Exhs. 1, 1A. Those services were incorrectly categorized as one hundred percent “administrative” even though Ren-ick was primarily treating patients. Govt. Exh. 1A; R8-258; R14-20-21, 47, 49, 52. The government contends that her signature on the Cost Reports and her certification that she had reviewed them and that they were accurate shows that she knew that Medicare was being improperly billed for Renick’s time and services. It is undisputed that in her capacity as CEO and administrator, Butcher signed this Medicare Cost Report charging for Renick’s time/treatments. In signing this report, Butcher stated: I HEREBY CERTIFY that I have read the above statement and that I have examined the accompanying electronically filed or manually submitted cost report and the Balance Sheet and Statement of Revenue and Expenses prepared by RIVENDELL OF BAY COUNTY 10-4047 for the cost reporting period beginning 07/01/93 and ending 06/30/94 and that to the best of my knowledge and belief, it is a true, correct and complete statement prepared from the books and records of the provider in accordance with applicable in *1034 structions, except as noted. I further certify that I am familiar with the laws and regulations regarding the provision of health care services, and that the services identified in this cost report were provided in compliance with such laws and regulations. Govt. Exh. 1. Butcher’s certification is clear and unambiguous. Never-the-less, she contends that she signed these reports without reviewing them and after they had already been electronically filed. Even though it was required to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, the district court accepted this explanation and discounted the sworn signature as evidence of Butcher’s knowledge and intent to improperly bill Medicare for Renick’s services. Rl-62-18. This constitutes error. As is discussed in other sections of this opinion, there is ample evidence to show that Butcher knew that Renick was excluded and that his services could not be reimbursed. R6-248-50; R8-42; Govt. Exhs. 102, p.2, 117, 117A, 118. She also knew that he did not spend all of his time in administrative tasks. See, e.g., RIO-98, 54, 55. These facts taken together with Butcher’s certification of the accuracy of the Cost Reports charging Medicare for one hundred percent of Renick’s time as an administrative cost, provide support for the jury’s verdicts. 2. CHAMPUS Per Diem Charges There is also a dispute as to the propriety of billing CHAMPUS, on a per diem basis, for in-patient care provided By Ren-ick at the Ft. Walton Beach Hospital. As noted above, Ft. Walton Beach is almost exclusively a CHAMPUS in-patient care facility. It bills CHAMPUS on a flat per diem rate for all expenses related to the patient’s stay. The defendants assert that these per diem rates were not based even indirectly on services provided by Renick. Butcher Br. P. 23. However, as the government points out, the primary reason for the patients’ admissions, and the core of the services billed, was psychiatric care, which was provided by Renick. Govt. Reply Br. P.13 n.12. Moreover, in order to charge a per diem rate, the CHAMPUS regulations require a physician’s services. 32 C.F.R. 199.4(c); RIO-175; R12-156-26. Renick was one of the physicians who provided the requisite services. R8-267; RIO-59. When the facts are viewed in the light most favorable to the government, it appears that the government adequately “negated” the defendants’ proffered “reasonable interpretation” of the CHAMPUS regulations as allowing the hospitals to bill CHAMPUS on a per diem basis even if the patients were treated by Renick. Therefore, the district court erred when it found that the government failed to do so. S. Patient Referral Kickback Scheme In its order granting judgments of acquittal, the district court rather summarily determined that there was not enough evidence to support a finding of an illegal patient referral kickback scheme. Rl-62-21. Butcher asserted, and the district court agreed that the government failed to prove that Butcher’s arrangement with Dr. Darmarajah was a kickback scheme in violation of the law. Id. The record clearly shows that Dr. Darmarajah testified that, at Butcher’s direction, his monthly salary from Rivendell was entirely dependent upon the number of patients he referred to the hospital. R13-83-85. The district court discounted this testimony as “not very credible.” Id. This was improper. *1035 Mattos, 74 F.8d at 1199. In light of Dr. Darmarajah’s testimony and the standard of review that must be apphed in this case, the district court erred when it entered judgments of acquittal as to this issue. Conclusion For the foregoing reasons, the judgments of acquittal are hereby reversed and this cause is remanded with instructions to reinstate the jury’s verdicts of guilty as to both defendants and on all counts. Footnotes [1] The district court also suggested that this is not the type of Medicare or CHAMPUS case that the government should be prosecuting because there is no claim that the government was billed for services that were not rendered, and "it attempts to criminalize a violation of the regulations and policies of government agencies.” (note in original appellate opinion). [2] The notice of appeal was filed "pursuant to Title 18 U.S.C. § 3742.” Presumably, the Government intended to take the appeal pursuant to Title 18 U.S.C. § 3731 (1994). [3] Coincidentally, the opinion in DiBemardo was authored by the same district judge who tried this case, while sitting with the Eleventh Circuit. [4] Neither district courts nor this court have the authority to allow motions for new trial to he filed beyond the seven-day limit. See Carlisle v. United States, 517 U.S. 416, 419-33, 116 S.Ct. 1460, 134 L.Ed.2d 613 (1996) (stating that District Court had no authority to grant petitioner’s motion for judgment of acquittal filed one day outside the Rule 29(c) seven-day limit even if not filed because of attorney error and even if district court opined that refusal to hear the motion "would result in grave injustice”). [5] See also United States v. DeRocco, 320 F.2d 58 (6th Cir.1963). It is not necessary for this court to decide whether the crucial date is November 18, 1998 (the date of the guilty verdicts), or November 19, 1998 (the date of the forfeiture verdicts), or December 7, 1998 (the date of the district court’s written order consistent with its November 19, 1998 statement) because the subject motions for new trial were not filed within seven days of any such date. [6] “An order of remand by an appellate court cannot enlarge the .authority of a district court beyond the rules of criminal procedure.” DiBe rnardo, 880 F.2d at 1225 (citing United States v. Smith, 331 U.S. at 471, 67 S.Ct. 1330). [7] In a “Report to Congress" dated September 18, 1997, and in proposed "Amendments to the Sentencing Guidelines" submitted to Congress on May 10, 2001, the Sentencing Commission has recognized the same problems with regard to sentencing for money laundering offenses as did the district judge here. [*] The Honorable James C. Paine, Senior U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of Florida, sitting by designation. [1] The district court also suggested that this is not the type of Medicare or CHAMPUS case that the government should be prosecuting because there is no claim that the government was billed for services that were not rendered, and "it attempts to criminalize a violation of the regulations and policies of government agencies." [2] The government also asserts that the trial court's imposition of a heightened mens rea *1031 was error. However, that portion of the appeal is moot because this Court finds that there was ample evidence to support the jury's guilty verdicts even using the heightened standard. [3] This Court observes, however, that there was also evidence that (1) Rivendell’s headquarters were unaware of the exclusion; R4— 139-40, 259; R8-141; and (2) the staff at the Ft. Walton Beach hospital were not advised of the exclusion. RIO-255; R12-149-50. Indeed, there is evidence that Renick affirmatively lied to at least one member of that hospital's staff with respect to his exclusion. R12-150. [4] If fellow employees' knowledge of Renick's status is at all relevant, it would only be to show that Butcher and Renick acted openly and — by inference — non-fraudulently. The jury obviously chose to disbelieve that inference. By emphasizing the evidence in support of the opposite view, the district court demonstrated a failure to interpret the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury's verdict. [5] There appears to be no dispute that the changes in procedures caused by Renick's exclusion largely related to billing practices. [6] The government established at trial that, at Rivendell, the term "primary therapists” is generally not associated with licensed psychiatrists such as Renick. R6-122; R8-251; R13-101-02. Moreover, a "primary therapist's” name does not appear on any billing document and means nothing to Rivendell's billing department. R10-33-34; R15-36. [7] The district court cites to this billing practice as evidence of the defendants' candor or lack of intent to defraud. Rl-62-8, 11. In another portion of his order, the district court cites (as evidence of the defendants' lack of knowledge and, therefore, lack of intent to defraud) to fact that the billing department, rather than the two defendants, is responsible for billing practices. Rl-62-16 n.2. Taken together, the district court’s two inconsistent interpretations of the evidence tend to show a failure to view the evidence in the light most favorable to upholding the jury's verdicts— when applying this standard of reviewing the evidence, billing practices cannot be used as both a sword and a shield.