Full text
In re M.B., J.B., J.S.
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA
2022-NCSC-96
No. 325A21
Filed 19 August 2022
IN THE MATTER OF: M.B., J.B., and J.S.
Appeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1001(a1)(1) (2019) from orders entered on 1
June 2021 by Judge Marion M. Boone in District Court, Surry County. This matter
was calendared for argument in the Supreme Court on 1 July 2022 but determined
on the record and briefs without oral argument pursuant to Rule 30(f) of the North
Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure.
R. Blake Cheek for petitioner-appellee Surry County Department of Social Services.
James N. Freeman Jr. for appellee Guardian ad Litem.
David A. Perez for respondent-appellant mother.
HUDSON, Justice. ¶1 Respondent appeals from the trial court’s orders terminating her parental
rights in Mary1 (born April 2010), James (born August 2011), and Joy (born
September 2016) based on neglect and failure to show reasonable progress in
correcting the conditions which led to the removal of the children from the home.
Because the trial court failed to make necessary determinations to support the
IN RE M.B., J.B., J.S.
2022-NCSC-96
Opinion of the Court
adjudication of grounds for termination under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1) and (2), we
vacate the trial court’s orders and remand for further proceedings not inconsistent
with this opinion. See N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1)–(2) (2021).
I. Factual and Procedural Background
¶2 On 22 March 2019, the Surry County Department of Social Services (DSS) filed
juvenile petitions alleging that Mary, James,2 and Joy3 were neglected juveniles. The
petitions alleged that the children lived in an injurious environment due to
respondent’s substance abuse, improper supervision, and unsanitary home
conditions. DSS explained that it had been providing case management services to
the family since January 2019, but that respondent failed to participate in any
referred services, including Intensive Family Preservation Services and assessments
for mental health and substance abuse. The petitions alleged that a DSS social
worker visited respondent’s home twice on 22 March 2019 to develop a safety plan for
the children, but respondent refused to meet with the social worker. The social worker
observed that there were “numerous bags of trash piled up on the back porch” and
the home had a mouse infestation. The petition also alleged that Mary and Joy both
had untreated boils on their bodies and that Mary had “blistery areas on her face.”
After the filing of the juvenile petitions, DSS obtained nonsecure custody of the
IN RE M.B., J.B., J.S.
2022-NCSC-96
Opinion of the Court
children. The children were placed in foster care, and the trial court awarded
respondent two hours of supervised visitation once per week. ¶3 On 17 April 2019, respondent entered into a case plan with DSS to address the
issues that led to the children’s removal from her home. The case plan required
respondent to: obtain a substance abuse assessment and comply with recommended
treatment including random drug screens, complete parenting classes, obtain and
maintain suitable housing, and obtain and maintain gainful employment. ¶4 On 11 June 2019, the trial court adjudicated Mary, James, and Joy neglected
juveniles and continued custody with DSS. Respondent stipulated to the factual
allegations in the petition that supported the trial court’s adjudication. The trial court
ordered respondent to comply with the components of her case plan and set the
primary permanent plan as reunification with a secondary plan of termination of
parental rights and adoption. ¶5 Following a 31 October 2019 review hearing, the trial court entered an order
on 16 December 2019 reducing respondent’s visitation to two hours every other week
due to her poor attendance. The court found that respondent had attended only seven
of the thirteen scheduled visits. The court also found that respondent completed a
comprehensive clinical assessment on 16 July 2019 and was referred to substance
abuse intensive outpatient treatment. Finally, the court found that respondent was
provided the opportunity to complete substance abuse treatment and parenting
IN RE M.B., J.B., J.S.
2022-NCSC-96
Opinion of the Court
programs but had inconsistent attendance. ¶6 In an order entered on 27 October 2020, the trial court changed the children’s
primary permanent plan to termination of parental rights and adoption due to
respondent’s ongoing mental health and substance abuse issues. The court found
respondent was diagnosed with opiate use disorder severe, amphetamine use disorder
severe, post traumatic stress disorder, and unspecified depressive disorder.
Respondent was not compliant with her substance abuse treatments and continued
to struggle with her sobriety, testing positive for amphetamines and
methamphetamines on 10 June 2020. The court found that respondent was not
making reasonable progress on her case plan and that there remained significant
barriers to reunification. ¶7 On 23 December 2020, DSS filed a motion to terminate respondent’s parental
rights in Mary, James, and Joy, alleging that grounds existed for termination based
on neglect and willfully leaving the minor children in foster care without showing
reasonable progress in correcting the conditions which led to the removal of the
children from the home. See N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1)–(2). ¶8 On 7 April 2021, the trial court held a hearing on the motion to terminate
respondent’s parental rights. In a 1 June 2021 adjudication order, the trial court
found that respondent had not completed substance abuse treatment as required by
her case plan, had tested positive for illicit substances on six drug screens, had not
IN RE M.B., J.B., J.S.
2022-NCSC-96
Opinion of the Court
maintained safe and stable housing, and was not employed. The trial court further
found that respondent was not making reasonable progress under the circumstances
in correcting the conditions that led to the removal of the children and, therefore,
grounds existed to terminate respondent’s parental rights under N.C.G.S. § 7B-
1111(a)(1) and (2). In a separate disposition order entered the same day, the court
concluded that it was in the children’s best interests that respondent’s parental rights
be terminated and terminated respondent’s parental rights. Respondent timely
appealed. ¶9 On appeal, respondent argues that the trial court failed to make certain
necessary determinations regarding both grounds for termination. First, respondent
contends that the trial court failed to make the necessary determination that there
was a probability of repetition of neglect under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1). Second,
respondent contends that the trial court failed to make the necessary determination
that her failure to make reasonable progress was willful under N.C.G.S. § 7B-
1111(a)(2).4
II. Analysis
¶ 10 “Our Juvenile Code provides for a two-step process for termination of parental
rights proceedings consisting of an adjudicatory stage and a dispositional stage.” In
IN RE M.B., J.B., J.S.
2022-NCSC-96
Opinion of the Court
re Z.A.M., 374 N.C. 88, 94, (2020) (citing N.C.G.S. §§ 7B-1109, 1110 (2019)). At the
adjudicatory stage, the petitioner bears the burden of proving by “clear, cogent, and
convincing evidence” the existence of one or more grounds for termination under
N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a). N.C.G.S. § 7B-1109(e)–(f) (2021). We review an adjudication
order “to determine whether the findings are supported by clear, cogent and
convincing evidence and the findings support the conclusions of law.” In re E.H.P.,
372 N.C. 388, 392 (2019) (quoting In re Montgomery, 311 N.C. 101, 111 (1984)).
“Findings of fact not challenged by respondent are deemed supported by competent
evidence and are binding on appeal.” In re T.N.H., 372 N.C. 403, 407 (2019). “The
trial court’s conclusions of law are reviewable de novo on appeal.” In re C.B.C., 373
N.C. 16, 19 (2019).
A. Adjudication Under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1)
¶ 11 First, respondent argues that the trial court erred in concluding that grounds
existed to terminate her parental rights based on neglect because it failed to
determine the likelihood of a repetition of neglect. We agree, and therefore vacate
this portion of the trial court’s orders. ¶ 12 Pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1), a trial court may terminate parental
rights upon a finding that the parent has neglected the juvenile. Generally,
“[t]ermination of parental rights based upon this statutory ground requires a showing
of neglect at the time of the termination hearing.” In re L.H., 378 N.C. 625, 2021-
IN RE M.B., J.B., J.S.
2022-NCSC-96
Opinion of the Court
NCSC-110, ¶ 10 (quoting In re R.L.D., 375 N.C. 838, 841 (2020)). However, in
instances where “the child has been separated from the parent for a long period of
time, there must be a showing of a likelihood of future neglect by the parent.” Id.
(emphasis added) (quoting In re R.L.D., 375 N.C. at 841). “In such cases, a trial court
may terminate parental rights based upon prior neglect of the juvenile if the trial
court finds by clear and convincing evidence a probability of repetition of neglect if the
juvenile were returned to [his or] her parents.” In re E.L.E., 243 N.C. App. 301, 308
(2015) (cleaned up) (emphasis added). ¶ 13 Because it lacks a crystal ball, a trial court may consider many past and
present factors to make this forward-looking determination. See In re L.H., ¶ 17
(“[W]hile any determination of a likelihood of future neglect is inevitably predictive
in nature, the trial court’s findings were not based on pure speculation.”). For
instance, a trial court “must consider evidence of changed circumstances occurring
between the period of past neglect and the time of the termination hearing.” In re
Z.V.A., 373 N.C. 207, 212 (2019). Likewise, a trial court may consider “whether the
parent has made any meaningful progress in eliminating the conditions that led to
the removal of the children.” In re O.W.D.A., 375 N.C. 645, 654 (2020) (quoting In re
J.H.K., 215 N.C. App. 364, 369 (2011)). When these factors evidence “a likelihood of
repetition of neglect, the trial court may reach a conclusion of neglect under
[N.C.G.S.] § 7B-1111(a)(1).” In re J.H.K., 215 N.C. App. at 368.
IN RE M.B., J.B., J.S.
2022-NCSC-96
Opinion of the Court ¶ 14 However, these are only factors within the trial court’s ultimate determination
of a likelihood of future neglect; noting the factors alone does not amount to making
the determination itself. After noting these factors, the trial court must then
distinctly determine a parent’s likelihood of neglecting a child in the future. See, e.g.,
In re L.H., ¶ 11 (affirming a trial court’s termination of parental rights under
N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1) because the trial court “ultimately determined there was a
substantial likelihood that the children would again be neglected if returned to
respondent’s care based on [various factual] findings” (emphasis added)); In re Reyes,
136 N.C. App. 812, 815 (2000) (“[P]arental rights may . . . be terminated if there is a
showing of a past adjudication of neglect and the trial court finds by clear and
convincing evidence a probability of repetition of neglect if the juvenile were returned
to [his or] her parents.” (emphasis added)). When the trial court fails to distinctly
determine that there is a likelihood of future neglect, “the ground of neglect is
unsupported by necessary findings of fact.” In re E.L.E., 243 N.C. App. at 308. Even
when “competent evidence in the record exists to support such a finding, . . . the
absence of this necessary finding [still] requires reversal.” Id. ¶ 15 Here, the trial court found the component factors but did not make the ultimate
determination. While the trial court made extensive unchallenged findings in the
adjudication order regarding respondent’s lack of progress on her case plan, the trial
court’s order is devoid of any distinct determination of whether there was a likelihood
IN RE M.B., J.B., J.S.
2022-NCSC-96
Opinion of the Court
of future neglect should the children be returned to respondent’s care. Because the
children had been outside of respondent’s care for an extended period of time, such a
determination “was necessary to sustain the conclusion that respondent’s parental
rights were subject to termination based on neglect.” In re B.R.L., 379 N.C. 15, 2021-
NCSC-119, ¶ 23. ¶ 16 To be sure, the trial court’s findings of fact regarding respondent’s lack of
progress could have been sufficient to support a determination of a likelihood of
future neglect. See, e.g., In re O.W.D.A., 375 N.C. at 654. For instance, the trial court’s
unchallenged findings of fact demonstrated that respondent “ha[d] not obtained or
maintained safe, suitable, and stable housing” and “ha[d] no visible means to support
herself.” But as written, the trial court’s order fails to make the necessary and distinct
determination of a likelihood of future neglect. This failure constitutes reversible
error. Accordingly, we vacate this portion of the trial court’s orders and remand the
matter to the trial court for consideration of whether there was a likelihood of
repetition of neglect. ¶ 17 Because we conclude that termination of respondent’s parental rights cannot
be upheld under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1), we next turn to the trial court’s conclusion
that grounds existed for termination under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(2).
B. Adjudication Under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(2)
¶ 18 Second, respondent argues that the trial court erred in concluding that grounds
IN RE M.B., J.B., J.S.
2022-NCSC-96
Opinion of the Court
existed under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(2) to terminate her parental rights because it
failed to make any determination that her lack of progress was willful. We agree, and
therefore vacate this portion of the trial court’s orders as well. ¶ 19 Subsection 7B-1111(a)(2) provides that parental rights may be terminated if
“[t]he parent has willfully left the juvenile in foster care or placement outside the
home for more than 12 months without showing to the satisfaction of the court that
reasonable progress under the circumstances has been made in correcting those
conditions which led to the removal of the juvenile.” N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(2).
Termination under this ground requires the trial court to perform a two-step analysis where it must determine by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence whether (1) a child has been willfully left by the parent in foster care or placement outside the home for over twelve months, and (2) the parent has not made reasonable progress under the circumstances to correct the conditions which led to the removal of the child.
In re Z.A.M., 374 N.C. at 95. “The willfulness of a parent’s failure to make reasonable
progress toward correcting the conditions that led to a child’s removal from the family
home is established when the parent had the ability to show reasonable progress, but
was unwilling to make the effort.” In re A.S.D., 378 N.C. 425, 2021-NCSC-94, ¶ 10
(cleaned up). ¶ 20 This Court has previously determined that a trial court must make a finding
of a parent’s willfulness in relation to termination of parental rights pursuant to
N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(7) for willful abandonment. See In re K.N.K., 374 N.C. 50, 53
IN RE M.B., J.B., J.S.
2022-NCSC-96
Opinion of the Court
(2020) (“The willfulness of a parent’s actions is a question of fact for the trial court”);
In re N.D.A., 373 N.C. 71, 81 (2019) (concluding that a trial court’s “fail[ure] to
adequately address the . . . willfulness of [respondent’s] conduct” rendered the
findings insufficient to support termination based on willful abandonment); cf. In re
N.M.H., 375 N.C. 637, 643–44 (2020) (affirming an adjudication of willful
abandonment as a ground for termination despite the trial court’s failure to use the
statutory language because the findings “ultimately support[ed] the conclusion that
respondent’s conduct met the statutory criterion of willful abandonment[,]” and
“when read in context, the trial court’s order makes clear that the court applied the
proper willfulness standard to determine that respondent willfully abandoned the
child under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(7)”). Likewise, the Court of Appeals has reversed
a trial court’s termination of parental rights on the ground of willful failure to make
reasonable progress because the trial court’s order did “not contain adequate findings
of fact that respondent acted ‘willfully[,]’ ” In re C.C., 173 N.C. App. 375, 384 (2005),
when the order was “devoid of any finding that respondent was ‘unwilling to make
the effort’ to make reasonable progress in remedying the situation that led to the
adjudication of neglect[,]” id. at 383. ¶ 21 Based on these precedents, we are persuaded that the trial court was required
to make a finding of willfulness to support its termination of respondent’s parental
rights under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(2) in this case.
IN RE M.B., J.B., J.S.
2022-NCSC-96
Opinion of the Court ¶ 22 As above, the trial court’s orders here falls short of this requirement: they lack
any determination that respondent’s conduct was willful. Although the trial court
made extensive findings regarding respondent’s lack of progress on her case plan, it
neither found nor concluded that respondent willfully left the children in foster care
without making reasonable progress or that respondent’s lack of progress met the
statutory criteria under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(2). Accordingly, we hold that the trial
court’s findings are insufficient to support its conclusion that grounds existed to
terminate respondent’s parental rights pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(2) and
vacate this portion of the trial court’s orders. However, we note that evidence was
presented during the adjudicatory stage from which the trial court could have made
additional findings of fact addressing the willfulness of respondent’s failure to make
progress on her case plan. We therefore remand the matter back to the trial court for
further factual findings on this ground.
III. Conclusion
¶ 23 Because the trial court failed to make necessary determinations on
adjudication under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1) and (2), we vacate the court’s orders
terminating respondent’s parental rights and remand the matter for further
proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion, including the entry of a new order
determining whether respondent’s parental rights were subject to termination based
on neglect and willful failure to make reasonable progress. See In re C.L.H., 376 N.C.
IN RE M.B., J.B., J.S.
2022-NCSC-96
Opinion of the Court 614, 2021-NCSC-1, ¶ 17 (vacating and remanding for further proceedings “[w]here . . . the trial court’s adjudicatory findings were insufficient to support its conclusion that termination of the parent’s rights was warranted, but the record contained additional evidence that could have potentially supported a conclusion that termination was appropriate” (cleaned up)). The trial court may, in the exercise of its discretion, receive additional evidence on remand if it elects to do so. See In re N.D.A., 373 N.C. at 84.
VACATED AND REMANDED.
Justice BERGER dissenting. ¶ 24 The majority’s elevation of form over substance only serves to delay final
resolution of this matter. Because the trial court entered a detailed order sufficient
to terminate respondent’s parental rights under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1) and (2), I
respectfully dissent. ¶ 25 Here, the trial court’s unchallenged findings of fact demonstrate respondent’s
inability to provide “safe, suitable, and stable housing” for the children at the time of
the termination hearing. Additionally, the trial court found that respondent had
reported “no stable employment” and “has no visible means of support” to provide for
her children going forward. The trial court indicated that at the time of the hearing,
respondent “ha[d] failed to achieve stability for herself and her children.” ¶ 26 Moreover, the trial court made extensive unchallenged findings in the
adjudication order regarding respondent’s lack of progress on her case plan. The
juveniles had been in the custody of DSS for two years, and the trial court outlined
respondent’s failure to complete the substance abuse treatment and parenting
programs, pointing to her excessive absences, “lack of engagement,” and continued
“narcotic usage.” Notably, the trial court found respondent “still has ongoing
substance abuse problems and she has not completed any in-patient treatment.”
(Emphasis added.) Accordingly, the trial court found that respondent had not
demonstrated progress in resolving the issues her case plan attempted to address.
IN RE: M.B., J.B., J.S.
2022-NCSC-96
Berger, J., dissenting ¶ 27 These findings demonstrate that respondent lacked the ability to provide
proper care to Mary, James, and Joy at the time of the termination hearing and are
indicative of a likelihood of future neglect if the children were returned to
respondent’s care. See In re M.A., 374 N.C. 865, 870, 844 S.E.2d 916, 920–21 (2020);
see also Matter of L.E.W., 375 N.C. 124, 136, 846 S.E.2d 460, 469 (2020) (“the
willfulness of a parent’s failure to make reasonable progress toward correcting the
conditions that led to a child’s removal from the family home ‘is established when the
[parent] had the ability to show reasonable progress, but was unwilling to make the
effort.’ ”) Though the trial court could have provided additional findings in its order,
those it did include support its conclusion to terminate respondent’s parental rights.
Chief Justice NEWBY joins in this dissenting opinion.
Footnotes
[1] Pseudonyms are used throughout the opinion to protect the identities of the children and for ease of reading.
[2] Mary and James share the same father, who is deceased.
[3] Joy’s father is not a party to this appeal.
[4] Respondent does not challenge the trial court’s determination that termination of her parental rights was in the best interests of the children.