Barboro v. Boyle

Habt, J. A. S. Barboro and others, as trustees for the Five Lakes Outing Olub, a voluntary, unincorporated association, instituted this action in the chancery court against Thos. R. Boyle and others for the purpose of restraining them from hunting land fishing upon lands alleged to belong to plaintiffs. The plaintiffs held legal title to certain lands in the peninsula formed by Horse Shoe Lake in Crittenden County, Arkansas. Horse Shoe Lake, >as its name implies, is a horse shoe shaped body of water, and was likely at one time a part of the bed of the Mississippi River. It is seven miles long .and has an average depth of eighteen feet. It was connected with the Mississippi River by Buck Bayou, and in 1905, the St. Francis Levee District constructed its levee across Buck Bayou, and this had the effect of damming up the water in Horse .Shoe Lake about five feet above its ordinary level. In 1910, the plaintiffs installed a siphon to pump the water on the outside of the levee in such quantities as to reduce the bed of the lake to its ordinary level. After the siphon had been installed a few years, it was allowed to get out of repair and has not been used since. It is the contention of counsel for the plaintiffs that Horse iShoe Lake is la meandered, nonnavigable body of water, and evidence was introduced by them tending to establish this fact. On the other hand, it is the contention -of the defendants that Horse iShoe Lake is a navigable body of water, and evidence was introduced by them to establish this contention. The evidence on the question of the navigability of the lake will be considered later. The 'chancellor held that Horse Shoe Lake is a navigable stream, but granted to the plaintiffs an injunction restraining the defendants from, hunting or fishing -within certain limits which are stated in the decree, and which will he more particularly referred to later on. The plaintiffs have -appealed. (1) The riparian owner upon a navigable stream, deriving title from the United States, takes only to high water mark, the title to the bed of the stream being in the State. St. Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Ramsey, 53 Ark. 314. The riparian owner upon ,a nonnavigable stream is entitled to the center of it, ratably with the other riparian proprietors, the extent of his interest depending upon his frontage upon the lake. Rhodes v. Cissel, 82 Ark. 367; Little v. Williams, 88 Ark. 37; Glasscock v. National Box Co., 104 Ark. 154. The question of the navigability of Horse Shoe Lake was one of fact, and as tending to -show that it was navigable, defendants introduced witnesses whose evidence tended to establish the following facts: Horse Shoe Lake is situated in the southeast part of Crittenden County, and was probably once a part of the bed of the Mississippi River; the average width of the body of water is about a half mile, and the average depth about -eighteen feet; beginning at the southeast end of the lake, there is about ten feet of water which runs out to shallow water about eighteen inches deep; further north, the lake widens out and becomes -about two thousand feet wide, and the water from twenty-five to thirty feet deep ; the lake is about seven miles long, and is. deep enough and wide -enough to float the largest steamers that ply the Mississippi River; the outside rim of the lake is a bluff bank and boats could be landed almost anywhere along it; the inside bank of the lake is sloping;.there are ¡a number of skiffs and gasoline boats on the lake used by the riparian owners; the lake is free from snags, and there is nothing to interfere with the navigation of large steamboats; the water is clear and the lake is full of -all -kinds of game fish; in the fall, ducks come there in vast numbers, and remain in that vicinity during the winter and at irregular intervals the ripairan owners have used the lake for the purpose of carrying by boat, freight from one point on the lake to another. The plaintiffs own a large body of land Within the peninsula and it abuts the inner banks of the lake. The defendants also own land which abuts upon the lake. The testimony on the part of plaintiffs tends to- show that Horse Shoe Lake has never been used regularly foi the purpose of commercial navigation, and -that timber and products of the soil have been transported on the body of the lake only at irregular intervals, and never for any continuous series of years; that the soil adjacent to the lake is somewhat marshy, and is not adapted to the building of -roads; and that it would be difficult to build roads leading from the lake to any populous center. . In the case of Donnelly v. United States, 228 U. S. 243, 30 Am. & Eng. Ann. Cas., 710, the court held that what should be deemed navigable water within the meaning of the local rules of property in the bed of a stream, is for the determination of the several (States. In the case of the Little Rock, Mississippi River & Texas Rd. Co. v. Brooks et al., 39 Ark. 403, the court said: “By the American doctrine, tide water, as a criterion''1' of navigable character, has been discarded. Nor is it any objection to the public easement for navigation, that riparian proprietors of lands, along fresh waters, own to the thread of ithe stream. Nor is it necessary that the stream should be capable of floating boats or rafts the whole, or even the greater part of the year. -Upon the other hand, it is not sufficient to impress navigable character, that there may be extraordinary times of transient freshets, when- boats might be floated out. For, if this were so, almost all insignificant streams would be. navigable. The true criterion is the dictate of sound business common sense, and depends on the usefulness of the stream to the population of its banks, as a means of carrying off the products of their fields and forests, or bringing to them articles of merchandise. If, in its natural^ state, without artificial' improvements, it may be prudently melded upon and used for that purpose at some seasons of the year, recurring'with tolerable regularity, then, in the American sense, it' is navigable, although the annual time may not be very long. Products may be ready and boats prepared, and it may thus become a very great convenience ¡and materially promote the comfort, and advance the prosperity of’ the community. But it is evident that sudden freshets at uncertain times can not be made available for such purposes. No prudent man could afford the expense of preparation for such 'events, or could trust to such uncertainty in getting to market. The result of the authorities is this, that usefulness for purposes of transportation, for rafts, boats, or barges, gives navi-' gable character, reference being had to its natural state, rather than to its .average depth the year round.” ^ The chief contention of counsel for ¡the plaintiffs is that the waters of the lake are not ¡adapted to the purpose of navigation, and that they can never be used for that purpose, successfully, :as a financial venture. We do not regard that as an exclusive test of the navigability of the X^lake. (2) It is true the testimony shows that Horse Shoe ^Lake has never been employed for the purpose of commercial navigation .except at irregular intervals. But the testimony of the defendants shows that it is susceptible of that use. The fact that the lake has never been employed for the purpose of transporting the products of the farmers along its banks is no evidence that it may not be so x used in the future. It is the policy of this .State to encourage the use of its water courses for any useful or beneficial purpose. There may be other public uses than the y V .carrying on of commerce of pecuniary value. The culture of rice is being developed in this .State, and the waters of the lake could be used for the purpose of flooding the rice fields and for other agricultural purposes. As the population of the State increases, the banks of the lake may become more thickly populated, 'and the water could be used for domestic purposes. Pleasure resorts might even be built upon the banks of the lake and the water might be needed for municipal purposes. Moreover, the -waters of the lake might ibe used to a much greater extent — for boating for pleasure, for bathing, fishing land hunting, than they are now used. Lamprey v. State, 52 Minn. 181, 18 L. R. A. 670. As said in the opinion in the case just cited, “to hand over all these lakes to private 'ownership, under any old or narrow test of navigability, (would be a greiat wrong upon the public for all time, the extent of which can not, perhaps, be now even anticipated. ’ ’ Therefore, we are of the opinion that Horse Shoe Lake is navigable within the meaning and spirit of our former decisions. The chancellor granted an injunction in favor of the plaintiffs, and decreed that the defendants should not hunt or fish within certain defined limits, and it is contended by counsel for the plaintiffs that the court erred in defining those limits. From the southwest corner of Horse Shoe Lake Buck Bayou extends into the Mississippi River. When the St. Francis Levee District built its levee across Buck Bayou in 1905, it caused the waters of Horse Shoe Lake to be raised about five feet, and the plaintiffs ’ lands being on the side of the lake where the bank sloped, this resulted in the flooding of some of their property. In 1910 they installed a siphon for the purpose of drawing up the water within the lake and emptying it on the outside of the levee, and in this way reducing 'the waters of the lake to their former level. In about two years the siphon became choked up, and was not used ¡any further. (3) It may be said that the St. Francis Levee District was ¡given the power to construct a levee1, and, by the exercise of the right of eminent domain, to take whatever lands were necessary for that purpose. They did not acquire the lands of plaintiffs ¡either by purchase or by the exercise of the right of eminent domain, ¡and therefore plaintiffs had the right to pump the water out of the lake so that the waters might be restored to their former level, and thus prevent the flooding of their lands. When this right is conceded to plaintiffs, it is contended by their counsel that the chancery court erred in defining the limits of their lands upon which the defendants might hunt and fish. But we need not consider this question for the reason that we are of the opinion that the. chancellor should not have issued any injunction. In the early settlement of this State, there was much waste and forest 'land, and an abundance of all kinds of game on them. It was never considered that a person hunting upon the uninelosed lands of another was a trespasser. See Bizzell v. Booker, 16 Ark. 308. (4) By section 1913 of Kirby’s Digest, which was enacted January 21, 1875, persons were prohibited from ranging or hunting on the enclosed land of another without the consent of the owner previously obtained, and such .acts - constitute a trespass. A like section is contained in the game law passed at the recent session of the Legislature, and approved March 11,1915. Thus it will be seen that a person has the exclusive right to hunt and fish upon Ms enclosed land land private grounds, and that he should ibe entitled to equitable relief to prevent interference with that right. If it should be urged that injunctive relief should not be granted in such oases 'because a civil action for trespass would lie against the defendants, and that the offending parties might ibe prosecuted criminally under the statute above referred to, it may be said that such action upon the part of the land owner would require a multiplicity of suits and would afford no- adequate relief. Our statute makes it unlawful to express or carry beyond the limits of the State any game fish or game of any description, and the statute has been held to he a valid one. Fritz v. State, 88 Ark. 571. The record shows that the plaintiffs have expended much money upon their property, and that the right to hunt and fish on it is highly prized by them. As we have already seen, they have the exclusive right to hunt .and fish on their own lands when they are enclosed. To hold that such rights are not of sufficient importance for the court to protect them by injunction, would be to deprive property owners of 'substantial rights, and to encourage wrong-doers in trespassing on their lands, for there could he no substantial recovery in ¡a civil (action for trespass. Counsel for plaintiffs contend that the lands are enclosed, and that for that reason they are entitled to in-junctive relief. ' The record shows that the lands border upon the side of the (bank of the lake which slopes, ¡and that ¡a fence was built ¡around that part of the land which did not border upon the lake, ¡but that the greater part of their land did border upon the lake. (5) Whether or not a natural barrier may be of such a character as to serve as part of (an enclosure depends upon the peculiar facts of each case. See Dowdle v. Wheeler, 76 Ark. 529. Whether or not they are in any given case is a question of fact. In determining that question, the quality, locality, character and condition of the land ©ought to' be appropriated or set apart from the adjoining land for the exclusive use of the parties who erected the barrier, should be considered. The size of the tract, its condition and appropriate use, with the surrounding circumstances, should be considered in determining whether the natural barriers, taken in connection with the artificial barriers are sufficient to notify the public that the land has been appropriated, and to impart to the claim of appropriation the indication of ownership which is necessary. The banks of the lake on the outer rim ,are steep, but the inside banks next to the land of the plaintiffs are sloping. The land rises gradually, and it is difficult to tell where the high water mark is on that side of the lake. As we have already ©een, the title to the bed of the lake to high water mark is in the State for the use of the public, and the public have -a right to hunt and fish therein. There is nothing on the bank adjacent to plaintiff’s land to indicate where the high water mark is; and, under these circumstances, we do not think the bank of the lake is sufficient indication of the ownership of the plaintiffs, taken in connection with the artificial barriers, to constitute an enclosure. For the reason that the public ha© ia right to hunt on the unenclosed lands of another, the chancellor should not have granted íany injunction. But the defendants have not taken -an appeal in this case, and the injunction granted iby the chancellor must stand. It follows that the decree will be 'affirmed.