Oklahoma State Bank v. Bank of Central Arkansas

McCulloch, iC. J. This action was instituted in the circuit court of Lonoke 'County, 'and after the issues were joined in the pleadings, the case was by agreement of parties transferred to the chancery court of that county .and proceeded there to a final decree. The plaintiff, O. M. Keys Commission Company, a corporation doing business at East St. Louis, Illinois, claims- an indebtedness against defendant, T. J. Muse, in the sum of $1,166.30, of which the sum of $1,150 was incurred by .a draft drawn by Muse on ©aid plaintiff in favor of one Ben Wildmaa, which said draft was 'deposited by Wildman for collection with the garnishee, Bank of Central Arkansas, at Lonoke, and paid by the plaintiff to said garnishee. R. F. Johnson and Oklahoma State Bank, a banking institution of Ada, Oklahoma, were both joined as defendants and a writ of garnishment was issued and served on the B'ank of Central Arkansas. It was alleged'in the complaint that the defendant Muse fraudulently represented to 'the plaintiff that said draft was drawn for the price of cattle purchased iand shipped to plaintiff, and that the draft was drawn for the purpose of obtaining funds to pay a note of Muse to Johnson, which had been sent for collection by the Oklahoma State B.ank to the Bank of Central Arkansas. It is further 'alleged that Johnson was the owner of the note iand that he was aware of the design of Muse to obtain money from the plaintiff on false representations 'concerning the purchase of cattle in order to secure the payment of the draft for use in applying on the note. Defendant, Oklahoma State Bank, filed an answer and cross-complaint, claiming to be the owner of the note referred to in the complaint by assignment from Johnson, and alleging that siaid sum of $1,150, together with the additional sum of $220, also received by the Bank of Central Arkansas from Muse, had been applied on the note, and prayed for judgment against the B,ank of Central Arkansas for the amount so applied on the note, but which had not in fact been remitted to said Oklahoma State Bank. . The facts of the case as developed in the testimony are as follows: The plaintiff was engaged, in the cattle commission business at East St. Louis, and defendant Muse, who was operating ¡as a cattle buyer in Oklahoma and Arkansas, opened up an account with the commission ■company for advances of money in payment of the drafts drawn on shipments of cattle which were to be sold on the market by the commission company for Muse. On -September 23, 1913, Muse drew -a draft on the plaintiff in favor of Ben Wildman for $1,150, and deposited the same for collection with the Bank of Central Arkansas. The amount of this draft was passed to the credit of Muse on that day by the Biauk of Central Arkansas and the draft was forwarded for collection -and promptly paid by plaintiff on presentation. Muse executed his negotiable promissory note to defendant, R. F. Johnson, for the sum of $1,550, dated June 26, 1913, payable October 1 after date. Johnson assigned the note before maturity to the Oklahoma State Bank, and on September 4, 1913, Oklahoma State Bank forwarded the note to the Bank of Central Arkansas for collection. This was done at the suggestion or upon the direction of Muse. The note was sent in the regular course of 'business with the usual instructions concerning the collection land return of the funds. Wildman testified that when he deposited the draft with the Bunk of Central Arkansas for collection, he instructed the cashier to credit the ©ame upon the note, but that (statement is disputed by the cashier, who in his testimony sayis that the instructions were merely to credit the amount to Muse, which he did, land furnished Wildman a deposit slip showing such a credit to the account of Muse. On October 3 the cashier of the Oklahoma State Bank addressed a communication to the Bank of Central Arkansas concerning the Muse note which had been sent for collection, and inquired what amounts if any had been paid on the note and what was thought of the prospect for an early collection. The cashier of the Bank of Central Arkansas answered, stating that a draft on St. Louis for $1,150 had been sent for collection and that the cashier thought that ‘ ‘ everything will be ¡all right this week. ’ ’ It appears from the testimony that at that time the Bank of Central Arkansas had received a report of the payment of the St. Louis draft and that the money was then standing on the books of the bank to the credit of Muse. Plaintiff sent one of its agents to Arkansas to look into the affairs of Muse, and ©aid agent visited Des Arc, where Muse had been buying cattle, and also went to Lonoke on October 19 .and called to see the cashier of the Blank of Central Arkansas, 'and informed him of the condition of Muse’s account with plaintiff and that Muse’s conduct in the transaction was wrongful. This agent ais'o informed the cashier of the Bank of Central Arkansas that a suit against Muse would he instituted, and asked that the deposit to Muse’s credit be not disturbed until after the papers could be gotten out for a suit. Wildman called up the Bank, of Central Arkansas from Des Arc on October 20' and gave instructions to apply the .amount of the $1,150 collection on the Muse note. This was done by Wildman upon instructions of Muse. Wildman testified that Muse instructed him to do so, and that ¡statement is not controverted. The ¡cashier made reply to Wildman that it would be done. The statement of the cashier was that he replied ‘ tall right. ’ ’ The cashier thereupon made a pencil indorsement on the back of the note, as follows: “Paid $1,150, 10-20-13.” The cashier also made out a charge slip directing the sum of $1,150 to be charged to Muse on Ms account. He placed the ¡charge slip on the hook .and the bookkeeper ¡subsequently entered it up on. Muse’s account, charging him with $1,150. On the night of October 20, the oasMer consulted the attorney of the bank, who told Mm that in view of the prospect of a suit he had better not remit the proceeds to the Oklahoma .State Biank but ¡should hold the ¡same for further development. TMs suit was instituted on October 21, 1913, and the writ of garnishment was served on the Biank of 'Central Arkansas on that date. The next day (October 22), the casMer erased the pencil indorsement on the note and caused the bookkeeper to credit the ¡sum of $1,150 back to Muse, .and the account stands, in that shape to this date. There was also a credit of $220 to. Muse’s account, in addition to $1,150, and the chancellor rendered a decree in favor of the Oklahoma State Bank for said amount of $220, ¡and that sum has thus ¡been eliminated from the controversy. The chancellor decided that at the time the garnishment was served, the funds standing to the credit of Muse had not been applied on the note ¡owned by the Oklahoma State Bank and were therefore subject to the plaintiff’s garnishment. The evidence establishes (beyond controversy the fact that Muse induced .the plaintiff by false representations to pay the draft wMch he had drawn in favor of Wildman, and the evidence is also convincing that Wildman, who acted as agent of Muse, participated in the fraudulent scheme to secure the money from plaintiff. There is, however, no testimony tending to show that the defendant, Oklahoma State Bank, participated in this fraud or that it was not .an innocent purchaser of the Muse note for value before maturity. There is nothing in the record that would warrant a finding against the good faith of the Oklahoma State Bank in the transaction. (1-2) It is, ias contended Iby counsel for appellant, well settled by the authorities that money which has been misappropriated, or which has been obtained by fraud and afterward paid to an innocent party, can not be recovered. Holly v. Missionary Society, 180 U. S. 284. This results from the well established rióle that money can not be recovered from one who in good faith took it in the dne course of business. The reason on which the rule is •founded is stated by the New York Court of Appeals in the case of Hatch v. National Bank, 147 N. Y. 184, as follows : “This doctrine goes upon the ground that money has no earmark, that in general it can not be identified as chattels may he, and that to permit in every case of the payment of a debt an inquiry as to the source from which the debtor derived the money land a recovery if shown to (have been dishonestly (acquired, would disorganize all business operations, and entail an .amount of risk and uncertainty which no enterprise could bear. The rule is founded upon a sound general policy as well as upon that principle of justice which determines, as between innocent parties, upon whom the loss should fall under the existing circumstances. ’ ’ (3) But if we give full force to those well-settled principles, their operation does not prevent plaintiff from recovering the funds which it was induced by fraud to pay out. It is shown by the evidence that Wildman was the agent of Muse in the transaction .and participated in the latter’s fraudulent scheme to draw a draft and induce the plaintiff to part with its funds in payment thereof. Wild-man indorsed the draft tand turned it over to the Bank of Central Arkansas, tand that bank, according to the testimony of the cashier, received the draft for collection and credit to- the account of Muse. In other words, the B>ank of Central Arkansas became the .agent of Muse for the coUeotion of the draft, .and when it ¡received the money it received it as Muse’s .agent. The case is really no stronger if we accept Wildman’s statement that he delivered the draft to the Blank of ¡Central Arkansas for collection iand credit on the note, for even in that event the B:anik of Central Arkansas was. the agent of Muse for the purpose of coUeotion, and it remained the funds of Muse until it was actually appropriated in the manner directed. Now, the Bank of Central Arkansas, as before stated, when it received the funds from plaintiff, received them as the funds o.f Muse; .and if plaintiff is entitled to recover the funds from Muse, on account of the payment having been wrongfully procured by fraudulent misrepresentations, it can also recover from the Bank of Central Arkansas as Muse’s agent. The fact that the bank placed the funds to Muse’s credit, even though it thereby constituted itself the debtor of Muse to that extent, did not change the character of the transaction so as to prevent the plaintiff from recovering the funds as long as the same were held :by the bank. As ¡soon as the plaintiff gave notice to the bank that the payment of the draft had been wrongfully obtained, it was the duty of the bank to hold the funds as those of the plaintiff, and there was a right of action as for money had and1 received ¡against the bank from that moment. Arkansas National Bank v. Martin, 110 Ark. 578. The proof in this case is that the day before the cashier of the Bank of Central Arkansas attempted to appropriate the funds to the note held by the Oklahoma State Biank, plaintiff’s agent gave notice to the cashier of the Bank of Central Arkansas of Muse’s wrongful conduct which procured the payment of the draft. According to the testimony of the cashier, there was enough siai'd to ■him by the plaintiff’s agent to. put him upon notice that the funds had been wrongfully procured, ¡and under those circumstances the bank had no right to pay the funds out to another party. Arkansas National Bank v. Martin, supra; Carroll Co. Bank v. Rhodes, 69 Ark. 43. In other words, under the proof which establishes beyond dispute that the payment 'of the funds was induced !by fraud, the funds remained in fact the property of the plaintiff as the true owner, and from the time that the Bank of 'Central Arkansas received inf ormation concerning the truth of. the transaction, it 'knowingly held money which belonged to the plaintiff and not to Muse. The testimony of the cashier is that he made a pencil memorandum on the note showing the payment of the sum of $1,150, and he charged that sum on Muse’s account. He states that the reason he made the indorsement in pencil was that he did not regard it as final until he was ready to make a remittance of the money and cancel the note. If the funds had in fact been the property of Muse, those acts of the cashier would have constituted an appropriation -of the funds to the payment of the note, for the funds stood to 'the credit of Muse on the books of the bank, -and Muse, through his agent, gave 'directions to make the appropriation in that way. Daniel v. St. Louis National Bank, 67 Ark. 223; Nineteenth Ward Bank v. First National Bank of South Weymouth, 184 Mass. 49; First National Bank of Birmingham v. Gibert, 123 Ala. 846, 25 L. R. A. (N. S.) 631; Note to Virginia-Carolina Chemical Co. v. Steen, 34 L. R. A. (N. S.) 734; 2 Michie on Banks and Banking, p. 1414; Howard v. Walker, 92 Tenn. 452. (4-5) But an altogether different question is presented when we consider the transaction in the light of the fact that the funds -did not really belong to Muse and ought not t'o have been appropriated to the payment of the note, for the cashier of the bank had received notice at that time that the funds were the property of the plaintiff, and therefore he had the right at 'any time before the note was cancelled and the funds remitted to the Oklahoma State Blank to withdraw the erroneous appropriation, which he did, and thereafter held the funds for the plaintiff as the rightful owner. The case stands the same as if the cashier had attempted to appropriate funds of any other individual to the payment of the note and had gone far enough to make the pencil indorsement on the note 'but had decided not to do so and refrained from forwarding the funds. Certainly the bank would not under those circumstances be held to the appropriation of the funds of another person to the payment of this note; and, as we have seen that these funds did in fact belong to the plaintiff and not to 'Muse, the right of the cashier to withdraw the attempted appropriation for the payment of the note still existed. The Bank of Central Arkansas was first brought into the case >ais garnishee, but it was made a defendant to the cross-ieomplaint .and the cause was by consent transferred to equity, and the bank, as well as ‘all other parties, was treated as a proper party to the action. We overlook, therefore, the form in which the liability of the bank was originally raised and look to the substance of the controversy as shown by the proof. Our conclusion is that upon those facts the plaintiff was entitled to recover the funds, and that defendant, Oklahoma State Bank, is not entitled •to the funds which had been wrongfully secured from the plaintiff by Muse’s fraudulent conduct. The decree is therefore affirmed.