Bourland v. Baker

Humphreys, J. Appellee instituted suit agaist appellants in the Sebastian Circuit Court, Port Snbh District, to recover $11,000, on account of an injury 'eceived by him through the alleged negligent operalon of an automobile by appellant, Queen Bourland, wiffof appellant, James Bourland. The allegations of negligence in the complaint consisted, first, in driving theaar at a high and dangerous rate of speed; second, in driing it on the left, instead of the right-hand, side of the street, in violation of a city ordinance; third, in drivi;g° it without giving the proper warning or keeping the pupor lookout when approaching appellant.. Appellants filed answer, denying the material allegations in the complaint, and pleading the negligerce of appellee as the proximate cause of the injury. The cause was submitted to a jury, upon the pleadings and evidence, and a verdict and judgment rendered in favor of appellee for $2,000, from which an appeal has been duly prosecuted to this court. Appellee was injured by an automobile driven by appellant, Queen Bourland. When the injury occurred, he was walking south on the east side of North 13th street, about midway between the suburban railway and North 0 street. Queen Bourland was on the front, and her little boy and infant on the back seat of the chummy roadster she was driving. She was on the same side of the street and going the same direction appellee was walking. The street is straight, between the suburban railway and 0 street, and the distance between the two points about 200 yards. Appellee was near the curbing on the east side of the street. When struck, his legs were thrown under the car and his body on the outside, with his head dying very near the curbing. The car stopped just as the hind wheel reached him. He was severely injured, and, as no question is made in regard to the amount of damages recovered, it is unnecessary to set out the lature of the injury. The evidence on behalf of appellee tended to show bat the car was being rapidly driven and approached ad struck him suddenly, without signal or warning, bout two o ’clock in the afternoon of September 17,1918; tat he heard the car, stepped to the east, giving almost tb entire street, and did not look back because he ex-peled it to pass around and not strike him; that the pitee where there should have been a sidewalk was rough anc grown up in weeds; that the street was paved and tha. he had chosen the east side of the street near the curling upon which to travel, because automobiles usually traveled on the right-hand or west side of the street. The evidence of appellants tended to show that, at the timebf the injury, appellant, Queen Bourland, was driving h>r car at a slow rate of speed; that when she reached and (Tossed the suburban, she looked in front and saw nothing; that she then looked back at the baby and told her bey to sit down; that she again glanced to the front and observed appellee immediately in front of her; that lie had stepped in front of the car suddenly; that she did not see him at all until he stepped in front of the car; that she instantly shut off the engine, put on the brakes with both feet and stopped the car; that the front wheel ran over appellee, but that the hind wheel stopped just as it reached him.- It is first insisted by appellants that there is no foundation in the allegations and evidence justifying the rendition of a judgment against appellant, James Bourland, the husband of Queen Bourland. The verdict was returned and judgment rendered against James Bourland on the sole ground that a husband in this State is responsible for his wife’s torts. At the common law, a husband was liable for the torts of his wife committed in his absence. That rule of liability is still in force in Arkansas, unless abrogated by Act 159, Acts of the Legslature of 1915, known as the Married Woman’s Act. The reason existing for the rule at common law was the legal unity incident to the marriage relationship. It was reasonec' that, on account of the unity, the husband could absolutely control his wife in and out of his presence. It followe. that, because of this control, he could prevent his wif from committing a tort on another, even in his abseno The Married Woman’s Act of 1915, as construed in tt case of Fitzpatrick v. Owens, 124 Ark. 167, had the <- feet of absolutely and completely destroying the leM unity founded upon the nuptial contract. The act hs effectually severed the legal unity between husband nd wife in this State. In holding that the emancipatin' of the wife was so complete that the wife might sue the ms-band for a tort committed by him on her person,this court said, in the case of Fitzpatrick v. Owens, supra, that: “These enactments (referring to the Marries Woman’s Act antedating the Act of 1915) left but little .n the way of restrictions upon the rights of married women, but the Legislature deemed it proper to provide firther legislation to completely emancipate her, and tiny did so by this statute (referring to the Married Womai’s Act of 1915) which declares its purpose in the broadesl terms to ‘ remove the disabilities of married women. ’ An analysis of the language of the statute shows that the Legislature meant to complete the work of emancipation and to give married women all the rights and remedies possessed by unmarried women. The words ‘ to sue and be-sued’, when considered by themselves, merely enlarge the remedies of a married woman and do not enlarge her rights, but in considering the significance of those words we must do so in connection with the words which precede and which follow, and undoubtedly the use of those words serves to give a remedy for all the rights found to have been enlarged by the preceding words and those which follow. Now, the preceding words confer, in unqualified terms, the right of the married woman ‘to contract and be contracted wdth,’ and the words which follow declare in the very broadest terms her right ‘in law and equity’ to ‘enjoy all rights and be subjected to all the laws of the State as though she were a feme sole.’ If this language be given any effect at all in the light of preceding statutes enlarging the rights of the married woman, it necessarily means that a married woman is to enjoy in law and equity all the rights which she would enjoy if she still remained a single woman, and that with respect to those rights she may sue and be sued. * * * It was evidently meant to confer upon her the enjoyment of those rights and remedies, even against her husband, the same as if she were unmarried.” The legal unity, which was the reason of the rule fixing liability on the husband for his wife’s torts, having been swept away by the act, the liability is swept away. The reason being dissolved, the rule can not exist. It was therefore error to refuse to instruct the jury peremptorily to return a verdict for appellant James BourL~nd. It is insisted that the court erred in giving instruction No. 4. The instruction is as follows: “Therefore, if you find from the evidence that the defendant, Queen Bourland, operated her car in a negligent manner at the time the plaintiff was injured, as charged in plaintiff’s complaint, and that his injuries were the result of said negligence, you must find for the plaintiff, unless it affirmatively appears from the evidence that the plaintiff was at the time of his injury himself guilty of negligence contributing to the injury.” The instruction is assailed because, according to appellant’s interpretation thereof, it submitted all the allegations of negligence set up in the complaint to the jury for consideration, whether supported by evidence or not. It is true evidence was not introduced in support of every allegation of negligence in the complaint. The trend of the evidence, however, limited the issues to whether the injury resulted from fast driving, failure to give a signal of warning, failure to keep a proper lookout, or whether aue to appellee’s own negligence; and, in the absence of specific objections to the general terms in which the allegations of negligence were submitted, it will be presumed that the jury considered-only such grounds of negligence as were supported by the evidence. No specific objections were made to the instructions. Again,, appellant, Queen Bourland, requested and obtained instructions submitting separately each allegation of negligence contained in the complaint, so said appellant is in no position to complain. , The instruction is also assailed on the ground that it imposed an extraordinary degree of care upon said appellant to prevent. the injury. It is contended the instruction must be read in connection with the allegation of the complaint to the effect that appellant, Queen Bourland, injured appellee “by her failure to keep a vigilant and constant lookout for persons lawfully upon the streets.” This is only an allegation in an exaggerated form of a lack of ordinary care, and can not be treated as an instruction imposing an extraordinary degree of care upon said appellant. No such inference could have been indulged by the jury in the face of positive instructions to the contrary. Instructions Nos. 2 and 7 necessarily enlightened the jury in this regard. The instructions referred to were as follows: “Negligence, as defined and used in these instructions, is a failure to exercise ordinary care. Ordinary care is such care as a reasonably prudent and careful person would be expected to exercise under the same or like circumstances.” “The rights of pedestrians and drivers of motor cars and other vehicles have equal rights to the use of the streets of the city. It is the duty of the one to use ordinary care and caution to prevent injury to another. It is likewise the duty of the other to use ordinary care and caution to avoid being injured.” It is also contended by appellant, Queen Bourland, that the court erred in refusing to give instruction No. 11, requested by her. That instruction exempted Queen Bourland from liability if she temporarily took her eyes off the street in front to give attention to her children while driving along. Such,an act on her part might, or might not, have been negligent, dependent upon all the circumstances in the case. The instruction was properly refused. It is also contended that the case was erroneously submitted upon the theory that appellant, Queen Bourland, was liable for the injury if driving on the left-hand side of the street. It was alleged in the complaint that she was driving on the left-hand side of the street, contrary to an ordinance of the city. No such proof was made, and, under our interpretation of instruction No. 4, no such issue was submitted to the jury. The judgment is affirmed as to Queen Bourland, but is reversed and the cause dismissed as to James Bourland.