Sauerwein v. Bell

O’Connell, J. The defendants Consolidated Freight-ways, Inc., and Arthur James appeal from the judgment rendered on a jury verdict in favor of the plaintiff in this personal injury action resulting from an automobile accident. The defendants claim that the trial court erred (1) in denying their motion to set aside the — 699 — verdict, (2) in instructing the jury that Arthur James was the operator of the vehicle at issue, (3) in submitting the issue of whether the defendants had violated General Statutes § 14-251 to the jury, and (4) in improperly instructing the jury concerning the plaintiffs burden of negating the exceptions found in § 14-251. We find error. The jury could reasonably have found the following facts. On February 11,1981, at approximately 9 a.m., the plaintiff was traveling west on Route 1 in Stamford when she noticed a large white tractor trailer truck parked along the north curb of Route 1 (also known as East Main Street), near its intersection with Standish Road. The truck, which was owned by the defendant Consolidated Freightways and driven by its employee, the defendant Arthur James, was parked in such a way as partially to obstruct the right lane of the two westbound lanes of Route 1 and to block the view of the intersection. As the plaintiff passed the parked truck and approached Standish Road, a car driven by the defendant James Bell suddenly came into view in front of her car and the two vehicles collided. The defendants first claim that the trial court erred in instructing the jury that Arthur James, an employee of Consolidated Freightways, had parked the truck in question. They also contend that the trial court should have granted their motion to set aside the verdict because the plaintiff failed to prove that James had parked that truck. Due to the similar nature of these claims, we will address them together. The defendants’ answer admitted that on February 11, 1981, at approximately 9 a.m., Arthur James was the operator of a commercial vehicle owned by Freightways Consolidated, Inc.1 It also admitted that, — 700 — at 9 a.m. on Route 1, approaching the intersection of East Main Street and Standish Road, Arthur James was acting as its agent, servant or employee. They denied that at that time and place Arthur James negligently parked the truck he was operating so as to obstruct the intersection and interfere with the ability of drivers to see traffic approaching the intersection and that he violated General Statutes § 14-251.2 — 701 — A Stamford police officer who witnessed the accident testified that a white tractor trailer truck with Consolidated Freight or Freightways painted on it in green letters was parked in the traveled portion of the roadway, adjacent to a no parking sign, and that it obstructed the view of approaching traffic. There was no testimony from him or any other witness that any other Consolidated Freightways vehicle was in the vicinity. The defendants correctly point out that there was no evidence of the truck driver’s name. The officer testified that the driver was not in his truck at the time of the collision but arrived shortly thereafter. On cross-examination, the officer described the driver’s physical appearance. The issue of the driver’s identity, however, was not raised until the conclusion of the plaintiff’s case when the defendants moved the court to dismiss the action and direct a verdict in their favor. The motion was denied and without putting on evidence, the defendants rested. The court instructed the jury that “the plaintiff alleged in the amended complaint that Arthur James was the driver of the tractor trailer owned by the defendant, Consolidated Freightways, Inc., and that particular allegation has been admitted.” In their exceptions to this portion of the charge, the defendants argued that the court misstated their admissions and left the jury with the mistaken impression that the defendants admitted that James had parked the truck that caused the accident. The trial court responded by stating: “It’s admitted. . . . It is your truck as far as I heard from all the evidence in this case, from the evidence of the police officer, his description of this man and how he came out .... I feel as though the pleadings are controlling in this case, and leaving the complaint can only establish that it was your truck.” We agree with the court. — 702 — “ ‘The interpretation of pleadings is always a question of law for the court. . . ” (Citation omitted.) Cahill v. Board of Education, 198 Conn. 229, 236, 502 A.2d 410 (1985). In view of the defendants’ admissions and the evidence presented, the court correctly interpreted the defendants’ pleadings to indicate that they were disputing whether James acted negligently in parking the truck, not whether James was the person who parked the truck. Furthermore, the defendants did not file a request that the court charge on the identity of the driver. We conclude that it was not error to instruct the jury to that effect or to deny the motion to set aside the verdict. The remaining claims of error involve the court’s instructions concerning General Statutes § 14-251 which establishes rules for parking on state highways. The defendants argue that the court erred in submitting the issue of statutory negligence pursuant to General Statutes § 14-251 to the jury because the plaintiff failed to introduce evidence establishing the statute’s applicability to this case. General Statutes § 14-251 excludes certain vehicles and situations from its application and it expressly exempts any highway within the limits of an incorporated city, town or borough where the parking of vehicles is regulated by local ordinances. “Where an exception forms an integral part of . . . a statute which creates a right, it becomes a limitation upon that right, and a plaintiff, to avail himself of the benefit of the statute, must show that he comes within the limited class for whose benefit the right was established, the burden of proof in this respect being upon him”; Goodwin v. Giovenelli, 117 Conn. 103, 107, 167 A. 87 (1933); unless the defendant pleads the benefit — 703 — of the exception as an affirmative defense.3 Id.; see also Hanson v. Carroll, 133 Conn. 505, 507, 52 A.2d 700 (1947). In the present case, the defendants did not claim that this action fell within an exception to § 14-251. Furthermore, the plaintiff concedes that she failed to introduce evidence to negate the applicability of any exception in the statute, including whether the location of the defendant’s truck was governed by the statute or by an ordinance of the city of Stamford. As a result, we conclude that she failed to meet her burden of proving statutory negligence and she was not entitled to an instruction on this claim. “ ‘ “It is established law that it is error for a court to submit to the jury an issue which is wholly unsupported by the evidence. . . .” ’ ” (Citation omitted.) McGloin v. Southington, 15 Conn. App. 668, 677, 546 A.2d 906 (1988) quoting Novak v. Anderson, 178 Conn. 506, 508, 423 A.2d 147 (1979). The plaintiff contends that despite this error in the court’s charge, the general verdict rule precludes remanding this case for a new trial. The rule provides that where distinct causes of action have been pleaded and a general verdict has been rendered, it is presumed that each cause had been decided in favor of the prevailing party. Pedersen v. Vahidy, 209 Conn. 510, 512, 552 A.2d 419 (1989). It does not apply, however, where the plaintiff alleges different grounds of negligence as a basis for recovery because such grounds are often so intertwined that it is difficult to formulate interrogatories and for the jury to consider them separately. Fin — 704 — ley v. Aetna Life & Casualty Co., 202 Conn. 190, 202, 520 A.2d 208 (1987); Ziman v. Whitley, 110 Conn. 108, 114-15, 147 A.2d 370 (1929); see also Pederson v. Vahidy, supra; Velardi v. Selwitz, 165 Conn. 635, 642, 345 A.2d 527 (1974). The plaintiff argues, contrary to the established authority concerning negligence cases and the general verdict rule, that her common law claim and her statutory claim, as set forth in the fourth count of her complaint, are two distinct causes of action because she is relying on separate legal grounds. Moreover, she contends that the present case is not a situation where it would have been difficult for the defendants to formulate interrogatories and for the jury to consider them. A similar argument was made in Velardi v. Selwitz, supra, 641. There, the plaintiff also asserted common law and statutory negligence in a single count. Our Supreme Court found error in the court’s charge on the latter and stated that the application of the general verdict rule in such cases was governed by Ziman v. Whitley, supra. Ziman held that “ ‘[wjhere . . . different specifications of fact are alleged in support of one essential right, as where various grounds of negligence are alleged as a basis for a recovery for injuries resulting from a particular accident, it is the sounder policy to permit an appellant to take advantage upon appeal of errors affecting one specification of negligence only, even though no interrogatories have been submitted.” Id., 116. See also Falzone v. Gruner, 132 Conn. 415, 419, 45 A.2d 153 (1945). Hence, the plaintiff’s argument is without merit and a new trial is required. During oral argument, the plaintiff suggested that if we found reversible error, we should remand only on the issue of liability. While it is true that we may restrict a new trial to specific issues, such an order is — 705 — the exception, not the rule. Fazio v. Brown, 209 Conn. 450, 455, 551 A.2d 1227 (1988); Niles v. Evitts, 16 Conn. App. 696, 699, 548 A.2d 1352 (1988). It is warranted only “ ‘[wjhere the error as to one issue or issues is separable from the general issues . . . [and] such . . . limitation does not work injustice to the other issues or the case as a whole.’ ” Fazio v. Brown, supra, quoting Murray v. Krenz, 94 Conn. 503, 507, 109 A. 859 (1920). In the present case, we are unable to discern whether the jury’s verdict reflected its finding that the defendants’ actions constituted common law negligence, statutory negligence, or both. In addition, the defendants’ liability is not clear-cut because the jury found the plaintiff 25 percent contributorily negligent and reduced its verdict accordingly. Therefore, the issues of liability and damages are “inextricably interwoven” and both must be retried to avoid injustice. Fazio v. Brown, supra, 456-57. There is error. The case is remanded for a new trial on all issues of liability and damages. In this opinion Daly, J., concurred. Footnotes [1] The defendants waived this inaccuracy in the corporate defendant’s name. [2] “[General Statutes] Sec. 14-251. parking vehicles. No vehicle shall be permitted to remain stationary within ten feet of any fire hydrant, or upon the traveled portion of any highway except upon the right-hand side of such highway in the direction in which such vehicle is headed; and, if such highway is curbed, such vehicle shall be so placed that its right-hand wheels, when stationary, shall, when safety will permit, be within a distance of twelve inches from the curb. No vehicle shall be permitted to remain parked within twenty-five feet of an intersection or a marked crosswalk thereat, or within twenty-five feet of a stop sign caused to be erected by the traffic authority in accordance with the provisions of section 14-301. No vehicle shall be permitted to remain stationary upon the traveled portion of any highway at any curve or turn or at the top of any grade where a clear view of such vehicle may not be had from a distance of at least one hundred and fifty feet in either direction. The commissioner of transportation may post signs upon any highway at any place where the keeping of a vehicle stationary is dangerous to traffic, and the keeping of any vehicle stationary contrary to the directions of such signs shall be a violation of this section. No vehicle shall be permitted to remain stationary upon the traveled portion of any highway within fifty feet of the point where another vehicle which had previously stopped, continues to remain stationary on the opposite side of the traveled portion of the same highway. No vehicle shall be permitted to remain stationary within the limits of a public highway in such a manner as to constitute a traffic hazard or obstruct the free movement of traffic thereon, provided a vehicle which has become disabled to such an extent that it is impossible or impracticable to remove it may be permitted to so remain for a reasonable time for the purpose of making repairs thereto or of obtaining sufficient assistance to remove it. Nothing in this section shall be construed to apply to emergency vehicles and to maintenance vehicles displaying flashing lights or to prohibit a vehicle from stopping, or being held stationary by any officer, in an emergency to avoid accident or to give a right of way to any vehicle or pedestrian as provided in this chapter, or from stopping on any highway within the limits of an incorporated city, town or borough where the parking of vehicles is regulated by local ordinances. Violations of any provision of this section shall be an infraction.” [3] If the defendants had pleaded the benefit of an exception in General Statutes § 14-251 as a defense, they would then have had the burden of proving that they came within the limited class for whose benefit the exception was established. Conservation Commission v. Price, 193 Conn. 414, 424, 479 A.2d 187 (1984); Aaron v. Conservation Commission, 183 Conn. 532, 549, 441 A.2d 30 (1981).