Nichols v. Lighthouse Restaurant, Inc.

— 713 — Opinion O’CONNELL, C. J. The intervening plaintiff, Henk-els & McCoy, appeals from a summary judgment rendered against it in a negligence action arising out of a workers’ compensation claim. The sole issue is whether an employer’s right to intervene in its employee’s action, asserting a claim to recover workers’ compensation benefits from a third party tortfeasor, is subject to the applicable two year statute of limitations without regard to the timing of the employee’s action.1 The plaintiff, Charles Nichols, commenced this negligence action on August 4,1993, after he sustained injuries in a fall on August 20, 1991, while he was at the defendant restaurant, The Lighthouse Restaurant, Inc. On September 1, 1993, the plaintiffs employer, Henk-els & McCoy, intervened as a plaintiff seeking reimbursement for sums it had paid to the plaintiff under the Workers’ Compensation Act. General Statutes § 31-275 et seq. The restaurant moved for summary judgment on the intervening complaint, arguing that the two year statute of limitations applicable to negligence causes of action under General Statutes § 52-584 barred the intervening complaint.2 The trial court granted the — 714 — motion for summary judgment in favor of the restaurant and the intervening plaintiff appealed. We affirm the trial court’s judgment. Summary judgment “shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, affidavits and any other proof submitted show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. ... In deciding a motion for summary judgment, the trial court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Thompson & Peck, Inc. v. Division Dry wall, Inc., 241 Conn. 370, 374, 696 A.2d 326 (1997). As a preliminary matter, it is important to correct the fallacy in the intervening plaintiffs argument where it confuses the statute of limitations and the thirty day filing period provided by statute to an intervening third party. The intervening plaintiff mistakenly assumes the two concepts are related and misapplies Lakewood Metal Products, Inc. v. Capital Machine & Switch Co., 154 Conn. 708, 226 A.2d 392 (1967). In Lakewood Metal Products, Inc., the employee filed a motion for permission to intervene as a plaintiff, but did so beyond both the statute of limitations period and the thirty day filing period. The employee alleged that he had not received notice of the underlying complaint that was filed by the plaintiff, his employer, and was, therefore, entitled to intervene. Id., 709. The defendants argued that the employee should not be permitted to intervene because he failed to assert his claim within the applicable statute of limitations period. Id., 710. Our Supreme Court stated: “We need not . . . determine the efficacy of the defense presented by the defendants because it is prematurely raised. . . . The only — 715 — statute we need be concerned with is § 31-293 of the General Statutes. It allows intervention by the employer or the employee in an action brought by the other against a third party legally liable for a compensable injury to the employee, provided such intervention is made within thirty days after notification of the action by the other has been given. “As the plaintiff never notified [the employee], he could not be barred from intervening by the passage of the time which this statute prescribes [thirty days], because, until notice is given, the [thirty days] does not begin to run. . . . The granting of the motion to intervene will merely allow [the employee] to file his intervening complaint. . . . [A]ny defense which the defendants may wish to raise concerning statutes of limitation can then be pleaded as a special defense.” Id., 710-11. The court, therefore, held that the thirty day filing period does not begin to run until notice is given. Id., 710. This issue is separate and distinct from a statute of limitations defense. As in Lakewood Metal Products, Inc., a party may be entitled to intervene beyond the statute of limitations period simply because notice to that party was never given. The intervention invariably remains subject to a statute of limitations defense. In the present case, there is no dispute that the intervening plaintiff was notified of the plaintiffs underlying complaint and that it intervened within thirty days of that notice. The only issue here is whether the statute of limitations bars the intervening plaintiffs claim. That issue—whether an employer has a right to intervene in an employee’s lawsuit beyond the two year statute of limitations asserting a claim to recover workers’ compensation benefits from a third party tortfea-sor—was squarely addressed by this court in Packtor v. Seppala & AHO Construction Co., 33 Conn. App. — 716 — 422, 636 A.2d 383, appeal dismissed, 231 Conn. 367, 650 A.2d 534 (1994). We held that no such right exists. The facts in Packtor differ only slightly from those presently before the court. In Packtor, neither the employee nor the employer successfully filed an originating complaint against the third party tortfeasor within the applicable two year limitations period. For that reason, this court concluded that any possible intervention as plaintiff would be barred. Id., 432. In the present case, however, the plaintiff brought his lawsuit within the two year period, but the intervening plaintiff failed to file its intervening complaint until the statute of limitations period had lapsed. The intervening plaintiff mistakenly asserts that this factual distinction is sufficient to distinguish Packtor from this case. We do not agree. The corut in Packtor did not base its holding on whether the employee filed his action within the two year period when it determined the validity of the employer’s intervention as a plaintiff. Therefore, we find no support for the intervening plaintiffs contention that the statute of limitations is tolled during the thirty day filing period for an employer, when it is found that an employee did, in fact, assert a timely claim. Indeed, the Packtor court stated: “An employer who has paid, or by award has become obligated to pay, compensation may also sue the third party in his own name directly for reimbursement. If either the employer or the employee sues the third party, the other is entitled to notice and an opportunity to join in the action. . . . The issue we must determine is whether the employer’s action is itself timely filed. ... An employer has no cause of action unless the employee has a cause of action. . . . The action is not barred, however, by the employee’s procedural failure but by the failure of the employer to bring suit in a timely manner.” (Citations omitted; emphasis added.) Id., 430-31. — 717 — Thus, the Packtor court concluded that an employer has a right either to file a lawsuit against the third party tortfeasor or to intervene as a plaintiff to recover workers’ compensation benefits paid to an injured employee. Id. Each action is independent, and each is itself subject to the statute of limitations period without regard to the timeliness of any legal proceeding initiated by the injured employee. Since the employer has the option to file a lawsuit at any time during the two year statute of limitations period and may do so before the employee takes any legal action, it would be illogical to hold that the employer’s rights flow out of, or are contingent on, the time at which the employee commences the litigation. An employer’s rights against a third party tortfeasor are derivative only in the sense that “the right of the employer depends upon the employee’s right to the extent that he has no cause of action unless the employee . . . has a cause of action, and he cannot recover any more than the employee himself . . . could recover. Subject to those limitations, the right which the employer is given by the statute is his. It is not the right of the employee . . . .” Stavola v. Palmer, 136 Conn. 670, 678, 73 A.2d 831 (1950). “Since an intervening employer’s statutory right to reimbursement depends on the liability of the third party to the employee, the statute of limitations applicable to the employer’s right of action must be the same as that governing the employee’s underlying action against the tortfeasor.” Packtor v. Seppala & AHO Construction Co., supra, 33 Conn. App. 431. In this case, the two year statute of limitations applies to both the plaintiff employee and the intervening plaintiff employer because the plaintiffs underlying complaint sounded in common-law negligence.3 — 718 — Thus, the plaintiffs employer, the intervening plaintiff, had an independent right to file a lawsuit against the third party restaurant. For unspecified reasons, the intervening plaintiff failed to exercise that privilege. Instead, it chose to file an intervening complaint after the plaintiff filed his lawsuit. Unfortunately for the intervening plaintiff, the plaintiffs lawsuit was filed with less than three weeks left to the limitations period. By the time the intervening plaintiff filed its complaint, the two year limitations period had lapsed. We find nothing in the Workers’ Compensation Act that purports to extend or toll the statute of limitations. The passing of the limitations period barred the action by the intervening plaintiff. Consequently, no genuine issue of material fact remained in the case and summary judgment was appropriate. The judgment is affirmed. In this opinion LANDAU, J., concurred. Footnotes [1] General Statutes § 31-293 (a) provides in relevant part: “When any injury for which compensation is payable under the provisions of this chapter has been sustained under circumstances creating in a person other than an employer who has complied with the requirements of subsection (b) of section 31-284, a legal liability to pay damages for the injury . . . [the] employer . . . having paid, or having become obligated to pay, compensation under the provisions of this chapter may bring an action against such person to recover any amount that he has paid or has become obligated to pay as compensation to the injured employee. If the employee, [or] the employer . . . brings an action against such person, he shall immediately notify the others, in writing . . . and the others may join as parties plaintiff in the action within thirty days after such notification, and, if the others fail to join as parties plaintiff, their right of action against such person shall abate. . . [2] General Statutes § 52-584 provides in relevant part: “No action to recover damages for injury to the person, or to real or personal property, caused by negligence . . . shall be brought but within two years from the date when — 714 — the injury is first sustained or discovered or in the exercise of reasonable care should have been discovered . . . .” [3] In this case, it is unnecessary to address the possibility of a longer limitations period that may have accrued had the intervening plaintiff initiated the lawsuit alleging something other than negligence.