Hammick v. Bronson

Ixcersolij, J. (After stating the case.) The first question is, whether it was proper to admit witnesses to swear to ihe cohabitation, and reputation of marriage of the plaintiffs ? I am of opinion that it was proper. I take it to be fully settled, both in this State, and it Qrcat-Britain, that the fact of marriage may be proved, by evidence of this kind, in all cases, except in prosecutions for bigamy, and in actions for criminal conversation with the wife. I know not, indeed, — 294 — hit that in this Stale, it h nece.,sai.. 1,-n r di-i.-t i , j-j* n^. of the marriage, in a prosecution for aduttteij. As Io flic other qmsiion, it was nr¿:¡nl by ii>=' counsel for the defendants, that the Sand, in dispute belonged *(:•* husband solely. That by the recovery of the judgment, the debt due to the wife, being a those in action, passed in ran judicalam, and became the exclusive propel ty of the husband, To prove Ibis doctrine they cited Gabriel Miles’ case, 1 Mod, Rep. 179. Beamond v. Long, Cro. Car. 203. Woodyer v. Gresham, 1 Salk. 116. Co. Litt. 351. Obrian v. Ram, 3 Mod. Rep. 189. On the other side, it was urged, ftett the judgment was in favour of the husband and wife, and being a joint judgment, the land levied on was their joint properly '; ; and of course, that the evidence maintained the issue. That further, if the husband or wife died while the matter lay in judgment, the survivor would have been entitled to the whole. To prove this side of the quesfion, Bidgood v. Way & ux. 2 Black. Rep. 1239. 2 Com. Dig. 84, 85. Baron and Feme. F. 1. Dub. edit. Anon. Com. Rep. 31, 32. Oglander v. Barton, 1 Vern. 396. Bond v. Simmons, 3 Atk. 20, 21. and some other authorities, were cited. It seems lo bfe a principle well settled, and about which there has been little or no dispute, that chattels real belonging io the wrife when a feme sole, belong to the husband, in her right, after (he coverture. If the husband survive the wife, they belong to him ; if, however, the wife survive, she has them. As lo personal chattels, not in possession, otherwise called chases in action, the law is somewhat different. In all cases, they belong to the wife, if not reduced to possession during the life of the husband. Í speak now of bonds, noles and other debts uncollected, without any job onoui on the part of the husband and wife, to recover them, if there have been a judgment only, without any satisfaction of the same, and either the husband or wife die, I apprehend, it has been more of a question, to whom this judgment belongs. It has been claimed in Great-Briiain, that it shall he considered as the estate of the husband. If he survive the wife, that it shall be life property ; if he do not survive, that it shall go — 295 — i]U (-vi-i-iitoinntl administrators. In the case cited hy die cnun-el for the defendant from the first volume of Mod. R-p. j>. 171*. if wris determined, that “ where judgment had been recovered hy husband ami wife, and the wife died, that the debt shall survive to the husband.” The court, indeed, went so far as to say, that “ by the1 judgment, the debt became liis own debt, due to him in Ids own rigid.” This, however, was an obiter opinion, not necessary to have been given in the cause. In the case of Obrian v. Ram, 3 Mod. Rep. 139. referred to also hy the counsel for the defendant, It was determined, that where judgment had been recovered against the husband and wife, for her debt, in case of the death of the wife after such judgment, that the deft should survive to the husband. It was argued by Sir Bartholomew Shower, in the case reported in Conn/ns's reports, pages 31, 32. and cited by the counsel for the plaintiffs, “ that by the recovery of a judgment in favour of the husband and wife, for a debt due to the wife, when sole, the matter passed in ran judication, and that it belonged solely to the husband.” Holt, Ch. J. however, did not agree to this doctrine, but said, “ the judgment is joint, and for that reason, it shall survive ; if the husband outlive the wife, he shall have the benefit of it; if the wife outlive the husband, she shall have the same benefit.” This opinion of lord Holt is very clearly the better opinion, as will appear by the cases sited by the counsel for the plaintiffs. Comyns, in his Digest, so lays down the principle, lie also says, in his second volume, page 84. referred to by the counsel for the plaintiffs ; if an obligation be given So the husband and wife, they are joint-tenants of it, and it survives to the wife or makes use of words to that effect. Such, then, being the law as to this subject, it follows, I think, that if this judgment, in which they are jointly interested, be immediately turned into land, they wo'uld be, in the same manner, jointly interested in the land, as they were in the judgment. I presume there is no decision to be found in the books of reports on this precise point: I mean, on the point now in question. In Great-Brilam, as well as — 296 — in most, if not all, of the United Slates, the muden!' appruLing. and setting off lands on an execution, as is practised in lliir State, is wholly unknown. A decision, therefore, in point, is not; to be expected, except it be in our own courts. And I know of none that has taken place here. Erom decided cases, however, relative to the interest of the husband, iu the property of the wife, brought by the marriage, or accruing after, as well as from the general principles of law on the subject, a deduction may be made applicable to the point in question. I think, as above stated, the better opinion is, from all the cases, that a debt due to a feme sole, being reduced to a judgment after her coverture, becomes the joint property of the husband and wife ; and in case of the death of either, becomes the property of the survivor. On general principles, also, 1 think we should say, that such a debt, while it rests in judgment, is the property of bolh. As has been observed, a chose in action belonging to the wife before marriage, does also, while it remains in slain r/uo, belong to her after the marriage. If it be reduced to possession, that is to say, if it be converted by the act of the husband, or by operation of law, into another species of chattels, as by turning it into money, or any other tangible chattel, it then becomes his sole property. Indeed, if a bill of sale of personal property be made to the wife alone, in lieu of the chose in action, this property will belong to him. Bui if a deed of real estate be given to the wife alone, or lo the bus-band and wife jointly, in lieu of the chose in action, iu the one case, the estate will belong to the wife alone ; iu the other, to her and her husband jointly. But until reduced lo possession, in whatever shape it is, still it is a chose in action. If a judgment be obtained on it, this does not reduce it to possession. A suit may be brought on this very judgment, in order to obtain a satisfaction of it ; in other words, to reduce it to possession. Sir William Blackslonc, in the second volume of his commentaries, speaking of reducing a chose in action, to a chose in possession, by means of a suit, says, “ The possession can only be given me, by legal judgment and execution ” Let these principies be now applied to — 297 — she ease under consideration. By the mere recovery of the judgment, its hart boon observed, Ibis debt, originally due to 'he wife, id not reduced to possession. It is slid a debt uncollected, but, by operation of law, tine to the husband and wife, instead of being due to the wife alone. That it is so due, appears by the authorities which have been referred to, as well as fty the form of the judgment, which is, “ that they do recover,” &C. If this judgment should be satisfied, by payment of money, or by receiving any other personal property for it, (not being a chose in action,) this property will, of course, belong to the husband. This will be so, inasmuch, as the law says, that all personal property in possession, once belonging to the wife, vests in the husband absolutely. If, however, as in the present case, this judgment be, by operation of law, turned into real estate, the husband will not be entitled to it, any further than he was interested in the judgment. The real estate of the wife does not belong to him, but is hers absolutely, subject, indeed, to his right of enjoyment during the coverture, or, as the case may be, during his life, if he should survive her. The execution, in the present case, being in the name of both, in which they have a joint interest, is satisfied, by appraising and setting off the land in question to the creditors named in it, that is, to the husband and wife. This execution, in point of law, must belong to them both, as much as the book debt, without any intervention on the part of the husband, belonged to the wife. The consequence, I think, j3 olear, that the lands in question, belong to them jointly. Thus, it appears, that, by fair legal deductions from principles well established, the demanded premises are the joint property of the husband and wife. It follows, then, that the evidence objected to, was properly admitted, and that the charge was correct. But further, if the judgment be considered as belonging to the wife, in the same manner, as the book debt belonged to her before the suit was commenced ; still, I am of opinion, that the evidence ought to have been admitted. In this point of view, the fee of the land levied on, would be in the — 298 — wile, with a rigiit of enjoyment of the rents and profits, on the part of the husband. The defendant, by possessing it adversely, disseised them both, according to their respective fjg¡,|5< It is staled in the declaration, that the plaintiffs were seised of the premises, not that they were seised in fee. The iand being set off to the creditors, in the execution ; the husband arid wife may hold the same, as the law authorised them to hold it. Tpon the whole, I am clearly of opinion, that there is no ground for a new trial. In this opinion, the oilier Judges severally concurred. New trial not to be granted.