Butler v. Buckingham

Ingersoll, J. My opinion is, that on the facts stated in the petition, the petitioners are entitled to no relief. In the discussion of (his case, by the counsel at the bar, the power of a feme-covert to bind her separate estate, by her contract during the coverture, as is natural to suppose, underwent a very thorough investigation. Indeed, this was the great point in the case. On the part of the petitioners, it was contended, that a court of chancery recognized such power, in a pretty extensive sense, and would decree the execution of any contract made within it. On the other hand, it was insisted, that th< common law knew no such power ; and that even in Great-Britain, a court of chancery did not give effect to any contract of a feme-covert, so as to bind her or her property, except in certain peculiar cases. But that whatever the practice of the court of chancery in Great-Britain may be on the subject, yet, it was said, that the statute of this state put the matter beyond all dispute, as it made every contract of a feme-covert, with respect to her real estate, void, except a deed executed by her with her husband, and acknowledged before proper authority. That further, in all cases in Great-Britain, where it had been determined, that she could con tract as & feme-sole, such determination was grounded on the idea of her holding an estate separate from her husband ; but that such doctrine was exploded by this court, in the case of Dibble v. Hutton, 1 Day's Rep. 221. — 497 — If is very clear, to ray mind, that flu: contract of fisc respondent, io convey her right of dower, as set forth in the petition, was absolutely void, and that no relief against a woman, in a case circumstanced as this is, has ever been given. True, it is laid down by elementary writers, and authorities are quoted to justify the position, that as io the separate estate of a feme-covert, she is, by the court of chancery in Great-Britain, considered as a feme-sole; and that this court will carry into execution her contracts with respect to such estate. To this position, 1 subscribe ; but when Í do it, 1 must explain the principle on which the court of chancery proceeds in such cases, and shew the kind of estate it operates upon, as well as the mode in which relief is given. This estate is not all the real estate belonging to the feme-covert, nor is it her right of dower in, the real estate of her husband ; but is such estate- only, be it real or personal, as is settled on her, for her separate use, without any control over it, on the part of her husband. As to this kind of estate, the court of chancery, to certain purposes, considers her as a feme-sole ; and her contracts relative to it, if made in a particular manner, are binding. How far, and in what cases, it will enforce such contracts, will be best seen, by adverting -to Nemland's treatise on contracts, in which he takes up the subject, and states the cases, that have been decided on it. This part of his treatise begins in page 23., and ends in page 31. He says, in page 23., “ If she,” (afeme-covert) “ enters into an agreement, and sufficiently indicates her intention to affect by it her separate estate, a court of equity will apply it to the satisfaction of : such engagement, in the same manner as if she had been a feme-soleHe cites the case of Grigby v. Cox, 1 Ves. 517. and observes, “ Where on the marriage, an estate was settled in trustees to receive the rents, for the sole and separate use yof the wife, and as she should appoint, whether sole or covert; phe wife, by deeds of appointment, sells part to the plaintiff, and (ho husband covenants, that the purchase should be free from incumbrances ; but the trustees were not consulted pherein ; on a bill by the purchaser to have the effect of — 498 — (his bargain; per Ld. Hardwicke, The rule of the court is, that where any ¡king is settled to (lie wife’s separate use, sile i? considered as a feme-sole, may appoint in what manner slue pleases, and unless lite joining of her trustees with her, is made necessary, there is no occasion for that. And his lordship established this purchase.” He cites, also, the case of Pybus v. Smith, 3 Brown's C. C. 340., in which Ld. Thurlow says, “ That if a feme-covert sees what she is about, the court allows her alienation of her separate properly,” This was a case where the trusts of a settlement subsequent to the marriage, were, during the life of the wife, to pay the rents of real estates to such person as she shall by any deed appoint, in default thereof in trust for her and her heirs; and there were other trusts to pay the dividends of bank annuities to such persons, as she by writing under her hand, should appoint “ The wife, by deed of appointment, conveys and assigns all her interest in the real estate, and in batik annuities, to creditors of the husband, as a security for his debts," if. is stated, also, by Nervland, “ that it is not necessary, in order to enable a fcnu-covert to charge her separate property by her agreement, that a power of appointment should have been reserved to her ; for if she takes an absolute, unqualified interest in her separate property, the power of appointing it as she pleases, is incidental to such a property." For this position he cites a decision of sir William (Irani, master of the rolls, in the case of Wagstaff v. Smith, 9 Ves. Jr. 520.; and also, the case of Fettiplace v. Gorges, 3 Brown's C. C, 8., and 1 Ves. Jr. 46. “ In a prior case, however,” he says “ that Ld. Rosslyn considered the circumstance of there being no power of appointment reserved to the wife, »= material ; but his lordship, in deciding that case, did not proceed on that ground alone, but coupled with it, other cirnimstances. This case is in 5 Ves. Jr. 692., and is as follows : “ Tin trust was for the trustees to receive the rents of the estatr- and to pay them, when, and as they were received, unto tin wife, or otherwise, in their discretion, to permit her to r< ceive them, and her assigns, during her life, for her separate use. The husband and wife, in consideration of 3001,, gran — 499 — ed an annuity of 45/. to the plaintiff, secured upon the trust estates, during the lives of the husband and wife ; a line (which was unnecessary) was levied, and the sum of 10/ for the cxpences of the transaction, and of 10/. for commission, were paid out of the 300/, The trustees had apprised the plaintiff, that the husband was a monied man, and that, the fund was the separate estate of the wife. Under all these circumstances, Ld. Rosslyn, in a suit instituted by the grantee against the trustees, the husband and wife, to have the annuity paid out of the rents of the estates, dismissed the bill with costs.” He (Nemland') goes on to say, “ If from the mode in which the separate property is settled on the iie, it can be collected, that the wife was not to have lire power of disposition, she then will be incapable of making an effectual charge on her separate estate. Lord Rosslyn, in the last case, much doubted, whether a trust, to pay to the separate use of a married woman, rents and profits, from time to time, could be considered, as a trust to pay by anticipation ; his lordship distinguishing that case from Py-hus v. Smith, by the circumstance of the wife having, in the latter case, a power of appointment. So, where a provision in a deed of separation, was expressed to be, for the maintenance and support of the wife ; and the deed likewise contained a cevenant by the trustee, to indemnify the husband against the wife’s debts, the court considered her as restricted from alienating this property.” This was determined in the ease of Hyde v. Price, 3 Ves. Jr. 437., and Hovey v. Blakeman, cited in 9 Ves. Jr. 524. “ In the cases cited,” as iXavland observes, “ when the court gave effect to an agreement of the wife, touching her separate estate, she had expressly appointed it.” But there are cases, also, on this subject, as he observes, in which it has been decided, “ that a wife may, by an instrument, which, in the form of if, amounts only to a personal demand, and which does not refer, on the face of it, to her separate estate, be considered as intending to charge that property.” Such cases are the following, cis. the case of Standford v. Marshall, 2 Atk. 69. where a father, by deed, created a trust of a real estate for — 500 — the benefit of his daughters, the rents and profits to be paid them, whether sole or covert, for their separate use, either to their own, or the hands of any person that they should appoint. The daughters joined with their husbands in bonds for money lent to their husbands; the trustees refusing to pay, the creditors brought a bill to compel him to pay the rents and profits of the trust estate. Per .Master of the Roils i The daughters had an absolute ¡lower over the rents and profits, and, certainly, could assign them, by mortgage, or otherwise ; and the court will never < neourage the locking tip of property, which would be the case, if the daughters could not create any lien they thought proper, upon their interest in the estate ; and, therefore, ordered the trustees to pay the rents and profits of the trust estate to the creditor.’" So, in the case of Norton v. Turvill, 2 P. Wms. 144. “ where & feme-covert, before her marriage, with the consent of her then intended husband, conveyed an estate to her separate use, and after her marriage, she borrowed 251. on her bond ; ten years afterward, she made her will, appointing executors. On a bill against them, by the obligee of the bond, the Master of the Roils held, that the separate estate in their hands was liable.” The same principle is a adopted by Ld. Thurlow, in the case of Hulme v. Tenant, in 1 Brown's C. C. 16., which is also cited by Nervland, That was a case, “Where, upon the marriage, the estate of the. wife was conveyed to trustees iu trust, to receive, and tc pay, the rents and profits to the wife for her separate use, and to convey the estate itself to such uses, as she by her will, or by deed or writing, under her hand and seal, attested by two witnesses, should appoint; in default of appointment, to herself in fee. The wife joined her husband in a bond for money borrowed by him and herself. On a bill by the obligee of this bond, against the husband, wife and her surviving trustee, to recover” the sums secured, out of the wife's separate estate ; Ld. Thurlow held, that the rents and profits of it, were applicable to the payment of this debt.” yew-land goes on to observe relative to this case, that though equity will apply the separate property of the wife to the ful — 501 — filmen! of her engagements., when ‘ he manifests a sufficient intention to subject h to them, that court will make no persona! decree against her; ami cites the opinion of Ld. Thurlow in this very case of Hulme v. Tenant as expressed in page 21. of Brown's Rep. as an authority. The words of Ld. Thurlow are. “ 1 eeiii \e ¡here is no instance of a personal decree against a feme-court, for payment ot any sunt whatever. Though her separate persona! property is liable; yet, the decree is to fetch forth her separate estate, and make it liable to her engagements." Thus, it appears by these decisions, (and I believe they are the only decisions of any consequence on the subject,) that the separate property of a feme-covert, over which a court of chancery holds jurisdiction, and subjects to her contract, is that property alone, which is settled to her sole and separate use, by some will, writing, or deed of settlement, with a power expressly, or impliedly given her, of managing it without the concurrence of her husband. No case went on the ground, that a ft mi-ton rt had a general power to make any valid contract with respect to her real estate, or to make any tram ter of the same, in any way or manner she pleased, provided she had the consent of her husband to such contract or transfer. Cases there arc. indeed, (and which were cited in the argument of this case,) where a court of chancery has obliged a husband specifically to fulfil his covenant, or to procure it to be fulfilled, whenever he has covenanted, that his wife shall levy a fine, or make other sufficient conveyance of such real estate, which she holds in tier own right ; or such right as she has in the real estate of her husband. What these cases are, and on what ground decided, may be seen in New-land, from page 103. to page 108. inclusive. The first case he mentions, is the case of Griffin v. Taylor, determined in the reign of Charles I., “ wherein the court ordered a man to procure his wife to levy a fine of mortgaged lands.” So also in the case of Berry v. Wade, Finch 180., “ where the plaintiff being about to build some houses near the ground of the defendant, proposed that the defendant should have so much — 502 — of his, the plaintilTs, ground for an alley, if ho, the dcfeuiiaui, would act out so much of his own ground, in lieu thereof, for the plaintIfl’ to build on; (¡¡is being agreed oa between |jlel¡Q) y,e plaintiff accordingly built on the mound so set out. Afterwards, the defendant refusing to confirm the agreement, and bringing an ejectment, the matter was referred to arbitrators, who awarded a conveyance oi the ground to the plaintiff. On a bill brought by him, to have this agreement and award performed, the defendant, a? to the award, pleaded, that he and his wife were jointly st ised of the piece of ground in question, and that she was :u> parly to the submission. But the court decreed the defendant to coir, ey the said piece of ground to the plaintiff according to the agreement, and the master to settle it.” He mentions another ca&e, also, wherein “ it was decreed by Ld. Cotvpcr, that the defendant should procure his wife to join with him in a fine to the plaintiff, according to his covenant, since he 1ms taken upon himself to do it, and the plaintiff had paid the full value of the estate.” Newland observes, that the reason which is t© be the principle of these cases, is, because, it is to be presumed, that the husband, when lie enters into such a covenant, has first gained his wife’s con-mt todo the act, and cites 3 P. Wms. 188., in the note, as an authority. He goes on to say, however, that in a subsequent case, vis. that of Outram v. Round, 4 Vin. Abr. 203. in marginal note, “ Ld. Cotvpcr refused to decree the specific performance of such a covenant.” In giving his opinion, lie says, “ It is a tender point to compel the husband, by .a‘decree, to procure his wife to levy a fine, though there have been some precedents in this court for it; and it is a great breach upon the wisdom of the law, which secures his wife’s lands from being aliened by the husband, without her free ami voluntary consent, to lay a necessity upon the wife to pait witli her lands ; or otherwise, to be the cause of her husband's lying in prison all his days. And his lordship did not think it, proper, in this case, to decree a specific performance.” In opposition to this decision, he states, that “ Sir Joseph Jekyll, in the case of Hall v. Hardy, 3 P. Wms. 186., seems — 503 — to consider it as a very common proceeding in equity, to decree the husband to perform such a covenant.” He said, , that there had bec-n a hundred precedents, where, if the husband, for a valuable consideration, covenanted, that the wife should join with him in a fine, the court liad decreed the husband to do it; for that he had undertaken it, and must: tie by it, if he did not perform it." To which, as he observed, two late cases may be added, vie. Hie ea.-e of Withers v. Pinchard, cited in 7 Ves. Jr. 475.; and that of Stephenson v. Morris, 1 Ves. Jr. 474., where a specific performance was decreed, on such a covenant of the husband, as is above stated. “ But,” he says, “ notwithstanding these cases, the point which was the subject of them, must still be considered very doubtful.” He says further, “ from the judgment, likewise, of Ld. Eldon, in the case of Emery v. Wase, 5 Ves. Jr. 846. it plainly appears, that his lordship, notwithstanding the former decisions on the subject, did not consider the point, whether equity would decree the performance of such a covenant to be settled ; on the contrary, his lordship said, he should pause, before he should follow the two last authorities.” Thus, I have endeavoured to bring together all the cases, which have been cited, as bearing on the point now under consideration. The first class of cases, as has been observed, comprises those cases, where a court of chancery has so far validated the contract of a feme-covert, as to lay hold of the property settled to her separate use, for the purpose of applying it in fulfilment of such contract. The other class is, where the husband has covenanted, that his wife should make, a valid conveyance of her land ; and true it is, that a court of chancery has, in many instances, decreed, that the husband shall procure the conveyance to be made. It will be remembered, however, that it is by no means a settled point, that the husband will be obliged to procure his covenant to be specifically performed, in the manner as above stated. But to make the most of the decision, in the last class of cases, they are no more than obliging a man to do, wiiat he has covenanted to do. They are no more than — 504 — saying, if a man should covenant that his neighbour should make a conveyance of a particular piece of estate, that the covenantor should see to it, that.his covenant was specific- . a]jj performed. To enforce such a covenant specifically, I agree, would be extremely hard; but if aman will heap foolish as to make such a covenant, how is he to avoid it ? But none of the principles adopted in the cases above mentioned, will apply to the present case. Not one authority from the English books, has been produced, and, I presume, none can be produced, where a court of chancery has enforced the contract of a feme-court, against, her, in a case circumstanced as this is, and in the manner prayed for in the petition. It strikes me, that the whole system of the common law of England is opposed to the doctrine contended for, by the petitioners. It is a fundamental principle of that law, that the contract of a feme-covert, is absolutely void, except in the instance of conveying her estate by fine duly acknowledged, or by some matter of record. In such case, also, she is privately examined, in order to ascertain, whether such conveyance be voluntary on her par!, and whether, in making it, she be uninfluenced and uncontrolled by her husband. How absurd, then, would it be, to enforce such a contract to convey, made without any such examination ? This would be saying, that a feme-jtemert cannot directly convey her estate, unless her free consent Re obtained, by a private examination ; and yet, she can contract to convey without such examination, and such contract shall be carried into execution. By this mode, the law, with respect to a feme-covert, and her real estate, will be completely done away. But, as has been observed, the court of chancery in Great-Brilain, never have proceeded on such absurd grounds. The old common law rule, with respect to her contracts, remains entire. The chancery courts mean not to trespass on this rule. But when it became the fashion to settle estates to the separate and sole use of the feme-covert, chancery considered these estates as belonging to her solely, without any right therein, or control thereof, on the part of the husband. — 505 — As to such estates, she was considered as a feme-sole, and her contracts with respect to them, as binding. As to all other estates not settled to her separate use, no contract of her’s has been held as binding on them. The covenant of the husband that she should convey, has been held, in some instances, as binding on him to procure a conveyance ; foil this, by (he hyp, is by no means a si. it led principle. These observations are peculiarly applicable to the contracts of a fane-covert in this state. Our statute says, in so many words, that her estate “ shall not be alienable by her husband's deed, without her consent, testified by hei hand and seal io such deed, and acknowledgment of the same, before an assistant or justice of the peace : And that all sales or alienations of such estate, whether absolute or conditional, wilhout such consent, witnessed and acknowledged as aforesaid, are hereby' declared and made to be, ipso facto, void.” All sales void ; and yet, all contracts for sales good ! What an absurdity tins I No ; this cannot be. If the sale of the estate, unless with the circumstances above mentioned, be void, every contract to sell at a future day, must be equally void. And if so, it forms no consideration on the ground of which to recov er damages, for the non fulfilment of it. If so, it cannot be specifically carried info execution ; for there is nothing to be carried into execution. It is a mere nullity ; and, therefore/ connot be executed. As to her holding a separate estate, according to the chancery ideas in Great-¡iriíain; that doctrine was considered and exploded, by the Supreme Court of Errors, in the case of Dibble v. Hutton, 1 Day's Rep. 235. I, therefore, am very clear, that the petition, in the present case, states no facts, whereon a court of chancery can give .’(‘lief. The other Judges, severally, concurred. Petition insufficient.